VIKING COMBAT from the SAGAS

let's look at some of the Norse sagas and what they can tell us about the details of Viking combat hi folks Matt Easton here of scholar gladiatoria now this video is inspired by a video that I've been watching on History hit more about that in a minute they're the kind sponsors of this video in 865 a massive Viking if we call them that so probably mostly Danish at this point Army invaded Northern Northeastern England and this of course was catastrophic for Anglo-Saxon England and had far-reaching consequences this was a period the so-called Viking era where Raiders from Scandinavia had been raiding for several decades before this all over Northwestern Europe and Beyond in fact but this 865 was very very significant because they came with a huge force and started to settle and this was the period which started the period of what became the Dane law and the establishment of a should we say Norse or Viking if you want to call them that period of rule in in parts of England now we know an awful lot about the dates and the names of the people involved but we actually don't know huge amounts of detail archeology has helped we found Mass Graves and burials and we know from various sources in different countries some more detail about some of the individuals involved but when we talk about Viking combat or Viking era combat we're left to fill in a lot of gaps with a lot of conjecture however a great set of sources we have to look at are what have been variously described as the Viking sagas or the Norse sagas these are a collection of sources which come from places like Iceland and Scandinavia that talk about for the most part legendary or mythological stories so things that have been passed down orally now many of these were actually only written down in the 12th 13th or 14th centuries but they're referring to oral stories which have been around since in some cases the 8th or 9th century a comparison in the Anglo-Saxon world would be something like Beowulf for example so we have these stories which have come down by oral tradition given told from uh from person to person and then eventually they were written down now what's interesting is when we look at these stories and we have to caveat them with all sorts of cautionary advice when we use them as Source material you can actually glean some really interesting details about period combat I do want to reiterate that using these as Source material is fraught with difficulties because these were written down a long time after the events so they might not always describe equipment of the period that they're supposed to be set in they might mix in things of the time when they were written down there's a problem of language and terminology and the way it was translated a lot of these were translated into English quite a long time ago or have been translated by numerous people in slightly different ways so the names for objects can vary between translations and things like this so they are problem automatic sources and they are things which have magic and mythological elements to them as well so they should really be taken in the light of like you might think about Greek mythology now before we dive into some examples of combat descriptions from these so-called Viking sagas I just want to mention that this video is sponsored and very much inspired by history here and if you want to learn more about the Vikings or in fact any other bit of British history or world history then history here is an amazing resource for you and I've got a special offer you for you here which you can take advantage of yourself or it might be a great gift if you adore history and basically want to watch History documentaries all day and listen to podcasts about history all day then history hits the place for you imagine taking all of the sorts of History documentaries that you love watching on TV and putting them all in one place that's history here it's basically like Netflix but only for history it's got 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Invasion and it's in search of it is looking for the evidence both historical and archaeological for that massive invasion in 865. features Dan snow and other leading experts and they actually travel to locations that were pivotal and key in the invasion of a65 anyway I'm sure that you want to check it out for yourself and I've got a great offer you for you here and it's on screen with the code scholar gladiatoria and that will give you 50 off for the first three months great offer unique to this channel the code Scotland gladiatoria 50 off for the first three months and you can also get to that via the link below down in the description so for just a few pounds of dollars per month you can get access to absolutely tons of History content that is continually growing so check it out now and thanks once again to history here for sponsoring this video and the channel right so now let's get back to the main content of this video and look at some combat accounts from these Norse or Viking sagas so this first example is from cormax Saga and this is an often cited and I think within the sphere relatively well-known example however I think it's important to start off with it because it is about a what we would call a Judicial duel so this is a fuel to settle an argument essentially so this is a viking deal now luckily from the sagas we know about these it's a great example of where if we didn't have these sources we literally wouldn't know about this Tradition at all and so essentially this is the whole gang duel um whereby two people fight each other with sword and shield on a defined area now the defined area is very interesting um some people have argued it could be um on an island or on a sheet as we're going to see here but the fact