West Virginia in the 20th Century-The 1950s

[Music] foreign [Applause] [Music] you walked every place so you met everybody and the streets were full of people coming in and it was exciting days and we don't have that anymore in the 50s i was already married i had children my dreams were to help my children it was my top priority to help my children to be i wanted them to be scholars today people there's not as a sense of community as there was they got together and talked more talked more not just about the children and what they were doing and the job and all of that but they talked about the building of a community making it a better place to live midway into the 20th century prospects for west virginia were looking good the state had reached its highest population topping 2 million residents employment was good the term baby boomer had not been coined but babies were being born in increasing numbers there was peace and a sense that prosperity and security were ours finally optimism for a world that just a few years before had faced the greatest war in the history of humanity everything here wasn't perfect but generally life was good like today we were a state of small towns and cities with a significant rural population family farms were plentiful yet farming as a lifestyle was in decline housing was in demand but new homes were small by today's standards coal was still king still used for heating schools commercial enterprises and homes and for powering ships and locomotives for making steel and electricity and as base material for chemicals and plastics there was widespread interest in becoming modern in having the marvels of the modern age but modernization can prove to be a double-edged sword just as recollections of the era depend upon a person's perspective i had an old 56 ford and and i can remember the little our one boy and then the little girl was born later we would we'd go to the the mountain air drive-in theater save save our money up and uh could go to the grocery store and buy 10 bucks worth of groceries last you all week long um go fishing at new river stone cliff was was like going to uh to myrtle beach it was the myrtle beach of fayette county or either cotton hill in new river they had a old steel rope or not a rope a steel cable from the bridge you could get up on the rock swing out drop in into the river that was a sunday afternoon of you know of entertainment fishing and and having a picnic uh on the riverbank on the rocks going to the drive-in and movie theaters and watching watching television some of the old the old shows of uh i lit three lives and the dinah shore show or uh the lucky strikes hit parade uh programming like that watching uh boxing to the gillette boxing on on friday nights uh they had great great days people sat on their front porch talked to each other we played touch football in the street down randolph street you can't do that today it was probably much better for white people and not so good for black people when you threw gays in prison and when you kept blacks locked out of the life of the community and forced them to live in menial jobs and it was a time when of censorship of what you were allowed to see in the movies or see in a magazine and it was a time of of taboos of all sorts the 1950s are a key transformational time in west virginia's history up until that time every 10th year census revealed growing population in west virginia by 1950 2 million people lived in the mountain state we had an eight-member congressional delegation the highest it's ever been since that time every 10 years we have lost citizens and west virginia now with the oldest population as we de-industrialize and continue this transformation of our economy our population continues to decline literally west virginia's history goes in one direction until the 1950s and goes in another one after that time west virginia had its problems but they also had a whole lot of good things [Music] [Applause] [Music] in the early 1950s don flescher made a series of motion pictures documenting life in jackson county his movies provide a rare glimpse into life at the time what kind of plumbing supplies do you handle we handle american standard plumbing and heating you have other types of materials and buildings for building homes and all that is that right we have everything for the building of your home the dialogue he captured may be contrived but his films are an enlightening record of the period [Music] not too well that's like the sun down the floor [Music] please take a letter to the kenoi valley bank at charleston west virginia do you want this single space or double space single space here is a new model powerpoint one of the nicest refrigerators there is i'm out here at the jackson county community of cannery and they're all working very hard canning their fruits and vegetables for fall this is a cooperative setup everybody should endeavor to come out and can their fruits and vegetables for fall it's very economical and wonderful equipment how are you irene fine thank you how do you think you're making a movie not very good how about you cozy not with my hair this movie is being made in jenny's beauty parlor in ripley then here's the lady you're working on there just pass away are you giving her a permit no a finger way this is the pool that was the line club's worked so hard on the last few weeks opening up everybody seems to be enjoying it a lot [Applause] [Laughter] i'd like to see the side please do you like the solid color or would you rather have a stripe i believe i'd rather have a stripe that's a nice size and not too heavy and still it has a quality to absorb the water as you know i have my own slaughterhouse and can butcher really good beef for the folks of jackson county at prices they can afford to pay ellis that's a good-looking bee bear cut me all four okay don i'll wrap them up for you this grocery is owned by charles and mrs kaufman and you will find it a very modern and up-to-date neighborhood grocery the 50s were a time of family-owned businesses so-called mom-and-pop