WWII Reunion: The Japanese-American Experience

from the Library of Congress in Washington DC so this hour we're going to talk about the Japanese American experience in World War two have a great panel of veterans to talk with you we also have a gentleman here who you might guess is not a Japanese American but he has a great story about them so he'll also contribute we're gonna let each of them take a little time and introduce themselves and then we're going to have Marty's story then we'll open it up for your questions so we'll go in that order my name is Frank Sookie I come from Kona Hawaii on the Big Island of Hawaii the location where the only coffee is grown in the United States and it is a gourmet coffee so if you ever see Kona coffee please buy and drink it thank you oh that's that's my speech now when the war started on December 7 1941 I was a freshman at the University of Hawaii and as required I was taking reserve officers training course after one semester of that I was a seasoned soldier so on that day all ROTC students were called in and activated from December 7 to about February 1942 for about three months we guarded electric plants water facilities and so forth but the United States government saw that we all looked like the enemy so we were summarily discharged from the Army I went back all those on the west coast and the other speakers may talk about this they were not as fortunate we were not incarcerated and the American concentration camp but the japanese-americans on the west coast were incarcerated in the American concentration camps for the duration of the war in 1944 or by 1944 early we knew that that we were going to win the war and the government saw that there was need for linguists people who could speak Japanese so we volunteered I had four sons in my family and three of us volunteered my brother oldest brother and I volunteered for military intelligence service and my second brother volunteered for the 442nd and went to Europe with that unit in January or February 1944 our volunteered for the military intelligence service and I was sent to Camp savage and Fort Snelling in Minnesota and then I did not go overseas like my brother who went overseas I have not had any military battle experience I was teaching the language in Minnesota my brother unfortunately died in Okinawa two days before the war ended on August 13 1945 after the war ended I wanted to see my relatives in Japan and to see how they were doing how they were faring so I volunteered for one year service in accounting Intelligence Corps in Sapporo Hokkaido way we did continuous interrogation of military personnel Japanese military personnel returning from Russian territory like Manchuria Vladivostok and an island in the northern part of al-qaeda called seg Hollen and during my one year in Hokkaido with the military intelligence our counterintelligence core we learned and we discovered two teams of espionage agents that the Russians sent in to Hokkaido we compromised them and use them by sending messages that we drafted and they sent by Morse code in their tour of duty in Japan for one year I learned when I visited my parents Prefecture in southern Japan they my mother who had seven sisters and two brothers and in Japan the large family was very common in those days the youngest brother or my uncle was the Navy fighter pilot and I learned that he was one of the pilots who attacked Pearl Harbor and he returned successfully to Japan after the attack and received some imperial medals which I saw on the second mission and a battle of midway on June 6 1942 the Battle of Midway happened and he was killed in that battle as you may some of you know by June of 1942 we had broken the Japanese code so we knew exactly what their battle plans were their plan was to bomb the hell out of Midway and land their troops but Admiral Halsey I think all Nimitz I forget which had the information of their plans so we attacked them first and that's when my uncle was killed so in the occupation one year it was quite an experience and I must say my experience in the Army was one of the best experiences I've had I've learned a great deal and matured very quickly thank you [Applause] Thank You Brad my name is Warren tanishi I was born on July 4 1921 in Monrovia California my father named me after the then president warren g harding possibly the worst president this country has ever had the misfortune to have but please don't judge me by his behavior I will be celebrating with my family and friends my 83rd birthday on July 4th of this year about pirates from Nam and I will be called upon to sing I'm a Yankee Doodle Dandy born on the 4th of July but I wouldn't hesitate to do that for you here today because my age-related hearing loss has made my singing voice less than that of let's say an American Idol so despite my good looks I would never win that contest I was educated in the schools of California had all kinds of friends from all over from all racial groups I was in the Boy Scouts and you know the horse Scout code is on my honor I will do my best to do my duty to God and my country and my country was the United States of America you know the West Point code duty honor country people ask me why I volunteered for the US Army when after Pearl Harbor my family and I been put into these detention centers they're prone Harbor was the worst thing that ever happened in my mind I thought my life was coming to an end people asked me why I volunteered I said this is my country I have to fight for that was the feeling in those days any one of draft age when war came the willingly went into the service I was no different from most Americans of that males of that time I went into those detention camps with my family event my family consisted of nine siblings four of us of draft age eventually wound up in the US Army all of us in the military intelligence