is that it is a delineated area and this carries on into later judicial dual Traditions or trial by combat traditions in Europe which go all the way through in fact all the way to the Renaissance and we see in the fencing treatises with barriers so it's this is the roots of it it's an old Germanic tradition and we know that there were different versions of the tradition in different areas so what we're seeing here is the sort of Norse version but we know that there were similar Anglo-Saxon uh you know franconian Frankish there were different versions of the tradition so this is a deal essentially between Cormac the um the titular hero and Bursey and they have both interestingly borrowed Swords For The Duel now that's an interesting thing so I'll just grab a Viking sword here Viking swords of course would have been highly prized and highly treasured items and I think a comparison that you can make here perhaps is in the world of Japanese swords so a lot of these swords in Viking Traditions seem to have been heirloom objects and sometimes not even sword sometimes a sax for example so these sorts of weapons seem to have been handed down very often from father to son or sometimes from friend to friend and also sometimes they were buried and that's why we find them in the ground they were buried with their owners sometimes and we see in these Saga sometimes people go into Graves to retrieve swords with all sorts of consequences to retrieve swords from people that have been buried with them because they were a famous sword and deemed to be useful and we should also say there is a mystical and magical and mythological element to these swords and we read about the the worm or serpent in the blade which probably is an allusion to pattern welding so if we look at this sax for example just focus on the blade for a second you can see it has a pattern welded blade and these were seen you know in magical terms in some cases so these objects weren't just hunks of metal to their owners they were also seen as apart from being very expensive they're also seen as having a spiritual spirited themselves really actually almost a a spirit in the sword and they were to be used in certain ways and respected and held in reverence it's a very very foreign and different to later medieval period where a sword is just a sharp piece of metal for the most part okay it might represent Justice and and law and things like this but for the most part it's uh just a sword whereas in this period they were held in more reverence right so let's get into it um so uh uh Cormac answered I should fight no better even so I will run the risk and stand on equal footing with thee every way as thou Wilt said Percy it was the law of the home gang that the hide that they're going to fight on the surface should be five L's long um with loops at its Corners into these should be driven certain pins with the heads of them called uh um he who made it ready should go to the pins in such a manner that he should see Sky between his legs holding the lobes of his ears and speaking the forwards used in the right called the sacrifice of the chanyu so it goes on about how the area should be prepared and again it's a sort of spiritual and mystical and reverential process right now let's get into the um actual fight and the rules with this each man should have three Shields and when they were cut up he must get upon the hide if he had given away from it before and guard himself with his weapons alone thereafter this is very very interesting because there's a lot of debate about how much swords were actually used to defend with in later periods when we look at some people like Sir Richard Francis Burton speaking about Arabs using swords and shields he makes certain assertions I don't necessarily agree with where he says they only defend with the shield and only attack with the sword in this case we've got clear evidence of the fact they're talking about yes you defended The Shield but when The Shield's broken you can defend with the sword and we'll see an example of that after so he had been challenged should strike the first stroke that's a very interesting thing and it's something we see carried on into the later medieval period as well it's symbolic if one was wounded so the blood fell upon the hide he should fight no longer so it was a first Blood duel if either set one foot outside the Hazel poles um he went on his heel they said but he ran if both feet were outside his own man was to hold the shield before each of the fighters the one who was wounded should pay three marks of silver to be set free so the hide was taken and spread under their feet Thor gills held his um brother shield and thought um and that of burses Percy struck the first blow and cleft cormax Shield so he broke the shield bear in mind that Viking Shields at this time are actually relatively thin and relatively fragile they're quite light fast objects um Cormac struck at Bursey in reply to the like Peril so he also broke bursey's Shield each of them cut up and spoiled three Shields of the other so they've broken the three Shields that they each had then it was cormac's turn he struck at Percy who parried with witting this is one of the swords I won't go into details but this is one of the swords that's been borrowed so it's explicitly stating that he parries with the sword which is an interesting detail we don't know how he parried but he parried with the sword and that just by itself is an interesting thing to know um scuffnung cut the pop that's the other sword cut the point off Witten in front of the ridge now don't really know what that means but it might mean that the Fuller ran up to a certain point here and it the ridge might be the Fuller maybe but anyway it's broken the tip off um the sword Point flew upon