stores there were local dairies with home delivery there were no shopping malls and few chain stores [Music] service station attendants pumped gasoline for the customers cleaned their windshields and checked oil levels at mid-century there were no interstate highways and no turnpike there was no home air conditioning few owned a television set there was only one tv station in the state wsaz channel five in huntington so [Music] a national coal strike of crippling proportions kicked off the decade and soon the umwa coal miner would become the highest paid industrial worker in the country in june war erupted on the korean peninsula and the free world through the united nations race to contain north korean aggressors many west virginians responded to the call the first combat fatality of the korean war was private kenneth shadrick just 19 years old from wyoming county west virginia's tradition of military service is one of the more important and fundamental aspects of our culture the korean war which most americans don't like to talk about very much is really a a a a hallmark in west virginia's military participation president harry truman faced daunting issues a hot war in korea a worldwide cold war pitting communists against capitalist countries he ordered the creation of the hydrogen bomb and the threat of nuclear annihilation entered the minds of everyday people yet even under the threat of war and the potential of world doom ordinary life went on as usual west virginia had three governors in the 1950s okie patterson served until the winter of 53. patterson was a classic gladhanding politician who successfully pushed for the creation of the state's first four-year medical school in morgantown in 1951 funding it with a penny a bottle tax on soft drinks it was during paterson's term that much of the planning for the west virginia turnpike took place [Music] 1952 was a big election year it marked the first congressional race for a young robert c byrd it was also his most dramatic campaign claims of his past ku klux klan membership dogged him in the democrat primary the 34 year old bird acknowledged that he was once a klan member calling it a youthful excitement but he said he had no dealings with a racist organization since 1943. while his past clan membership caused concern among the leadership of the state democrat party he nevertheless won his primary race the 52 primary by the way exhibited numerous examples of ballot stuffing vote buying and other election day shenanigans these were of course dirty tricks by democrat versus democrat and republican versus republican factions within the two parties working to overpower the other democrats held a two-to-one registration advantage and perhaps because of their overwhelming size their factional rivalries could be brutal in late october during the general election campaign robert byrd faced the possibility of abrupt political demise a letter surfaced purportedly in bird's own handwriting dated april 8 1946 an address to the imperial grand wizard of the clan the letter said there needed to be a rebirth of the klan in west virginia the letter's date was three years past the time that byrd claimed to have ended his affiliation with the klan governor patterson called for byrd to quit the race west virginia's powerful u.s senator matthew neely did the same bird citing his record of service to all people said he didn't recall writing the letter and refused to drop out in the meantime the governor and neely were working feverishly to ensure the election of paterson's hand-picked successor william casey marlon marlin was in a tight race with republican rush holt who himself acknowledged past clan dealings marlin's problem was that party solidarity was fracturing and his candidacy relied upon its holding together on election day marlon squeaked by bird won easily yet the 52 election was the last for democrats to control state government in a string dating back to 1932 a wild political year by anyone's standards the following time has been purchased by the river comb for senate committee by telescription former senator chapman revical a notable sidebar to the 52 election for the u.s senate from west virginia involved republican chapman revercombe's use of television to paint incumbent democrat harley kilgore as being a communist sympathizer a divisive subject promoted by wisconsin senator joseph mccarthy on the national scene senator kilgore spoke out against the well-known mont nixon bill a bill offered to guard against subversives in this country strangely enough after speaking bitterly against the bill he voted for it and then switched his vote and voted to uphold a veto there are other cases which i could cite to you but i conclude for this evening this is a living present question in this campaign you my fellow citizens will decide whether west virginia wants any part of communist sympathy in its representation in the national government revercombe's attacks were hardly acknowledged by the state's news media or by kilgore and kilgore won re-election by a wide margin against the supporters of any effort that would endanger the security of our country and the freedom of us all [Music] the coal industry faced growing competitive challenges from other energy sources particularly from oil and gas and to face that threat it chose to modernize industry was was moving away from coal-fired kinds of operations because new england changed all their power plants to oil and there was nothing anybody could do about that in the coal business but they did and that people could burn oil and had hauled in cheaper they could have coal and so they did all along the way i mean from households to schools to industry that market and even even railroad locomotives that market was was shrinking and the coal industries felt that oil was being dumped on the market precisely to drive coal out so there was a great challenge to the coal industry and the coal industry responded to that challenge by turning to improved technology one of the most significant things that happened in west virginia during