Stated Clearly presents: What was the Miller-Urey Experiment?
It was once believed that if you left food out to rot, living
creatures like maggots and even rats would simply poof into existence. The idea was called spontaneous generation. A series of experiments starting in the
sixteen hundreds disproved this idea, and in the 1800's, a new scientific law was
proposed: life only comes from life. It's true that rats, maggots, and even microbes are far too complex to simply poof into existence, but in 1859, English naturalist
Charles Darwin put forth the theory of evolution. in it he showed that under the right
circumstances, relatively simple creatures can gradually give rise to
more complex creatures. Given this information, serious thinkers began to wonder: Is it possible that simple life forms actually could come from non-living matter? Not by poofing into existence, but through a natural, gradual process similar to what
we see in biological evolution. Darwin himself mentioned this idea when writing to a friend: "...but if, and what a big if" he wrote, "we could conceive in some warm little pond, with all sorts of ammonia and phosphoric salts, light, heat,
electricity and so on present, that a protein compound was chemically formed, ready to undergo still more complex changes..." In 1924, Russian biochemist
Alexander Oparin published a book which he titled THE ORIGIN OF LIFE. In it
he outlined his thoughts on a gradual progression from simple chemistry to
living cells. He imagined the early ocean as a primordial soup, a rich collection
of complex molecules produced by natural chemical reactions. In this soup, chemical reactions could take place eventually producing living cells! At the
time Darwin's warm little pond and Oparin's
primordial soup were really just speculation. They were founded on a good
understanding of chemistry and biology but they could not be considered
legitimate scientific hypotheses because no one had found a way to test or
observe them. Science after all, is the study of observable facts, and an ongoing
conversation about how those facts can be best linked together. Cchemical reactions like those proposed
by Darwin and Oparin are not expected to leave an observable fossil record.
Without either having fossils to examine or a time machine to travel back and
observe what happened, how good scientists even begin to study the
origin of life? In the nineteen fifties Stanley Miller, then a graduate student
at the University of Chicago, came up with an idea. We can simulate early Earth
conditions in the lab and then carefully watch what happens. If you can't study
fish in the sea, set up an aquarium! Working with his
professor, Harold Urey, Miller designed an apparatus to simulate the ancient water
cycle. Together they put in water to model the ancient ocean, it was gently
boiled to mimic evaporation. Along with water vapor, for gases in the atmosphere
they chose methane, hydrogen, and ammonia. These are simple gases which scientists
at the time I thought were probably abundant on the ancient earth. They added a condenser to cool the atmosphere, allowing water molecules to form drops
and fall back into their ocean like rain. The ancient Earth would have had many
sources of energy sunlight, geothermal heat, and even
thunderstorms; so they added sparks to the atmosphere to simulate lightning. The
goal of the experiment was not to create life, but to simply test the first step
in Oparin's model: Can simple chemistry naturally give rise to the
complex molecules of life? After running the experiment for just one week, their
ocean became brownish black. Careful analysis revealed that through a series
of reactions, many complex molecules had been produced. Among these were amino
acids, special molecules of life that we once thought could only be built inside
their bodies and living creatures. This was a pivotal breakthrough in
science, so significant in fact that I gave rise to an entirely new field research
now known as Prebiotic Chemistry! Scientists don't know for sure if the
gasses used by Miller really were the most common gases in the ancient Earth.
Because of this, many experienced have since been done showing that the
molecules of life can form in a wide variety of environments with different
starting chemicals and different sources of energy. Sugars, lipids, and amino acids have even
been found on meteorites. This suggests that the molecules of life are fored all
throughout the antient solar system, and may be forming right now in other
regions of our galaxy! Together these discoveries tell us that Oparin's
primordial soup, and Darwin's warm little pond, could have easily existed, in one
way or another, on our ancient planet. So to sum things up: What was the Miller-Urey experiment? The Miller-Urey experiment was our first attempt at simulating ancient
Earth conditions, in this case, the ancient Earth's water cycle, for the
purpose of testing ideas about the origin of life. the Miller-Urey experiment
is significant for two main reasons: First, though it was not a perfect
simulation and the early Earth, it clearly demonstrated, for the first time, that
biomolecules can form under ancient Earth-like conditions. Second, the
experiment took what was once mere speculation, the idea that life may have
emerged from chemistry, and transformed a portion of that speculation into
legitimate testable science! Many questions remain to be answered about
the origin of life but scientists from many nations and many fields of study are now following Stanley Miller's lead. They're finding ways to turn those
questions about the origin of life into testable scientific hypotheses. Simulation experiments cannot tell us
exactly how life formed in the past, but if enough of them are done, they could
eventually tell us if it's possible for life to emerge from chemistry. I'm Jon Perry and that's the Miller-Urey experiment Stated Clearly! this video was funded by the Center for Chemical Evolution, the National Science Foundation, and NASA! Special thanks to
chemist Eric Parker, he volunteered hours of his time going over our script,
sending us scientific papers, and critiquing our visuals for this
animation. Though we do receive grants from time to time, Stated Clearly is made
possible with financial contributions from viewers like you! To support us,
visit our website statedclearly.com and click contribute. I'm happy to
announce that you can now also support as on Patreom.com. So long for now, stay curious!