service because we had some Japanese language capability there's a very well known photograph of my mother in that relocation center and heart mountains holding a small banner ette with four blue stars denoting that she had sent four of her sons into the service I went like Frank so gay through the military intelligence service language school six months here the training and then was sent overseas to Hawaii where I joined the 24th Corps 24th Corps is a very large organization and ten of us japanese-americans were assigned to it as the 306 headquarters intelligence detachment for our expertise in the Japanese language the War Department and the neighbor part knew that if were ever came between the United States and Japan they would need people competent in the languages in the pan to inject into Japanese language I wish that they had heeded that same knowledge before they went into Iraq with an inadequate supplier of Arabic speaking soldiers but it was our job to interrogate prisoners of war and we were taught that you do not humiliate you do not abuse prisoners of war there is such a thing as the Geneva Conventions and we we found that if you treated these captured soldiers and despite their reputation to fight to the bitter end quite a few of them surrendered or were captured we found that if you treated them with some kindness and with some respect they would say tell us anything that we needed to know what was their unit how were they trained what would they train for what was their equipment what kind of ammunition and fuel artillery and guns and machine guns they had what was their mission and in the on the battlefield this kind of information is of the greatest importance technically is called order of battle information and that was our major contribution I would say to the winning of the war against Japan my das especially was to transmit captured enemy documents Japanese language documents the Japanese military was very careless with this document even top secret battlefield algorithms and battlefield strategy documents because I believe they felt that there was nobody in the US Army who could read and translate those documents but that was our job to do that I was never in the frontlines or was that always at core headquarters but I did volunteer once for a reinforced battalion to go into the in Ireland and penalties you will remember that when in the initial phases of the war we were in the Philippines of course the US army was defeated and General MacArthur the commanding officer had to retreat to Australia where he mounted a counter-offensive he was to mount a counter-offensive and he vowed that he should we I shall return he returned on October 20 1944 and I was with that army organization that returned and the the Battle of Leyte was relatively short and by Christmas of that year the island was declared secure but MacArthur's headquarters received an urgent call from a small group of islands called the sweet potato islands in Spanish the kamati silence that they were being massacred by the Japanese troops in still in command in that area they asked for a reinforced Bachelor of Amata 800 men to be sent in to liberate the Tomatis and two of us japanese-americans men and lodged in sato from Honolulu and I volunteered for that liberation our battle that was the first time I came under direct enemy fire but most of the time I was safe in the rare issue on with the mission and troops I was also after that involved with our outfit in the Battle of Okinawa the bloodiest single that on in the whole Pacific War that was a as you know the last battle that was when Japan surrendered after the bomb a dropping of the atom bombs so after the rocket was sent into the occupation of Korea and after that they offered to grant me a peel commissioned as a second lieutenant and I said no thank you I've had enough before and I want to go back home and I did and the government had a wonderfully generous plan because the GI Bill of Rights under which it paid for my college education I had been a junior at the University of California when throne Harbor was attacked I had one more year to go and I was able to get out er camp to finish that but they wanted to do some graduate work and that was as far as I was concerned the greatest investment that the United States and taxpayers in those days made in educating its citizen soldiers it was because of the graduate school education that I was able to get that I was able to change some friendly good positions ended up at the Library of Congress right down the road as chief of the Asian Division and I thank God Almighty that I was a citizen of the United States and that those these opportunities had come to me so that I could reach the status that I finally reached I've been retired for now a little bit over 11 years and I spend most of my time working with a Japanese American Veterans Association we have a booth on the road and in the veterans affairs at a services tent and I urge you to visit it you won't get a warm welcome from them thank you very much for your attention [Applause] my name is Jim Kanaya from Clarke miss Oregon are there any Oregonians out there from Oregon anybody's Morrigan hey welcome welcome to Washington DC do you know that there's only one state in Union named after Irishman O'Regan well I supposed to be a joke anyway I joined the army before the war started I felt that my destiny was in the military at a very young age I used to watch all the parades and the National Guard encampments and so I found myself trying to enlist in some breakfast service well I went to the Marines this is 1940 I went to the Marines and I didn't look at me no we don't I went downstairs the Navy no they came looked at me and it wasn't me say welcome I not sawsan the Navy guy says wait to go the army they're taking anybody in the army so sure enough I what's the