the 1950s was not apparent at the time and that was the widespread introduction of coal loading machines in underground coal mines machines load faster more efficiently safer than men those joy machines those jeffrey loaders those machines revolutionized coal mining in west virginia tonnage remained at a couple hundred million tons a year but the workforce began to drop precipitously this is inauguration day 1953 in charleston west virginia without doubt chairman of the inaugural committee president of the state border control governor arranged the most helpful program ever staged in the mountain state the installation of west virginia's youngest governor 34 year old william c martin while the bands performed outside the sun cooperated with a majestic burning of light in the dome of the capitol where the crowd of dignitaries including state house workers the curious and interested party followers numbering more than 2 000 moved toward the seating area surrounding the platform under the dome a platform supported by steel scaffolding geary decorated with rhododendron greens banks of flowers centering on the state seal in the roster at noon retiring governor patterson mounted the rostrum with governor elect mark at 12 minutes past noon governor patterson introduced his successor the man eminently qualified for the job and marlon was obviously pleased then madison introduced the president of the state supreme court judge frank c heyman who in turn administered the oath west virginia's new governor bill marlin the youngest in state history at age 34 decided to confront the big issues of improving education and roads in an atmosphere of changing coal markets and declining coal employment by seeking a new source of tax revenue as soon as he was inaugurated he dropped a bomb share on the state legislature with no preliminaries no hints he announced that there were two big things west virginia had to do and he was right west virginia had to address its problems in education and west virginia had to address its problems and transportation better roads he said the only way to do this is to get some revenue to do it we don't have the revenue to do it the state road commission is bankrupt how are we going to do this he said the only way we can do it is tax our natural resources we have great wealth in this state so the big part of his tax program was a a tax on a removal of natural resources a severance tax people think about cyberstacks applying only to to coal but severance tax should apply to uh foreign should apply to timber taking that off which is another asset of ours disappearing think about natural gas another thing once it's gone it's gone it's not anymore the truth matter was that the gross sales tax which had been in place since 1922 or 3 had the highest rates on extractive industries and that was the approach to severance that had been used in lieu of a severance tax in addition to gross sales the coal companies were paying the highest rate of taxes of anybody in the state any business the uh leading state newspaper the charleston is that the day after marlin made his announcement came out and said this is insane well i don't know if they use the word insane but they certainly implied that that this this was a suicidal thing to do marlin had significant backing you know the the entire uh six-member congressional delegation well no had been seven at that time they they came out in support of it the uh of course the united mine workers supported it uh the west virginia education association supported it so on paper it looked like there was pretty good support the argument was very vociferous against it was that how can you do this when the coal industry is being challenged when the coal industry is facing this threat from residual oil imports when we're going to lose all this money we're going to lose all this job and and you want to saddle the coal industry with it was a 10 10 cent a ton tax did not get out of committee uh at least in the in in the the senate a different type bill uh was actually came to a vote in the house delegates but it it was it was pretty well killed in two months it was dead and and then basically lamar on administration was pretty much finished [Music] by 1954 more television stations dotted the state's landscape these stations beamed both national and local programs a variety of locally produced programs all done live shirley love ever willing to take the microphone and ad-lib to the nearest camera hosted several programs on woay in beckley i was signed on radio and worked from radio until 12 30 then i'd go over on the tv in the afternoon and do that country and western show uh later in the evening i would do uh at six o'clock a west virginia the the bandstand where the youngsters would would come in to uh to the tv station and dance and then i would go back on saturday night and do saturday night wrestling the cameraman and the director would would sort of take their cues by my voice if uh someone was overreacting in the the auditorium and uh it was jumping up and down or uh throwing or raw eggs or rotten tomatoes as they did from time to time i would sort of with my with my voice i said boy there's a lady over to the left of me and really she is she is really having a good time well automatically the the cameraman or the director would switch that camera in in that direction i had three basic or had two basic sponsors and they each did three commercials with four items on each commercial so you're talking about three six nine twelve probably twenty twenty items per night on my fingers i would take the sporting goods shop i would put the prices on this ring of my finger the second commercial on the second and the third one on the tip of my fingers and do the same thing for the other major sponsor on the other hand so when i reached down to i would pick up the item if it was a box of sure shot shotgun shells automatically could see on my finger it was two for five dollars some of the neighbors who didn't have television would come in watch wrestling with us we pop popcorn sit