Why Evolution Leads To Mars? - Bjarke Ingels -WGS 2018

morning even if you don't know Bianca angles which is unlikely if you're sitting here you've probably seen his work from two World Trade Center the next amazing addition to New York skyline to Legos amazing crazy headquarters in Denmark Danish architect founder and creative partner at big which the Bjork Ingles group is one of the most exciting architects working today and you might know his visual stamp you probably don't know how hard he's working to make sure that next generations actually can see the stuff he's built by the time you walk into the lobby of two World Trade Center you'll be protected by the dryline the u-shaped raised park that angles as designed and is being built to protect lower Manhattan from deadly storm surges and if our great-grandchildren decide they want to leave this planet they might find themselves living under ingleses designs elsewhere like on Mars but I'm gonna let him tell you about that your excellencies ladies and gentlemen distinguished guests I'm pleased to introduce PR cankles your Excellencies ladies gentlemen it's a pleasure to be here in Dubai and before I begin leaving this planet I'd like to talk a little bit about some of the ideas and sets of values that have informed our practice here on on earth for instance this idea of looking at our cities and buildings not as accumulations of facades or objects but as manmade ecosystems where we channel not only the flow of people but also the flow of resources through our cities and buildings our company is located in Copenhagen in New York we're roughly 500 architects as you can see I have very committed colleagues and it's and it's actually quite important because when you're trying to do things differently you're gonna experience so much resistance that if you're not really passionate about what you're doing you you won't have the sort of energy or the resource to to persevere and then a little Danish lesson the Danish word for design is form tuning which literally means to give form to something that has not yet been given form in a way to give form to the future that we would like to live in and just to give you some examples we just finished this building in in New York it basically combines the social space of the courtyard together with the density of the skyscraper creating what we've called a cord scraper and also really transforming the skyline of New York City we did the home of the Lego brick which is conceived as a man-made mountain of interconnected playgrounds that is as inviting and sort of interactive on the outside as it is on the inside also it is probably one of the only museums in the world where you actually have to touch all the artifacts we designed the Danes pavilion in Shanghai looking at sustainable cities and trying to show a sustainable city like Copenhagen where half of the Copenhagen errs they commute every day by bicycle so we try to allow people to experience the thrill of riding the bike through the city instead of being stuck in a traffic jam also making it the perfect museum for impatient people because you could do the whole museum in five minutes on a bicycle we designed the Copenhagen Harbor bath that extends public life into the the water showing that clean Harbor is not only good for the fish it's also amazing for the citizens because you don't have to drive your car for hours to get to the beach you can literally jump in the port we're building this power plant it's gonna be the cleanest waste-to-energy power plant in the world so clean that we've been able to turn the roof into a man-made ski slope complete with hiking paths so actually the power plant is going to be probably one of the most popular parks in Copenhagen it's opening in October this year we designed a series of buildings for instance the mountain in Copenhagen that creates a hillside of homes with Gardens by putting them on top of a parking structure we created the eighth house where you can literally walk and bicycle all the way to the penthouse sort of extending the social space of the city up up to the roof and in as a sort of a almost like eight house upside down in Amsterdam we're doing a city block where you can sail into the courtyard itself sort of combining the the island and the water next next month we are opening the headquarters for the Shenzhen main energy company where the facade is designed in such a way that when it's facing away from the Sun it's all glass when it's facing the Sun it's almost entirely closed roughly 50/50 and within this logic you can make sort of specific openings you can capture certain views you can make sort of main entrances but this idea alone reduces the energy consumption with 30% so not only does it have an energy effect it also has an aesthetic impact in a similar way for Google with designing the headquarters so the entire facade is made out of photovoltaics so either we turn the the photons into electricity or we allow them to become daylight for the workstations and for a similar amount of people in New York we're creating a high-rise where every floor is connected to the floors below and the floors above sort of connecting the entire sort of 80 storey building in a sort of social spiral from the ground to the sky here in Dubai we hope to create the Hyperloop together with the to buy future foundation connecting Abu Dhabi and Dubai to start with in in less than than 15 minutes and finally in New York after her say hurricane sandy came and wiped out most of lower Manhattan we're now designing a pack that is not only gonna be what protects the city from the next super storm but also will create a much more lively and engaging and an accessible waterfront so you can say all these projects attempts by us to give form to the future that we would like to live in and I think essentially that is what architecture is it is the art and science of making our planet more habitable for life and when you look at sort of how our sort of the human presence on the planet has evolved it has been shaped by primarily developments in technology and and climate change if we take sort of a three hundred thousand year history of of man on planet Earth it started