army and you know even though I was over 18 he wanted me to have a complete physical when they were taking guys and only one hand practically they were drafting men was a who could walk and talk and they were in service a year I had to go through a real long process of physicals in fact I had a couple of bad teeth they had to have him either pulled or filled or bridge put in or something it took me about two months you know knock on the door trying to get in and finally I made it but anyway that was the days of $21 a month $21 a month buck private I've had $21 a month for three months at the end of the third month he drew $30 a month and then if he made PFC one strike he got 36 thousand watts well lo and behold I found myself in the Army Medical Department not having one day a medical training and though I just learned everything by on-the-job training how to take care of patients in a hospital and I had a very fine mentor and a lady nurse I miss she taught me everything I know I said no an award and how to handle award paces how to carry bedpans and urinals less appealing him and in how to feed patients who couldn't be fed by themselves he was great he kept getting promoted and at one point as a private first class I was drawing $1 a month more than a buck sergeant a three striper because I had a specialist training a first and class ii class specialist training that paid sixty one dollars a month i drew that for one month and lo and behold they promoted me to corporal when I lost seven dollars a month doc comes back down to fifty fifty four dollars a month no I really don't know if anybody can take a promotion again makes less money but that happened in those days and I'm sure it doesn't happen now but December 7th 1941 our station Santa Barbara California at the General Hospital and you know back in those days on the west coast japanese-americans of cannot swim in public pools unless you're accepted at our when there are very few people there so what I did was every Sunday morning you know by the way we got this one day off back in those days we worked seven two seven six days a week in every Sunday we got one day off I call it I will go to the YMCA in Santa Barbara and go swimming no one's there and everybody's supposed to be a church anyway so we as I was coming out it was a man standing at the counter on December 7th is about what time was at 7:00 that would be a walk 10 o'clock something like that you look down on me says hey you guys here already you guys here already look at that he says what's he talking about but he said listen the clerk behind the counter will had a radio and here here as here tone to the radio the description of the bombing of Pearl Harbor oh I tell you when I heard that I shagged back to the hospital and course from that point on the details are kind of fuzzy but the hospital personnel the command and all the nurses still treated us as if nothing happened you know I think that is a great credit you know to the army well Army Medical Department anybody for medics out there I think they did a great job at that woman and as we were rounded up about a month later a couple months later to be evacuated inland ahead of our civilian japanese-americans the commanding officer of the hospital came down and gave us a pep talk you know he didn't have to do that he could have said we're glad to get rid of you but he appreciated what we did we were about there's about 25 of us japanese-americans at this hospital Obot or maybe 300 total number of troops and he gave us a pep talk he said you guys did a good job keep it up you're gonna make it you're gonna come back congratulations and I thought that whoever odd you know if I was in the infantry they would they took their doctor rifles taken away and they were put in confinement some cases secured so that they wouldn't go off base or start a riot or something and they're somewhat distrusted in a sense there anyway I stayed in the medics and I joined the 442nd in which we went overseas and and then it got captured and I came back and I don't know one year overseas I spent six months in combat in six months and in captivity but always as a medic and as I make I got a little special treatment by the way some of you may not realize it but if you're a medical personnel we are considered protected person up by the Red Cross are they did he look attention and we were given little extra privileges instead of one letter a week in person camp we could write two letters away if we were supposed to make given some kind of a walking freedom about once every two weeks all the medics got the gate with a guard and go walk around the country and of course when we did that Mills why we would run into the potato patches and picks up a little potatoes that that's the year we were in Poland by the way in Poland hiccup own tiny potatoes and bring them back to the pocket and we give it to all the other prisoners we called each other creaking creak ease the critic upon them means creak is a warg a partner in prison we were called Critias first of uh string keys which I would share these potatoes with well we had no way of cooking the potatoes where you get the wooden fire and stole so we eat him raw have you ever eaten raw potatoes you know what happens then well that didn't go over very good but anyway we came I came back and and by that time my parents are relocated back into Chicago area and they stayed there and in fact I'm going to say something about that evacuation movement of 120,000 Japanese Americans from the west coast or inland anywhere from Idaho Montana even had two camps in Arkansas by the way and to me I think they had some advantage it was unfinished to that because my parents were farmers they worked seven days a week up to sundown and there are 55 40 55 66 years of age they're kind of pooped out by that time thirty years of farming and uh