cormac's hand and he was wounded in the thumb The Joint was cleft and blood dropped upon the hive thereupon folk went between them and stayed the fight it goes on to explain what happens with the wounds and what happens with the swords how the swords uh are obviously one of them had the tip broken off um another one subsequently the other sword gets thrown down the shielding gets a notch in the blade so these are all symbolic um sort of representations of these swords being damaged they tell a story but nevertheless here's an interesting detail so we in this story we hear about a tip being broken off and we also talk about and we also read about a notch being made in a blade that potentially tells us that these are quite hard and brittle points and edges that doesn't normally happen with modern spring steel however if we're looking at swords where they are differentially hardened a bit like a Japanese sword for example where we've got a very hard Cutting Edge and a very hard tip but a softer back or softer core and that can also happen as a result of having a pattern welder blade so you will notice that this has pattern welding up the middle but then has mono Steel on the edge so what can happen is we end up with a pattern welded softer core which is resilient but a very hard and brittle Edge and point which is great for cutting through flesh and Bone but if it hits hard objects like a shield or like another sword then it can be damaged and we see this with Japanese swords as well and Japanese swords often lose chips out of the edge or lose the tips as a result of hitting other hard objects so this is telling us not only about the rules of the fight and the deal and the way that they fight and the way that they do sometimes use the the sword to Parry not just the shield it's also telling about potentially about the durability of the Shields and it's also telling us about the durability of the swords and weapons used now in another fight Cormac is involved in it's it gives an interesting detail actually about the about what happened and he says so then they set two cormax sword bit not at all in other words it didn't cut and for a long time they smoked Strokes one upon the other but neither sword bit at last Cormac smoked upon thorvard's side so greater blow that his ribs gave way and were broken he could fight no more and thereupon they parted now it it's that's a very I don't know what to make of this so that I don't know whether this is just symbolic and the fact that uh the fact that Cormac couldn't get his sword to bite is some symbolic uh thing or are we talking about sword here which just isn't properly sharp or is his Edge alignment bad there are all sorts of questions and we'll never know the answer um more indeed is to do with the clothing being worn so I took a lot on this channel about uh cuts and actually how making a decent cup with the sword is not as easy as you might think and how also clothing can prevent Cuts penetrating through so I think there's a whole bunch of questions raised by this no answers unfortunately but nevertheless it's an interesting piece of text and shows that sometimes uh people hacking away with swords failed to cut we see this in the Crimean War for accounts for example were failed to cut but their impact could have an effect nevertheless in this case breaking the ribs now there's another related fight here where he says so they went to fight and thordis met thorvard now as before but Cormac sought no help from her she blunted cormac's sword so that it would not bite this is very interesting a reference to blunting a sword but yet he struck so great a stroke on thorvard's shoulder that the collarbone was broken and his hand was good for nothing so again we've got a reference here to a sword deliberately being blunted I'm not entirely sure why and but nevertheless it being effective to end the fight because of it disabling someone's arm now another topic we've looked at in various videos is to do with accessing swords getting them out of scabbards and Scabbard mishaps and this is what we have here so it says once upon a time after a battle Cormac was driving the flying foe before him when the rest of his host had gone back aboard ship one of the woods there rushed against him one is stressly big as an idol a Scot and the first struggle began Cormac felt for his sword but it had slipped out of its sheath or Scabbard he was overmatched for the giant was possessed but yet he reached out and managed to catch the sword and struck the giant a death blow then the giant cast his hands about Cormac and gripped his side squeezed so hard that his ribs cracked and he fell over and the dead Giant on top of him so that he stirred no more now whether this story is true or not is kind of irrelevant because yet again it kind of reminds us that these basic realities of inner scrap in a fight your sword falling out of it Scabbard is something that's been happening ever since swords and scabbards existed here's another example of a sort of universal truth of combat bad luck in this case now came those breads roll into the Garth and Kettle was the swifter the quicker and leapt over it into the Mead but whereas gisley leapt at the Garth a Turf fell thereof and he slipped their width came up bardi who was the swiftest of those men and hewed at him with the sword Thor gout's Loom and hewed off well night all the face of him and this is just a simple case of two people fighting and one person slipped over and got his face dropped off um and this is yet again a reminder that you know when we're talking about the specifics of Viking combat you've got to remember that some a lot of the things just would have been Universal to all combat one person falls over they're screwed now looking at the volsunga Saga there is a