with when we sort of learned to control fire we could move north into colder climates we could also cook new kinds of food we then developed boats so we could sail to Australia 65 thousand years ago then a global warming actually made the glaciers recede and we could visit Europe for a while until the the the the the the most recent ice age came back and pushed us more towards the the east then the glaciers melted again 15,000 years ago and when they melted they also opened a land bridge connecting Siberia to the Americas and when the glaciers finally disappeared we could sort of occupy the rest of the planet so just a sort of development in technology of movement the the Roman Empire was enabled by by the Roman roads and horses you could span the Mediterranean in three months by horse from Spain through to the Middle East 500 years ago we could sail in three months from Spain to the to the new world then we developed the railroads like hundred and fifty two hundred years ago allowing us to travel like ten thousand kilometres and in four weeks when we invented the airplane sixty years ago we could get to Australia with a lot of stops in two and a half days today we can do it in 16 hours and if Elon Musk has anything to do with it we can do it in 39 minutes with a rocket very soon almost 50 years ago we traveled to the moon in 100 hours and in four years SpaceX promises that they can send us to Mars in just three months which means that 500 years ago Magellan's crew on their sort of a circumnavigation of the globe they traveled from Spain to Brazil in three months we will 500 years later be able to navigate an ocean not of water but of space and and put our first boots on another planet the first step in becoming a multiplanetary species and eventually to true sort of inhabiting and animating the entire solar system so why begin with with Mars of course it's it's our most immediate neighbor it's sort of medium size of the other of the solid planets it's roughly the same size with similar qualities to the moons of Jupiter and Saturn but where the moons of Jupiter and Saturn are two to four years away we can actually reach mass in only in only three months when you look at the temperatures Venus and Mercury are like steaming hot the outer planets are freezing cold so mass is somewhere it's a little cold but it's somewhere within the habit of range you have 20 degrees Celsius at equator in the summer which is roughly what what we have here in the morning right now when you look at gravity just to give you some ideas earth a person that weighs 100 kilos on earth would only weigh 38 kilos on Mars so it's like the fastest diet you can get is to go to Mars and by comparison if you go to Jupiter you weigh a quarter of a ton so so there's a it's it's gonna be nice and light to hang out on Mars and when you look at wind speeds Mars actually has like fairly peaceful winds compared to earth and compared to the supersonic wind speeds you have in in the outer planets so when it comes to pressure all of the outer planets it's almost like walking at the bottom of the Mariana Trench it's it's so dense the atmosphere the atmosphere on Mars is very light which is which is a challenge and then maybe one thing that is like an almost cosmic coincidence is that Earth obviously has a 24-hour day cycle Mars has a 24 hour and 40 minute cycle it's almost the same it's it's even nice because we get 40 minutes extra which which I think everybody could use and if you just compare it first it's like mercury a day is almost half a year so it's a it's quite unique that we're so close and also the the seasonal tilt of Earth and mass is practically the same and just to give you an idea how important that is that means that we have the same seasons on Mars and an earth Uranus has a tilt that is practically perpendicular to that to the Sun which means that if you're standing close to the North Pole on Andreas you will have 21 years of daylight followed by 21 years of night which would make it like pretty insane to try to live there and actually mass if you lose like compare like mass and the moon have like a lot of the same things but most importantly mass has both water and carbon which are the two main ingredients in life so we have all that ready available mass doesn't have a magnetic field so therefore there's some there's some radiation that we need to shelter us against but when you sort of analyze the different planets and moons as a real estate project you can see that mass is a very valuable piece of real estate it's it has almost half the radius of a diameter of Earth but even though it actually has this exact same amount of dry land because it doesn't have any oceans so it's an amazing amount of space the blue planet and the red planet actually the Atacama Desert on earth in Chile is the place on earth that is the most similar to mass it even looks like mass except the sky and then maybe one little interesting fact that I hope we can all enjoy soon is that where the sunset turns the sky red on earth because of the fine grain dust in the atmosphere on Mars the Sun set actually turns blue which is going to be sort of an amazing experience for for future earthlings on on Mars and then maybe like one last thing here you see the amount of satellites on earth we actually have 14 satellites already flying around Mars so that means that actually since the 60s we've been visiting mass quite frequently so we have a lot of knowledge we've looked at the planets we've seen how the pose expanded contract it's frozen as co2 so dry ice but you also have frozen water in certain places and we've seen the serve the mountain ranges the flows of of lava the sand dunes the archipelago there's no liquid water but there was an ocean in the past so you have these sort of remnants of Islands this is a dust devil a little dust storm on the surface of mass a landslide happening in front of our eyes and and with the different Rovers moving around and curiosity is still active we have you know boots on the ground or at least wheels we've seen frost in the mornings on mass we've seen like fields of of crack dust we feed car tire tracks so it's it almost looks looks ready and available to