in Oregon so this was I think kind of a rough little kind of a restful break for them you might I might say but at the same time as you can probably realize among the Japanese families in the west coast the father the father the family rules the roost he's a king but once they were incarcerated all that leadership of the family was broken up the father had no more responsibilities for his family they were being fed they worked they got nine dollars a month and so father was lost in control of his family but yet the kids stayed together I think that was one principle that was inherited by the ancestors for being what they call the filial piety be loyal to your parents whatever the consequences well I'm going to give you one example of what happened before though before we went overseas I was a First Sergeant and I had five stripes as a acting First Sergeant in order to visit my parents in concert in the camp a relocation Center had barbed wire fences all around it had watchtowers on every corner machine guns pointed today I tried to escape and the typical stockade atmosphere I had to get permission from but private to open the gate for me so I'm going and visit my parents I had to show my furlough papers I didn't think anything over the time but now I think why did he why did I have to go through that and had to set my bag on table and take out make sure I didn't bring any whiskey or booze or guns or knives and the captain but another funny thing happened in camp I had quite a few friends from Portland area in camp but you know none arm came from it they made me I put in as I said 33 years and I got the benefit of all the advantages and put me through all the schools they tried to teach me something that people if I didn't want to be taught I'm talking too much the way don't have our time stopping because I really I never talked to people before about this just the last couple of years I've been working with high school students on history classes about World War two and I've talked to army troops and Fort Lewis Washington and Fort Sam Houston Texas at the graduating classes about the medical aspects of World War two and a career in the military and I'm kind of a wandering recruiter you might say and I don't get paid for it either by the way it's all voluntary and of course I take it off of my income taxes but I enjoy it you know I want to thank you all for being here and I appreciate your interest in what we're doing good thank you and now Marty has a story that he would like to tell and and it's about him and a group of men that he was with in combat and and they owe a debt of gratitude to the japanese-americans I I'm 88 years old and this is the first time I show of a showed prejudice these guys got ten minutes I'm getting five I went through the National Guard or as cavalry and we recall that active duty I won't go through all of that but basically I was a horse cavalry man we volunteered for the intra tree and I won't go through that I eventually became a company commander and being a company command as an awesome responsibility you're responsible for all these young men I prayed every night I would never get caught in an ambush I could never live through it now on the capture story we always ended being gone the lost battalion the lost battalion we actually the division at grid coordinates we knew where we were the Germans of the way we were and Lord sounds you roaming around the farmers looking for some plays out but since then actually we were trapped we were going in that my company was spearheading the battalion and we're big we were attacking on the front and we're being attacked and on the right and the left flank I told the colonel bird very emphatically we're going to get cut off and he said press on they'll be troops behind you and he went back to look for the troops and never read anything well the Germans closed the gate and we were trapped we had expended so much ammunition fighting our way through that there was no way we could start attacking back so we had no choice but it was stalled by the way I suddenly went from a company commander to a battalion commander now if it's tremendous for a company command it's awesome for battalion command I never got paid for that week but that's another point what we had to do was establish a strong defensive position which we did they were sending food into his bite shells D bars Howard's own tablets if you don't know what that it's to purify want it they were trying to dive-bomb food it was for five days on the fifth day they succeeded and in in those better and those belly tanks we had ammunition more food and more medical supplies we had so much ammunition we can arrange for fifty men actually you know we asked for volunteers to go into combat patrol to try to break through and fifty men volunteered no coercion and they went out and only five came back some where they were ambushed we never know what that what we found about it well I've been asked the most serious point of this reason my being here what was my feeling when the japanese-americans broke through well I was told meant by many people I was asked by many people Japanese cement what do they think of these little guys coming through I swear to god they look like Judas to us we knew their combat record in Italy some of mine on comms were in the hospitals with with the 400 or the hundreds of attacking and were wounded now when they finally broke through the war was not over I would like to say I acted with joy I didn't I still had that awesome responsibility to get my men out to get security posted by the japanese-americans before for a second and actually I have gotten to know well I'll come back a few years in 1948 Mike my sailor came out and I was in Chicago and the their parents have a citizenship bill pending and he has to be too late to every Democrat congressman controlling the