nice story about a Smith and a Hero trying to get the greatest sword now a theme that we often see in these sources is swords failing their owners and this can often be symbolic it can often be to do with the the fact that the the hero or a character should we say lacked certain virtues or didn't obey the rules didn't listen to the advice and so therefore they paid the price by their sword breaking or getting notched or not cutting properly or whatever so there's a big allegorical element to this but nevertheless it shows us that the durability of blades in this period was something that was obviously highly prized and also something that people worried about a lot something that was a very it was a reality for them that many many swords did break and therefore their owners lost their lives these even something we see in the 19th century still being talked about so there's this story about uh sigured basically um getting Regin to make a sword for him but the he every time he tries to test the swords they break and um this is very interesting because it's one of the earliest references that I have found to testing of Sword blades so quite simply if someone makes a sword blade you're not just gonna go that looks brilliant I love it here's the money bye bye you're gonna test it and we even see this uh going all the way through to the modern era with how swords were tested for the military but even you know say for example in the age of the small swords small swords were advised to be tested by pushing them into a wall to check their flex and check they returned to true and all this kind of stuff so people were testing swords before they trusted their lives to them and eventually after breaking swords that Reagan made um finally he got a good one and it says then sigid smoke smote it the new sword into the Anvil and cleft it down to the stock down to the wood thereof and neither burst the sword nor break it now obviously I would say I guess you could find some ways of explaining how this could be a true story but nevertheless it this is I think an allegorical story about cutting an anvil in half with a sword but it's really about proving a sword putting it through a tough test and proving that it works so it didn't break then he praised the sword much and thereafter went to the river with a lock of wool and threw it up against the stream and it fell asunder when it met the sword so in other words he put the wool in the Stream and the blade and when the wool came along purely with the force of the water it cut so this is a sword that didn't break when it hit the Anvil like previous ones had and it was so sharp that it cut wool purely with the force of the water itself and then it says then sugod was glad and went home I would be too now the hero singered with his amazing sword goes on to do fantastical great things and here's just an example of that this is an example of legendary combat so there are things that we can glean from it that might be interesting or useful for the study of historical combat but you have to bear in mind this is a legendary god-like hero who does things which no mortal should ever really be able to do and it says and now when the fight was long dude and such wise sigurd Goes Forth before the banners and has and has the good sword gram in his hand and smites down both men and horses and goes through the thickest of the throng with both arms red with blood to the shoulder and folks shrank back before him wherever he went nor would either Helm or Bernie that's a male shirt hold before him and no man deemed he had ever seen his like so cutting through helmets and armor is the thing I wanted to highlight here and this is something that we see in heroic combat and we see in heroic art so oftentimes when people are looking at Medieval manuscripts they go oh well look there's a sword or an ax there cleaving straight through an entire Knight's body through the helmet and the the male shirt and whatever armor they're wearing this is heroic common this is not something that can actually be done not to say that you can't compromise armor with a very strong blow and you know sometimes there's a skirmish or a melee a battle and one person saw a helmet break under the blow of a sword and that story becomes bigger and bigger and bigger the size of the fish becomes bigger and bigger in the telling and it becomes their entire body in the male shirt and everything else and this is how oral Traditions establish in these legendary Tales so yes absolutely sometimes armor helmets can be compromised by sword blows or ax blows or whatever but we should bear in mind that's certainly not the normal reality you know just to give one more example from the same tale with sigured here um this is he says that they're with he take takes the helm off his head of him and sees that it is no man but a woman and she has been clad in a Bernie or a male shirt as closely set on her as though it was a gown on her flesh so we're very tightly fitting and svelt male shirt so he rent it cut it from the collar downwards and then the sleeves thereof and ever the sword bit on it as if it was cloth so again we're talking about this legendary sword which is able to cut through an iron male chainmail shirt like it was cloth this is this is describing a magical excalibur-like sword so it's interesting but also we should bear in mind what does this tell us this tells us that usually a male shirt that wouldn't happen because otherwise this wouldn't be described in a Fantastical and legendary Tale Now sigured's magical sword should we call it magical it's called gram there's one other tale that I I just really like the description of it so it's the last one I'm going to share of it with you but um so cigarette is lying asleep in bed and gutorm came in and Drew