explore so there's a lot of good things about Mars we have a few challenges there's too much radiation for humans it's actually fine for plants but too much for humans there's very little pressure rather cold temperatures down to a minus hundred and fifty there's no breathable air and there's no readily available water but but it is there where could we land it should probably be relatively close to the equator to have a good temperature and to be able to power ourselves with with photovoltaics these are some of the landing sites where we've already been and these are the some of the sites where we're looking at at going and here you can see the remnants of the ocean the ocean floor has fewer craters because it was covered by it by water it might be a good idea to go to some of the lower areas because you have denser air and and warmer temperatures this is the largest at Grand Canyon Valles Marineris it's 4,000 kilometers long and seven kilometers deep it might be interesting place because you can be sheltered from radiation with the rocks but actually here on earth we humans have already become really good at surviving harsh climates one example from Tunisia that at first glance looks like a lifeless desert when when you move close you realize that it's a densely populated human habitat houses have been excavated from the ground the thermal mass and the shade of the earth provides a cool temperature you have sort of protected and shaded outdoor spaces a uniform material cozy interiors so essentially using the the planet to to respond to the climate in Arizona in a similar way what looks sort of uninhabited actually turns out to have these villages sheltered from from the elements under the overhanging rocks using the local materials excavation and a new build and getting protection from from the landscape and finally when you look at the Arctic's which somehow is has most similar temperatures to mass you see this sort of kind of loose rock in Greenland where the equal was was developed this idea of the spherical form that provides maximum contained volume with a minimum of surface the porosity of the ice actually creates insulation more nomadic structures using membranes to trap heated air and actually the Eskimo or the Inuit thought oh well Amundsen the Norwegian explorer how to live in the Arctic region teaching him how to eventually become the first man to reach the South Pole because he didn't try to bring his Norwegian lifestyle he tried to live like an Arctic resident Robert Zubrin the author of the case for mass was inspired by this saying that if we want to go to mass we have to live of the resources that are available there in the atmosphere and and in the in the geology so in a way we have to become Martian so what would a Martian vernacular architecture look like first of all it's going to be incredibly expensive to bring things to mass so of course the first people that grow they will have to bring their habitats but then maybe we can bring the machines to use local materials to build our buildings and then eventually we should bring nothing and just live off the land also we're gonna have to create our own little biosphere a contained self-contained ecosystem and basically a human needs two liters of water and a certain amount of of nutrients we're gonna have to be able to grow our own plants in order to sustain this so somehow we have to find ways of creating the living conditions for humans and the living conditions for plants in an intertwined ecosystem so how do we create sort of a Martian man-made ecosystem so basically what we do have is regolith the the local rocks if we make a little a sorting plant we can actually get a frozen ice so we can get water we can get basalt stones and local sands with the water and the sand we can create bricks we can make a Martian concrete and ceramics the sand we can also sort it and we can get Silesia aluminum and iron oxide with that we can make aluminium and we can make glass and we make electronics and photovoltaics with the for voltage we can make electricity and electricity and the water we can make electrolysis splitting the water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen combining that with the co2 that is abundant in the atmosphere on Mars we can use this Apache reactor to create methane together with the oxygen that becomes a perfect rocket propellant so we can create a bridge between mass and earth as a as a by-product we get carbon monoxide we can use that with iron oxide to create steel we can use a chemical reaction with the water and the carbon monoxide to create hard plastics fiberglass and soft plastics of course we have to recycle the materials we create constantly we can make sort of transparent membranes to create inflatable environments and of course the water but allow us to make plants we can create root zones and bio treatment to clean the water we can then use water also for recreation for aeroponics aquaponics hydroponics to create food and finally we have all of the ingredients to actually sustain life on Mars using exactly what is already there in Western Europe we have a hundred and fifty square meters per person on mass we should probably settle with a little bit less and there's there's too much radiation on Mars 110 MSV which is like twice of what we allow a radiologist to be exposed to but looking at human behavior for instance in in North America in the United States we only spend roughly eight percent of our time outdoor so if we say we only spent eighteen percent of our time and you we sleep like a third of the time eighteen percent of the time above ground then we can actually bring our radiation down to less than what we allow an airline crew member to receive so it's it's quite quite tolerable and of course like rather than having like that the earth distinction between in town and outdoor we're gonna have to have a lot more sort of different gradient so almost like looking at these like vernacular examples from Earth excavation 3d printing and inflatable membranes seem to be the tools the inflatable membrane has the advantage so that with very little material we can create a pressurized environment but it doesn't provide protection