What if the last thing you saw before death
was the terrifying bird mask of a plague doctor? It would be a horrifying sight, but the person
wearing it was just trying to help you. In fact, knowing why the plague doctors wore
the beak mask, and if it worked, could save your life from the next pandemic. Let’s start out with one of the crazier
aspects of the plague doctors outfit. There was one piece of the costume that was
just as important, if not more important, than anything else. The plague doctors included a wooden rod in
their uniform, normally tied onto a belt. This was used to poke plague victims to see
if they were still alive, but it also served another more brutal purpose. The rod was also used to defend the plague
doctors from people who might try to overwhelm them. Imagine a frantic group of people who are
terrified, in pain, and dying. They would seek any help they could, even
if that meant assaulting a plague doctor for his medicine or attention. This may seem counterintuitive for the victims
to do, but when everyone around you is dying, common sense goes out the window, and sheer
terror takes over. The plague doctors would sometimes have to
use their poking rod as a means to defend themselves. They would club plague victims who started
pulling at their suit, or tried to get too close to them. It was a dangerous job being a plague doctor,
but someone had to do it. The plague first traveled across Asia and
Europe via the silk road. The first recorded outbreak was the Plague
of Justinian, which killed up to 10,000 people a day during the year 561. The next outbreak, which would become known
as the Black Death, happened in the 1300’s and wiped out a third of Europe's population. You may be surprised to learn that the iconic
suit that we associate with these outbreaks actually wasn’t around during this time
period at all. It wasn’t until the 17th century that the
plague doctor costumes were introduced to the medical world. Would the plague doctor's iconic suit have
made a difference during these earlier pandemics? What about the pandemics of today? In order to uncover the answer to these questions
we have to know the real reason physicians wore plague suits and masks. The plague doctor outfit may have had its
beginning not in medicine, but in comedy. The outfit itself could actually have gotten
its start in the theater, but then was adopted later by doctors to protect themselves from
the plague. The first representations of the plague doctor
outfit came from satirical writings and political cartoons, so the terrifying mask that can
haunt people’s dreams may have originally been used to make people laugh. The use of the plague doctor outfit is normally
credited to Charles de Lorme who was a physician that treated the royals of Europe, including
King Louis XIII. In his writings he described the plague doctor's
outfit as a long coat covered in scented wax, leggings, long pants that connected to boots,
a shirt that must be tucked in, and a leather hat and gloves. Moroccan leather was the preferred material
for the plague doctors outfit, including the mask. So what was the real reason for the costume? It did serve a purpose, but due to lack of
medical knowledge of the time, it wasn’t as effective as the plague doctors had hoped. Lorme described the shape of the mask as needing
to be “half a foot long, shaped like a beak, filled with perfume with only two holes, one
on each side near the nostrils, but that can suffice to breathe and carry along with the
air one breathes the impression of the herbs enclosed further along in the beak.” Jammed into the long beak of the masks were
different flowers, perfumes, and exotic substances. This wasn’t just to counteract the bad smells
of rotting corpses and human excrement; the concoction inside of the masks was for something
else, something that you will probably find rather crazy. It was believed at the time that the plague
was spread through “bad air.” This was called the miasma theory. Basically what physicians at the time thought
was illnesses such as the plague were passed from one person to the next from noxious forms
of “bad air,” which was also known as night air. This deadly poison would come from the rotting
flesh of bodies both alive and dead. Once in the body the noxious air would throw
off a person’s bodily fluids and auras, or what were known as humors during this time
period. The symptoms of diseases were attributed to
a person’s body being out of balance, which could lead to death. Therefore, the plague doctors needed to protect
themselves from the “bad air,” and this was done using the beaked masks that we associate
with plague doctors. The masks themselves were not enough though. Specific herbs and perfumes needed to be stuffed
into the nose of the mask to separate the two small holes at the end of the beak from
the face of the doctor. The holes were vital so the doctor could continue
to breathe while wearing the mask, and the herb concoction was important to stop the
miasma from reaching the doctor’s nose and mouth. The masks would be filled with what was called