around watch wrestling i thought it was terrific and of course i thought it was all very athletic and very up on the up and up [Music] so [Music] [Music] well we were limited um we could we we could go in the store and get what we needed and the only problem was if you needed a snack and in most of the places you had to stand up and eat if they had any place for you to eat there was of course a large restaurant in the diamond department store and we couldn't use that at all but in the 10 cent stores where you could get a hot dog and stand up and eat it world wars 5 and 10 you could stand at the counter eat your hot dog drink your root beer or take it out and that was it blacks couldn't go into the movie theaters into the restaurants into the hotels into the swimming pools there were these limitations that we just knew and and we just lived with them and tried to had lived in this undercurrent of you've got to get an education and you've got to do better and you've got to be twice or three times as good as the whites if you want to make it in this world west virginia state constitution contained only two racist causes mixed schooling was illegal and intermarriage miscegenation west virginia's constitution did not have many of the really really strict and harsh segregation policies that many of the other states had keep in mind also west virginia local government was largely unsupervised by the state in a lot of a lot of areas so so it varied widely but and even from the uh afro-american standpoint uh there were a great number of minors in mcdowell county and mingle county and uh uh the uh referred rather well the coal camps were racially segregated residentially but underground everybody was black and in the company stores black americans and white americans in west virginia shop side by side there's really not any other place in america i can think of where that occurred there are also some horrible examples of racism there were no black superintendents in coal mines the school systems were always separate and very unequal the the the higher educational institutions of bluefield state and west virginia state were were critically underfunded for all those years so it's a mixed bag on may 17 1954 the u.s supreme court ruled that segregated public schools in 21 states including west virginia were unconstitutional governor marlon was quick to react i happened to be welcomed by the governor's conference room at that time and i stopped in there and i can i can recall very very clearly that he said that's the law we're going to obey the law i think and i've said many times that his greatest contribution to the history of west virginia was the way he handled the racial issue after the supreme court decision now our neighbors in virginia went through a period called massive resistance where they shut down public school systems rather than admit african-american students that did not happen in west virginia w w trent was the last elected state superintendent of schools and with governor marlin's acquiescence he sent a one sentence letter to the heads of all of the state institutions of public education where he said you will immediately admit students regardless of race now there were there was some resistance and there was a mob that formed there was a bunch of guys that had formed you know and they were waiting for that bus to come in all the kids are outside and when the kids got off the bus the they were attacked and they were chasing the kids and i just i just had a bolex uh which was not the best news camera in the world but it had a trigger anterior so i just kept the thing running and was able to hold it at my waist and run and watch what was going on i knew that there were certain counties that were not accepting it uh very freely greenbrier county was one and the only one i could recall i think they have skirmishes in several other counties but on a statewide basis i don't think there was no great uproar desegregation of course is a process not an event and as late as the late 1960s or 67 or 68 the school systems in places like bluefield and mercer county were only then coming to terms with the with the realities of what the federal uh authorities had had mandated this is the problem in west virginia there are some of the most beautiful scenery in the eastern united states it also has some of the toughest driving conditions on our national highways between princeton and charleston the hills are long and the grades are steep one-lane bridges are not found too often on main highways but this one keeps stopping traffic and making a nuisance of itself for everyone mountainous areas like west virginia have long suffered from crooked twisting highways and roads a 1947 act of the west virginia legislature set into motion the creation of a superhighway to run north and south through the mountain state its construction was to be financed by the sale of bonds with tolls paid by travelers to pay off the bonds thus began the saga of the west virginia turnpike an engineering and construction marvel sometimes derided as the road to nowhere first conceived as a four-lane highway its construction began in 1952 as a more modest undertaking because of the high cost of cutting a major roadway through the mountains instead of going to the borders of the state it ran from princeton to charleston neighboring states of ohio virginia and north carolina would not buy into the notion of a major north-south artery funneling traffic through the eastern united states although that had been the grand concept former governor patterson oversaw the turnpike's construction which took only two years to complete at a cost of 133 million dollars the day they opened it they stopped at every bridge every intersection or toll plaza and had a ceremony there was the local band high school band the local politicians and they'd pull a tractor trailer up you know and they had old bunting all over it they had they had to they stand there you know and the governor would get up marlon would get up make a few remarks and oakey patterson and get them back and