his sword and thrust sigured through the body in such ways that the sword that his sword Point um hit the bed beneath him so it went through his body and sigured awoke with that wound I'm sure he would um and guttorn got him unto the door but there with sigured caught up the sword gram in his hand and cast after him and it smoked him on the back so I think that means he threw it and smoked him on the back and struck him asunder in the midst in the middle like Darth Maul so that the feet of him fell one way and the head and the hands fell back into the chamber so he literally cut him in half so again legendary magical sword now here's a combat account from the IR bigger sorry for my pronunciation Saga and this is a more I think believable less Fantastical Tale so it says in that very nick of time came up Thorin and his folk and nail was the foremost but when he saw them threatened with their weapons he blanched and ran forth and up into the fell and there became one wickless with fear but Thorin rushed at um thorbjorn and smoked his sword into his head and clave cliffed it down to the jaw teeth now this is actually something we have archaeological evidence for not this particular tail but similar ones so the fact is that chopping ahead down to the teeth absolutely is doable with the sword if there's no helmet there and we have skulls where that has happened then thoria earnson with two others set upon Thorin and halstein and another on elf gear odd with another man it's Gatton to a fellow of Alf gears and three of theory Bjorn's fellows on two of thorin's folk it's very very complicated very specific and the fight was joined by Fierce and fell but so their dealings ended and thoring cut the leg from thori at the thickest part of the calf and slew both his fellows now um it does go on but I'm going to stop there what's interesting is just like the cut down to the teeth in archeology we also have loads of examples from archeology of legs cut through particularly from this period so we do have skeletons from the Battle of Stamford Bridge for example and it seems that leg wounds the same thing with a battle of visby it does seem that leg wounds were particularly common I think due to it being the age of Shields and for anyone who's done any sword and shield sparring you will know that two of the Prime targets against someone who's holding a shield are the head and the leg because the middle of the body and the thigh and the groin are covered by the shields most of the time so very often you're going between these high line and low-line targets and indeed the calf the shin is the bit of the leg that you can get to around the shield the thigh is better covered and there's another detail to this if you yourself are using a shield it makes going for the legs safer we see this in later treatises where fiori with a long sword tells you not to go for the lower legs it's too risky because you're just using a single sword but then if we go forward to marazzo sword and Rotella we see that the leg becomes a Target because you can cover your high line with the shield while you go for the leg so for these two reasons both defensively and offensively I think that these are very realistic targets and anyone living at this time and being familiar with shield and sword combat would recognize that head cuts and leg cuts are something that happened an awful lot and indeed legs can be completely severed with a sword we find it in archeology and indeed swords can travel all the way down through the skull and stop at the teeth because we find this in archeology as well now to return briefly to the interesting topic interesting to me anyway of the quality of Swords we have an account here that talks about a sword not functioning as it should essentially so then befell a great battle and stain Thor was at the head of his own folk and smote on either hand of him but the fair wrought sword bit not wherever it smoked armor in other words it wouldn't cut through armor well swords don't usually cut through armor but nevertheless I guess they're saying that it just it wasn't working that day and often he must straighten it under his foot so that's an interesting that to me suggests a sword that's basically not hard enough so it's probably on the soft side and it's bending when he's hitting into armor and this again reminds us that weapons at this time were things which could break they could Bend they could fail to cut they could fail you so the quality of weapons and the investment put into finding good Spears and swords and saxes and things like this was extremely preoccupying activity for great warriors or Kings at this time because it could literally mean the difference between life or death in the worst case scenario or just simply being effective against your enemies or not really being very effective now this is a lovely detail from the Lux de la Saga which actually relates to several things I've done in videos in the past most specifically the pilum testing video and this says before they met kyatang flung his Spear and it struck through thoroughf's Shield above the handle so bear in mind a viking error Shield has a shield boss so you've got an iron boss with a grip on it wooden grip usually and then it's wood above and below that so above the handle so it hit the wood so that there with the shield was pressed against him with the impact and the spear piece piercing the shield and the arm above the elbow where it sundered the main muscles the bicep I would imagine although I guess you know it says above the elbow so I would guess it was the bicep so this is an interesting Point here where you know obviously the spear is hurled the person's either been holding or put up their shield in order to block it it's pierced through the shield anyway which I've