bill which I did Mike never mentioned the casualties he just said his brother died in an operation we never knew until 1997 why I should back up a little bit all the news clippings got answer the lon Lucas for tagging I'm saying it too they never mentioned the four for a second they refer to them as soldiers I think the US government deliberately sent them out because they had egg on their face and they had control they could not admit that these men who came from parents's farms with confiscated homes confiscated business compensated and they were incarcerated in determine camps could be so brave now there was some question about general door quest using these men to save Texans when I joined the Texan division my platoon sergeant was texting that my platoon but the time rate cut off there wasn't a Texan left in the outfit now general Dahlquist used these men because they were one of the finest fighting machines in Europe it also would have been a disgrace if you lost a battalion I pledge my honor in the hearts of these men we owe them there's nothing I want to do for them I love him thank you [Applause] so remember that as we turn some time over to here for questions that these these men and those like them fought not just racism but having their families in prison unjustly without any cause and they still volunteered and still fought for their country and now we have to excuse Jimmy he has another appointment so we'll turn the rest of the time though over to you for questions answered by the other two gentlemen [Applause] so are there any questions out there I mean I say I would like to add that the occupation of Japan I feel was very very successful because of the fact that our military and the language ability we knew the custom of Japan and also we knew the Japanese and many of the military intelligence service personnel in the occupation of Japan did a great deal far beyond the official duties for example while I was in Hokkaido I collected my candy rations in cigarettes ration which I didn't smoke I sold and saved the money and gave the Christmas party for a Catholic orphanage in Hokkaido there were others in other parts of Japan who got together and planted for example cherry trees in devastated condition in Japan which well they were welcomed by the Japanese because as you know cherry trees are very valuable in Japan and also because of the success in Japan and the democratization of the country I think we should have learned a lesson when we went into Iraq New York Times reported several weeks ago there they were having a great difficulty in the occupation of Iraq because of the lack of language ability let alone not knowing the culture of Iraq there is an inscription on the archives building here in Washington that says that reads what is past is prologue and a cabdriver was taking out-of-town passenger and the passengers said driver what does that mean what is past is prologue he says it means you ain't seen nothing yet okay we actually have a question hello gentleman I'm a Colin Heaton and I had the great privilege of interviewing Daniel in a way and I know your unit history very well I want to say one thing than a question I don't know if many people here know that your unit man-for-man had the highest ratio of medals of honors Silver Stars Bronze Stars and purple hearts of any unit US combat history and the general Field Marshal Albert Kesselring but a bounty on the head of your commanding officer whom he thought was Japanese of a hundred thousand Rice marks so you guys were basically stalked by three SS divisions two German parachute divisions and a Panzer Grenadier battalion because they saw you as the greatest threat that's just so you know that that's how much your enemy thought of you my question is do you feel that the Reagan Act that gave renumeration for the incarceration was adequate and do you feel that this World War Two memorial dedication is a good way to heal some of those wounds as well I don't think the monetary liberation will ever undo the damage that was done is what I remember most and cherish most was a letter I received from President Bush here in which he says that the u.s. government has his apologizes for what happened to us during during the war I think that is a lesson that the American people have learned through the civil rights movement of the 1960s and 70s that this country is made up of people from all over the world and that if you diminish one group you diminish the in all of this country I think I think that it is time so over 200 years after the Declaration of Independence the American people live up to the values of these words in that document that is basic to our country the ideals that are embodied in the Bill of Rights the procession the fifth amendment that you shall cannot be arrested imprisoned without due process of law I hope and pray that the air of American people in this country today those of the Muslim faith will be given the complete protection of the Constitution of the United States and that we all of us as Americans live up to the fundamental values of the what makes America great and what makes America the ideal to be followed by people all over the world I have a very short comment I think it's 20 years too late [Applause] any other question well I was also in high school during the time when they had they could when you were put in those prison places and we were told that the reason was that the American did not know the Japanese language so they didn't know what these people were talking about it all I mean you said that yourself that you were used in the military because there wasn't hardly anybody that knew the Japanese language now as I understand they were not constricted in Hawaii because Hawaii was not a state and that makes it very interesting and probably very hard for you to stomach also because that was as I understand