from radiation or metal ores with 3d printing we can create more radiation protection and more metal protection and finally with the excavation we can be fully protected but we can't really get air tightness so when you look at the three different techniques none of them actually provide what we need but when you combine them we actually get a set of an ideal human habitat on Mars you can imagine different gradients of radiation protection allowing you to sort of inhabit different parts of the environment at different times of the of the day of course the spherical form is the most effective it's also the one that we can sustain with a pressurized environment so essentially imagine living inside a balloon with a mesh of of Kevlar or carbon fiber inside this inflatable membrane we can excavate and with the excavated material we can 3d print our habitats depending on the scale different forms start making sense in in various topologies and of course as they get bigger and bigger close be circular interconnected networked environments so essentially over time we imagine an evolution of how we inhabit Mars so so the time scale for this is that the Dubai future foundation has said that in 100 years or 99 years in 2117 we're gonna have a city on an emirate city on Mars but we're gonna start already now with the mass Science Center as a prototype right here in in Dubai in the middle of MU chef National Park so well-connected to to the entire city in a in an area where the you you actually have mostly sand to begin with we want to create a prototype where you can experience how it's gonna feel like living on Mars for education research exhibitions and and studies of Biophilia so basically exhibitions that can sort of inspire future generations to wanna sort of a study to become the scientists that bring us to Mars collaborations with various companies various knowledge institutions for for research to develop the necessary technologies collaborations with different experiments in agriculture ultra-efficient hydroponics aeroponics mi t--'s cd4 and obvious collaborator and all to create a lovely environment like a campus so that like living on Mars it's not gonna be like living inside a tin can so we take this program organize it with the architecture we imagine for Mars with the sort of overlapping environments permanent exhibitions temporal exhibitions University and research we imagine activity gardens and exhibitions farming where visitors can actually visit these these farms and then sort of research facilities into an outdoor for the for the resident scientists and basically we want to build it right now and the next a couple of years using those those techniques so like building inside the protected area of the dome protected from the elements using 3d printing using the existing available sands that actually almost look Martian in in their color also when your 3d printing curvilinear language actually becomes more resource efficient so the architecture on Mars is going to have its own style it's its own sort of granular texture that the rounded corners as a sort of Martian vernacular another interesting thing is the best shield against radiation is actually hydrogen so imagine one meter of water protects as much as eight meters of rock so you could actually imagine these skylights with water that actually protects you fully from from the radiation actually actually making sense on Mars so so here you see the sort of the the the lobby from where you can go and explore the exhibits always in this sort of garden like feeling because you really want to have as much Biophilia as possible you can visit the farms you can visit their labs and sort of explore this sort of human exploration of Mars finally Dubai has a very different climate than than Mars so of course we have to adapt the architecture and certain ways thermal exposure becomes a major issue so on Mars we're gonna use at you thermal to to heat on in Dubai we're gonna use it to cool the environments and we're gonna sort of manipulate the membranes to actually filter light so that the same membrane can both sort of function as a greenhouse but also as a darkened auditorium so maybe just to conclude why is this is this relevant for us on earth basically we believe that a lot of the challenges we have today on earth can actually be answered by the technologies that would allow us to live on Mars and just quickly looking at some of the United Nations sustainable development goals forces like efficient farming on Mars we will be 10 times more efficient or will have to be than we are currently on earth on earth we have billions of cubic meters of water on Mars we only have 5 million cubic meters so we need to in incredible efficiencies on earth two-thirds of our energy is combustion on Mars we have no fossil fuels and we have no oxygen to to waste on burning so basically the idea of the sort of manmade eco systems the the local self supportiveness innovation in methods of transportation and experiments in in climates all what's going to enable us to to be successful on this planet so if you if you imagine to finish off the in the next two centuries by sort of slowly turning Mars from red planet into a green planet into a blue planet imagine that what it takes to turn Mars into an entire man-made ecosystem is also what's going to make us the most capable custodians of the planet we inhabit today and like Al Gore said the first time we saw Earth from the moon it made us aware of how much we actually have to take care of the home we inhabit today and as a final thought imagine in in a couple of decades our children or grandchildren looking up at the Martian sky they'll see a sort of a reminder of their blue original but this little blue speck seen from the surface of Mars which is actually earth but looking at it from the planet that we now consider as home so the first step in this is going to be the math-science sensor that are we going to start building right here into by in the next couple of years thank you [Music]

Channel: World Government Summit

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Id: 6iCHJA8Oz8A

Length: 30min 37sec (1837 seconds)

Published: Mon Feb 12 2018