Unveiling the Mysteries of Gravity with Jim Al-Khalili

foreign would you like to lose a little bit of weight without doing any exercise or dieting would you like to age just a bit more slowly than your friends well you might be surprised to hear the laws of physics can help [Music] these everyday questions it sculpts the universe it warps space and time it's a fundamental force of nature gravity's strange Powers discovered by Albert Einstein also affect our daily lives in the most unexpected ways in the previous episode we used cutting-edge technology to investigate how gravity changes your weight it's gone up your height I really have shrunk and even your posture in this show with the help of thousands of volunteers I'll show you how gravity makes us all age at different rates throughout the day I've just been logging onto the phone logging onto the app it's the essential [Music] how I understand this most mysterious Force wow okay I need to go and write this one down and I'll have to tackle the very nature of reality itself [Music] gravity what goes up must come down all of our Lives we abide by its rules it dominates our every action one select group of humans who know what it's like to live freeing of gravity foreign everybody's used to gravity we're used to the oppression of it gravity is the ultimate oppressor it grinds us under its heel 24 7 with no release until you're in space and then suddenly you're free from Gravity you are you're weightless in orbit Canadian asteroid [Music] create International Space Station you can pull your knees up to your chest and just tumble or if you take a wet cloth and you get a dripping wet and everybody on Earth knows what'll happen when you wring it out all the water will fall inevitably if you do that in weightlessness the water stays there and it actually because of the surface tension starts crawling up your arms [Music] stop it's a little bit mesmerizing and hypnotic to be in weightlessness if you're weightless you don't need a bed you don't need a mattress you don't need a pillow your body is floating completely suspended like magic [Music] push off with one finger and and fly and Tumble you don't need to hold yourself where you are with with muscle you can just with a delicate fingertip pressure you can stay where you are okay separation comes firm timer is on backing away at a rate of just a little over one tenth of a meter per second re-entering gravity is a punishing experience to come back to earth is violent it can be five times the force of gravity or eight times the force of gravity crushing you down into the floor of the ship for quite a long time then of course you hit the ground and Tumble and roll to a stop and and now you're the victim of your past you're the the victim of your decision making lying there trying to shake your head and get used to being in gravity again I remarked at the time that I had forgotten that my lips have weight and my tongue has weight you don't think about it but if you try and talk articulately standing on your head you'll notice that you have to sort of control your lips and your tongue a little differently just because gravity is pushing them the other way and it's the same sort of thing raising your arm holding your head up about turning your head when everything wants to Tumble uh just keeping your balance all of those things it's a little bit like like relearning to walk again like like an infant gravity shapes our bodies and molds our planet nothing happens on Earth without its power and influence Sir Isaac Newton explains so many of its effects using one simple equation and in the centuries that followed his laws of physics led to break through after breakthrough spurring on the Industrial Revolution but in the first decade of the 20th century the next genius in our story challenged the very foundations of our understanding of gravity a young German scientist called Albert Einstein was churning something over in his mind he thought that something in Newton's Laws didn't quite add up [Music] imagine I'm the son and this tennis ball is the earth in orbit around me Newton's Laws can describe very precisely the path the Earth takes around the Sun in terms of the neutral gravitational attraction between the two bodies but what Newton can't explain is what connects them in reality of course there is no Invisible String between the Earth and the Sun holding the two together there's just empty space a complete void and yet according to Newton the Earth and Sun pull on each other instantaneously across a vast distance how can gravity act in this way when there's nothing to connect it or transmit it [Music] all right [Music] just like Galileo and his Ram or Newton with his Apple Einstein's breakthrough came because he was thinking about one sinful action what happens when something Falls to explain I'm visiting this 400 foot high tower in Northampton built to safety test lifts [Music] one day in 1907 Einstein had what he called the happiest thought of his life [Music] what if I was standing in a stationary lift completely isolated from the outside world not feeling anything apart from the pull of gravity on my feet what if then the lift cable breaks and I start falling what are the forces that I will feel as I'm plummeting to the ground oh well I'm not going to try that [Music] fortunately there's another way to test this without me having to plunge down a lift shaft sorry to disappoint you this little device here that I've strapped this plastic toy is an industrial accelerometer so it measures acceleration now I've got it connected to my laptop and it's showing a measurement of 1G now that's the downward acceleration due to the pull of Earth's gravity so basically it works just like a gravity meter but what happens if I were to drop it presumably it'll carry on measuring 1G because it's falling in Earth's gravity okay well let's try that and see foreign [Music] [Applause] [Music] so you can see here along this line at the bottom that's when I was holding it still and it's measuring an acceleration of 1G these oscillations here when I stood up and there's a bit of disturbance but this Spike along here is the moment I released it and this short duration along here is the time it was falling and you see while it was falling it was registering an acceleration of zero now if you think about it this is really odd the accelerometer is accelerating downwards it's plummeting in the full grip of Earth gravity and yet it's measuring no acceleration at all it's as though gravity has completely disappeared [Music] Einstein's Insight was something false it no longer feels the pull of gravity in fact falling is like floating in empty this is the essence of Einstein's happy thoughts what we now call is principle of equivalence Einstein's point is that when the man in the left Falls he doesn't just feel Reckless he is weightless Einstein said the man feels no Force pulling on him because there is no Force pulling on him gravity doesn't act on him it acts on the space and time around him what we now call the geometry of space-time [Music] [Applause] this was a radical redefinition Einstein says forget the idea of gravity as a force acting mysteriously between two objects now we have to think of it as the shape of space-time changing you see Newton saw space and time as independent fixed and immutable the three-dimensional space is the stage in which things happen the time is separate it takes by at the same rate everywhere in the universe according to Newton an object would travel through space in a straight line unless acted upon by a force like gravity that will cause it to deviate from that path but Einstein said that space and time aren't fixed and immutable they're interconnected meshed together in what is