make a few more marks and and they'd honor whoever was named after you know and and they'd pack everything up and zip down the turnpike they'd go to the next place you know and the next band would be there they're all waiting for them you know and they'd pull that thing up and they'd have another little ceremony when you look at the geographical area that it traversed it was an engineering marvel i mean it just you know cutting through this this extreme section of southern west virginia it took like all day to get out of west virginia going south before that thing was built and people you know it was it was criticized as a road to nowhere by the saudi post but if you were a resident west virginia and you wanted to go south it was godsend originally it just ended at princeton i mean it literally just stopped there was no connection highway 460 had not yet federal 460 had not yet been built it was two lanes in some area three lanes and others and four lanes and others and that caused a lot of confusion with people and that caused a lot of accidents they would talk about that horrible road from uh charleston to bluefield and it was so much better than the older ones it was pathetic the ripper head on this continuous miner is approximately 40 inches wide and it extends out 18 inches into the stream of coal after it gets into the seam of coal it goes in for 18 inches and back up and makes a cut 40 inches wide and a complete cycle in about 25 seconds and this was a machine that you could put in deep mines that would tear the coal right out to load it up and send it out of the mine as they perfected it you could move the coal from the face of the coal right outside the mine almost without human hands being involved of course there were people who operated these complicated machines but it meant that you didn't need the labor force that you once had in coal mines there was a migration of tremendous migration out of of west virginia into particularly ohio and and detroit michigan in akron i was involved soapbox derby for years and when the charleston derby racer would go down we'd get more cheers from people in akron than we would from you know just the stands would just light up with people because they were all from west virginia practically there was nothing else to do for a minor except find another vocation and that was move out or go and get into timber or wherever you could the mechanization of the coal industry affected black workers more the single job that african-american coal miners were more likely to have was a coal loader and the coal loading machine was the most significant evolution of underground mining the black population of west virginia which stood it right at seven percent in 1950 is today two or three percent and so you can clearly see statistically that um that black population has been affected by de-industrialization the out-migration more than any other segment of west virginia's population changed the the environment it it was from a a smile from something happy to actually something sad do governor marlon sought to develop new business and industry in the mountain state he embarked on a nationwide tour promoting west virginia to industrialist and business people and was somewhat successful but diversifying an economy is no easy task and certainly not something able to be done in a brief time frame in early 1956 marlin tackled a new subject he convened an executive session of the west virginia legislature at laken state hospital for a first-hand look at mental health issues in west the virginia station of the west virginia legislature will now be in order in the 50s the mental health system was overwhelmed with patients understaffed underfunded and in need of new effective therapeutic approaches as the number of patients increased there was no increase in staff so in most instances psychiatric aids were sometimes worked in 12 12-hour shifts seven days a week just to have enough coverage available in 1952 dr walter freeman a neurologist and psychiatrist from washington dc began a clinical trial in state mental hospitals of a surgical technique he called the transorbital lobotomy which involved penetrating the brain through the patient's eye socket with a device resembling an ice pick and severing nerves in the frontal lobe one of the criteria for the lobotomy in most instances was that all other measures known up to that point in time had not been successful in less than two years he performed more than 500 of these surgeries in the state the highest per capita use of the technique in the country over time and with a fatality rate approaching 14 percent the lobotomy became discredited how long have you been in the hospital when marlon and the legislature met at laken credibility was being given to the notion that psychotropic drugs thorazine especially could treat mental illness bernard is now 26 years old and he has been in the hospital for about six years he has had the electroshock therapy and also in lobotomy these were given to him because of symptoms which he displayed today largely his withdrawal and there are times when he will simply stand on the ward and in one posture for hours at a time i don't have anything to do all day take my medicine bedtime and that's it what are some of the things you tried to do to fill in this gap uh walking up and down the hall is one that gets on the new patient's nerve so he in turn gets on my nerves well we're both upset the trip helped to humanize the problems within the mental health system but it was the humor of one of the patients that won over the legislators who in 1957 created the mental health department 1956 was another important election year marlon ran for the u.s senate against republican chapman revere comb a loser in the 52 election revere combs still used television in a big way but positioned himself with the popular president dwight eisenhower who was also running for re-election the governor's race was between two photogenic candidates democrat congressman robert moligan and republican house minority leader cecil underwood