demonstrated can certainly be done with destroying javelins and wounded him in the arm um uh in the main muscle thorof dropping his shield and his arm being to no avail to him through the rest of the day so yeah it's a nasty arm wound through a shield so it's always a good thing to remember that yes Shields do a fantastic job but they can be penetrated by very powerful weapons they can be split by swords and penetrated by things like arrows or javelins so we're going to finish off with a really detailed and brutal account from the same Saga as the previous example and um this is got so much detail in it so then Anne went into the dairy hard and Swift and held his shield over his head turning forward the narrower part of it okay so he's holding it like this like a roof with the point with the bottom Point pointing forwards Bolly dealt him a blow with footbiter that's the name of his sword and cut off the tail end of the shield and clothe Anne through ahead down to the shoulder so right the way through so he's chopped through this so this is maybe legendary combat maybe not it's interesting that he says through the tail end of The Shield this might imply this is a kite Shield a Norman era Shield or it might just simply mean the bottom edge of the round Shield we don't really know anyway so it cuts through the end of The Shield or glances off it maybe in reality and down through the head down to the shoulder then lamby went in he held his shield before him and a drawn sword in his hand in the nick of time Bolly pulled foot biter out of the wound where that his shield veered aside so as to lay him open to attack in other words usually you keep your shield in front of you if for some reason you're doing something that means you've gone up this he's now open to attack so this is describing real fencing tactics and and techniques essentially so lamby made a Thrust at him in the thigh and a great wound that was bully hewed in return chopped in return and struck lamby's shoulder and the sword flew down along the side of him and he was rendered forth with unfit to fight I'm not surprised and never after that time for the rest of his life was his arm any more used to him so completely disabled um bear in mind of course medical science at the time wounds like this are often just you might live but you might not ever be doing any fighting ever again at this at this brunt helgi the son of um hardbeyne rushed in with a spear the head of which was an L long and the shaft bound with iron that's super interesting now it could be that this is a form of angon this could be where the shaft has got an iron strip bound around it which we see sometimes in art we don't know when Bolly saw him he Cast Away his sword and took his shield in both hands like a door and went towards the dairy door to meet helgi helgi Thruster Bolly with the spear right through the shield and through him now Bolly leaned up against the dairy wall and the men rushed into the dairy um haldor and his brothers to wit and Thor guard went to the dairy as well everyone's in the dairy so this is a really detailed account and it gives so many details about the weapons about the kind of wounds that would be expected the fact that someone could be badly wounded and then or die from it but that basically means they're never ever going to fight again but also again we see a shield in this case penetrated by a spear enough to penetrate the person behind as well and this of course when we're reconstructing historical martial arts you should bear in mind that these very light and relatively thin Shields of this period are great for defense and great for deflecting and this kind of thing but they're not infallible they're not unbreakable they can be penetrated and so this does affect sometimes how we should see them interacting with weapons and if we go back all the way back to the First Source I gave here with the renting asunder of three Shields per person in the in the duel in the sort of Viking era duel these are perishable items so shields were designed to be light and fast not don't imagine a great big heavy Bond or they are supposed to be light and fast and they might get penetrated they might get destroyed but hopefully they'll do their job but therefore when we're reconstructing martial arts we should think about things that don't just hold them there necessarily like a static object but sometimes are pushing aside and deflecting rather than thinking about it as uh something just to stop like a door anyway I hope these sources have been interesting there are a lot more and I could if there's an appetite for it look at Future ones in future videos different sources different accounts different details that some of these sources bring up there is a wealth of information in there and while a lot of it is Fantastical legendary mythological and it was written down hundreds of years after the point the fact is we still do get really interesting details about combat in these sources and they're an amazing resource and they also remind you that certain fundamentals of combat like falling over or smacking your head on the doorway are things that run all the way through history regardless of whether you're a viking in the 9th century or whether you're a person in you know 18th 19th century Europe a lot of these things are just Universal truths anyway I watch thanks again to history hit for sponsoring this video check out the links below and I will see you back on the channel really soon cheers folks thanks for watching we've got extra videos on patreon please give our Facebook a like And subscribe if you haven't already cheers folks

Channel: scholagladiatoria

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Id: tASZb8DpVQw

Length: 37min 6sec (2226 seconds)

Published: Mon Apr 17 2023