the Japanese in Hawaii were not conscripted yes there was some talk of evacuating the Japanese in Hawaii I was born and raised in Hawaii but the relationship between the military and the Japanese citizenry was very very good and they understood the community they did not understand the language as your question indicates but there was not a problem for them they knew that the Japanese could be trusted as I mentioned earlier I was conscripted in the army on December 7 and kicked out two or three months later because we look like the the enemy but this was the decision that was made in Washington and not what made in Hawaii by the military my my understanding and research by the way suggests that they didn't do that to the japanese-americans in Hawaii because the economy would have fallen completely apart maybe that's part of the reason another question well I was there Marty I am half Japanese and I'm within the artillery part of the 442nd and I saw the Messerschmitt flying by and we fired artillery into the area and so on so I know all about your lost battalion how you felt when you came out I can't exactly hear you there Jim yeah we did and I understand that one time one of the one of the canisters fell on one of you guys heads that's how accurate they were her was it you're watching outfits ending in the Des Barres and alisone tablets yep chewing chewing tobacco with service yeah well thank you very much my son has a picture that was in the New York Times of showing those shelves being loaded he's sitting over here no he's sitting over here and and if you'd be interested it was in New York Times we don't have a man hurt with the shells great four five months ago to the dedication of the monument here on the japanese-americans and Bob Dole was our spokesman there and he said that you guys weary lost going in after you we lost 800 people and you we saved two hundred eleven of you people and I said well I said you know the Pentagon has studied this from there they said that was not a good our main decision however I said well you have to talk to the two hundred eleven men that came out from the lost battalion and they'll say that it was a good decision well if you mentioned eight hundred casualties I have documents the 800 casualties before the month of October it included through Yerba Fontaine I got this Medina manager Jimmy Yamashita there were 74 men killed liberating Booya and 54 men some of the colonists have been scattering that night I read one place where they they said there were 800 killed in our rescue and that's when I got in touch with an Dianna when Hawaii and Jimmy and it's been documented okay and if you're interested in the Lost battalion he'll be happy to talk to you about it we were washed hello gentlemen I know you were you were talking earlier but you were both in it by an Mis in the Pacific and you were my question is that the Japanese forces were absolutely fierce opponents and my question is well I guess to give him an example of that you mentioned Okinawa I believe we lost twelve thousand sailors Marines and soldiers and the Japanese forces lost 120 thousand I wanted to know how many actually [Music] surrendered because I know they the Japanese forces that did not surrender very easy and I wanted to know how many how many of the Japanese soldiers actually surrendered and was it hard to get information out of them thank you I don't have any figures I had that issue however the entire Japanese nation surrendered after the dropping of the atom bomb they had this they were indoctrinated in this death before dishonor business to die for the Emperor of Japan was the most glorious thing they could do above all they should never be captured that was the ultimate disgrace but they were human beings after all I remember a one of the kamikaze attack pilots up in the Battle of Okinawa you know the basic strategy was to lure Shore in Okinawan they Metis meant without opposition that is contrary to basic military doctrine but the Duras land and then the idea was to come in with their kamikaze attack suicide attack planes and and destroyed the US Navy and the US troop ships and supply ships that were anchored off Okinawa we fished one of the pallets offers a out of the water the Navy dead and he was brought in for interrogation well it turned out that you know the kamikaze pilots were young then seventeen eighteen sixteen but the same age of the suicide bombers in Israel and Palestine today this man was in his thirties they were reaching must have been reaching the bottom of the barrel they had reached him he had been a civilian pilot and he was quickly trained for this suicide mission but he had a family a wife and children who could come to the interrogation and he was not about to give up his life for the Emperor of Japan and so he instead of driving his plane into a navy ship he pancaked it alongside the ship was fished out of the water and saved his life and provided us with some considerable information on the training of these suicide bombers as I said I don't know how many actually decided that they would fight to the bitter end there were a lot of so-called Banzai attacks in several of the battles of the Pacific where after it became clear that they had no chance of winning they would gather in one final attack suicide attack in an attempt to destroy us none of those attacks vince succeeded of course and as i said earlier there were quite a few who are in fact captured and became prisoners therefore I'm sorry but our time is up and I hope you'll join me in thanking these gentlemen for coming and sharing with us this has been a presentation of the Library of Congress visit us at loc.gov

Channel: Library of Congress

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Keywords: Library of Congress

Id: SHnX_2EbkSs

Length: 52min 25sec (3145 seconds)

Published: Thu Jan 25 2018