underwood relied on television 2 and focused on the failures of the marlin administration and corruption within state government in particular the flower fund the flower fund was a was money collected by state employees or from state employees supposedly to provide flowers for funerals but it was a political slush fund of great proportions used in political campaigns state road liquor stores any state job you had that was political it was called a flower fund you paid two percent of whatever you drew on payday now not what you made if you made fifty dollars you paid a dollar none of them were subject to civil service and so they had no security at all and their boss would come saying to him we need this for money for the campaigns we need this money for the party and the young men the people of working felt like they had to give it if you had somebody that didn't turn in and wouldn't pay you send his name in he didn't pay and usually there was something happened that he didn't work anymore certain jobs required a donation to the party you know if you expect this particular job on the state road this will cost you whatever if you want a job with liquor commission well uh you probably need to make a hundred dollar donation you know to the to the the party and uh this was true in in county school systems you wanted a job in the county school system probably fifty dollars a little donation to the you know to the the party that probably helped you get that job week or two before the election you'd call over there to the like our governor's office or somewhere like that like kurt trent when he was over there kurt how much money are we going to have over here well let me see i'll let you know tomorrow then he checked you're going to get 18 000 for logan county that was big you never did get that much but that's just a figure elections were bought uh and sold particularly in the southern coal fields it was so common it was just expected the power of patronage was supplemented during governor marlin's term my predecessor with handouts liquor accounts kickbacks on state purchases and that was the primary issue on which i ran in 56 was state house corruption and i really didn't run against my opponent i ran against governor marlon and made that the primary issue and people responded to it in late october the underwood campaign revealed that molagan had accepted 20 thousand dollars from a coal company which had mined coal on property of the west virginia industrial school for boys when mologan was superintendent the congressman said that he had done no favors for the coal company and had received the twenty thousand dollars after his tenure at the school but his answers did not sit well with the voters he was the hand-picked candidate of john l lewis and the united mine workers and the coal that he sold on the prenatal property went to a non-union coal company and the unions in southern west virginia were running scab running ads in the newspaper calling their candidates scam a few days for election so that had a powerful impact underwood pulled a stunning upset a 63 000 vote majority against the party which had a 259 000 registration advantage when underwood took office he was eight months younger than marlon at the start of his term thus underwood became the state's youngest governor in history but he faced the same major issues the pressing need for better roads in schools underwood i think did a very good job in presenting to the legislature the problems that existed in west virginia he was very articulate in setting forth these things in some detail and without pulling any punches he proposed even larger tax increases than marlon to fund major projects some 52 million dollars per year but the legislature responded with dramatically less underwood however faced democratic majorities in both houses so the chances that he could do very much i think were pretty limited rising unemployment mainly as a result of the continuing mechanization of the coal industry squeezed the resources available to the underwood administration and hope dimmed for major investment in highways and schools still he doggedly pursued his agenda and had successes but not on the scale that he had hoped a decade that had begun with great optimism was ending on a down note budgets were particularly the last two years so tight because of the economic depression that we couldn't do very many extra things we so correcting the corruption um getting the interstate system started and we built miles of secondary road as well we found money to do some of that i think those were the two major accomplishments of the first term [Music] the word modern was very popular in the 1950s and we placed much faith in the prospect modernization had tremendous impact on the state and its people for the coal industry it meant wrenching change in order to adapt and survive for many minors it was the end of an era a loss of home and the necessity to move elsewhere in order to make a living it meant pockets of poverty in areas that ironically were still an important source of the nation's energy production soon elements of the national media would focus on these distressed areas and west virginia would gain the notoriety of being poverty ridden even though other areas of the state were as prosperous as the rest of a growing nation for state government the decade offered a multifaceted dilemma how to invest for the future with tax resources so limited we began the decade without television or air conditioning at its end we could watch sports comedy music and drama in isolated refrigerated splendor most of us gained greater material wealth others lost a way of life some claim we lost innocence bruised by the forces of change in modern american life we endured and continued our quest of the american dream change in life is constant adaptation to change is necessary in a passing moment the fifties were gone a new decade dawned and who could have imagined what would take place in the 1960s [Music] you

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Published: Wed Dec 29 2021