theriac, which was made up of more than 55 different herbs and other compounds. Some of the more exotic ones were viper flesh
powder, cinnamon, nosegays, and honey. The long length of the bird mask allowed enough
herbs to be packed in to provide time for the “bad air” to be dealt with before
it entered the plague doctor’s lungs. The mask also contained openings for the eyes
so that the plague doctor could see. Glass coverings over the holes were required
to protect the eyes from the poisoned air. Basically the mask, and everything plague
doctors wore, were to protect the body from the “bad air” connected to the miasma
theory. In some ways this was helpful as the outfit
served as a barrier from the actual harbinger of death that caused the plague, bacteria. The mask itself wasn’t meant to be scary
so much as functional. But what about the rest of the plague doctor
suit? Was there some special purpose to the long
coats and brimmed hats? The answer is yes. It was to keep the plague doctor's body as
contained as possible from the poisoned air around them. The clothing was also covered in different
fragrances to protect the body from the miasma. We now know it wasn’t the “bad air”
that was causing the plague, but a bacteria called Yersinia pestis. The bacteria was spread through flea bites,
contact with contaminated bodily fluids, and inhalation of water droplets from people who
coughed or sneezed that were infected. The interesting thing is that although the
plague doctor’s outfits were not designed with the bacteria in mind, they actually provided
some level of protection. When completely decked out in the plague suit
the redundant layers of clothing, and the mask that would keep distance between a doctor
and a patient, protected them from bodily fluids and contaminated water droplets. Obviously the protection was minimal, and
they could always have been infected by a flea that got into their suit, or when they
weren’t wearing it. But the real reason the plague doctors wore
their iconic suits was to protect them from the miasma around a plague victim, and keep
their body from coming into contact with the “bad air.” So how effective were the plague doctors themselves
who were contained within the masks and suits? Well as we know from history, they were not
very good, but that was because the lack of medical knowledge at the time stood as a roadblock
to their success. They did try to give antidotes and medicine
to the victims, although none of these remedies were effective. One of the most common forms of treatment
was giving an infected person the same theriac concoction that plague doctors stuffed into
the beaks of their masks to help them breathe in clean air. The victims of the plague suffered terribly
before many eventually succumbed to the disease. Plague doctors had to deal with patients who
had swelling of the lymph nodes that would often rupture causing blood and puss to seep
out of the wounds. The infected would also have a high fever,
chills, vomiting, diarrhea, and be in a lot of pain. The messiness associated with the plague allowed
the bacteria to spread rapidly as most people didn’t know what precautions to take, or
how useful good hygiene could be. By wearing their multilayered leather suits
and long masks, the doctors were able to at least protect themselves from certain forms
of transmission of the plague while they treated victims around Europe. But treating the infected were not the only
thing the plague doctors did during the 17th century. These physicians were also responsible for
being the witnesses of wills as people died in the thousands. They would do this while wearing their plague
suits to protect themselves, this may be one of the reasons the iconic image of plague
doctors became associated with such horrifying nightmares. The suit was so closely connected with death,
and everything that went along with it, that it became ingrained in people’s minds. The plague doctors were also responsible for
performing autopsies. Again those lucky enough to be donning their
plague suit at the time of inspection were given some protection from an infected corpse,
which is better than no protection at all. Today plague doctor masks are still worn throughout
Europe and during different celebrations such as Mardi Gras. Other carnival celebrations, especially in
Italy, often use the plague doctor suit as a commedia dell’arte. Although we often associate the elongated
mask of the plague doctor with death and terror, its origins may have been more comedic, which
is how the masks are most often used today. What we can learn from the plague doctors
and their iconic suits is that just because something looks interesting, terrifying, or
funny does not mean it can protect you from a disease. We can follow the advice of medical professionals
and scientists during the course of a plague or pandemic to keep ourselves safe. Given what we know today about infectious
diseases, the plague doctors would most likely have swapped their bird masks and potpourri
for surgical masks and antibiotics. Now go watch “What Made The Black Death
So Deadly & Who Were The Plague Doctors.” Or check out “How Did Bubonic Plague (Black
Death) Actually End?”