known as space time and he said that space-time can be warped that matter curves space and time around it so after Einstein we no longer see gravity as an invisible stream pulling objects together instead a body like the Earth warps the structure of space and time around it and an object in orbit follows a path which is as straight as possible through that space time it's a fundamental part of Einstein's vision of reality space and time can't be disentangled you can't talk about space separately from time so Mata warps time as well as space it's known as gravitational time dilation and it's possibly the strangest of all of Einstein's discoveries [Music] I've got two identical clocks here now because the clock lowered down is closer to the Center of the Earth it feels ever so slightly a stronger gravitational pull than the clock higher up Einstein's theory says that the lower clock will tick by at a slightly slower rate than the higher clock basically gravity slows time down it's an extraordinary conception of reality that Einstein describes space is being curved and time is being distorted so why can't we perceive this in our everyday lives Einstein had a rather nice way of explaining it most of us have had the experience as children of trying to work out what our parents do for a living well imagine your father is Albert Einstein when he was about 12 years old young eduard Einstein asked his father why he was so famous what he'd discovered well let's put Einstein's senior on the spot but he came up with a beautifully simple analogy Einstein told his son when a blind Beetle crawls over the surface of a curved Branch it doesn't notice that the track it has covered as curved I was lucky enough to notice what the beetle didn't notice this is what Einstein meant the beetle is free to move in any direction on the branch it can move forwards backwards left and right but it has no concept of a direction up off the branch it's as though for the beetle the universe is missing the third dimension the beetle may think it's moving in a straight line along the branch but we can see that the surface it's walking on is itself curving and twisted [Music] curves of the branch feel to the beetle like forces pushing and pulling it okay so consider this rather strange example imagine we have two beetles perched on this pumpkin and for whatever reason they want to walk up towards the top now if they start at the equator pointing due north as they walk they will Begin by moving parallel to each other that means their paths should never meet but as they get closer to the top their paths get closer together now if they're clever beetles they might try and figure out what's going on and they could imagine that there's some mysterious Force that's pulling them closer together but for us from our perspective we can see there is no such force all they're doing is following straight paths over a curved surface [Music] just as the Beatles have no sense that the surface of the branch is curved we completely fail to perceive the bizarre ways that gravity shapes the reality we live in Einstein's problem was proving that he was right after years more thought he realized that there was a way looking far out into the solar system here in the grounds of hearstmann's cell Castle is housed one of the original telescopes that were used to prove Einstein was correct [Music] in 1915 when Einstein developed his general theory of relativity it was just that it was a theory it had no proof in fact many people found it completely outlandish but then just four years later in 1919 this telescope and allowed me to geek out a bit here and I'll give it its correct name this is the 13-inch astral graphic refractor this telescope proved that Einstein was in fact right that gravity does curve space itself since then observation after observation have confirmed that Mata curve space and slows down time [Music] question of why Things Fall the way they do is let us deeper and deeper into the very nature of space and time itself gravitational science shows us how galaxies stars and planets form by measuring gravity we've discovered the existence of dark matter that eighty percent of the mass of our universe is invisible and we don't know what it's made of and with its exotic objects with extreme gravity like neutron stars which have more mass than our sun there are only 20 kilometers across but it's another mysterious aspect of Einstein's Universe that I want to explore in my next Gravity project [Music] here at the universe [Music] for months what we're doing is devising a nationwide citizen science project we're developing a smartphone app that uses the GPS contained on your phone to explore one of the strangest properties of gravity how it affects the rate at which we age I've gained through speed I formulated the equations myself and a small team of computer scientists and software developers is using them to devise the app Stein discovered that as gravity changes so does the rates that time ticks this means the strength of gravity you feel affects how quickly or slowly you age the aim of my app is to demonstrate this effect it works by using a phone's GPS data to estimate your local gravity and it also calculates the average speed at which you move because this too affects the rate at which you age [Music] that uses the equations I've written which are based on Einstein's theory of relativity to calculate overall how fast or slowly you're aging the app is ready I tweet about it thousands of people download it and we start to gather results from across the country some people send me videos giving me their results how fast they're aging compared with how time ticks out in space in zero gravity over the past day I have aged less by about 172 microseconds I have aged less by 10 10.02 milliseconds so since downloading the app I have aged less by 1.14 milliseconds since opening time warp I have aged less by 2.6 milliseconds our aim is to use their results to build up a map of how time flows because of gravity my smartphone project provides just one insight into the space and time which Einstein's theories describe oh [Music] gravity and in strange ways have given us astonishing insights into the dark secrets of our universe perhaps the weirdest objects in the universe are black holes collapse Stars whose gravity is so strong that not even light will escape their grip now for the first time ever their effects have been felt on Earth we've been protected through the medium of gravity itself story that has revolutionized the study of modern cosmology 1.3 billion years ago in a galaxy far far away two black holes swirled around each other Drew closer and closer together until they finally collided with Incredible violence in that final fraction of a second at the precise moment that they merged a disturbance was created that sent ripples out through the universe [Music] gravitational waves are a key prediction of Einstein's theory matter doesn't just curve space-time it can cause waves ripples which expand outwards exactly like a stone dropped in water this particular wave was unimaginably large the energy released was greater than all the lights being given out by all the stars in the universe the wave rippled through space at the speed of light in 1.3 billion years it covered a distance of over 10 billion trillion kilometers foreign of the 14th of September 2015 it arrived here cafes of New Orleans in fact everything in America and on Earth expanded and contracted very very slightly as the wave passed through no one noticed Because by the time it arrived here the Distortion was phenomenally tiny except that one science laboratory did notice and I'm going to see it [Music] a thousand scientists across the world are collaborating on it it's the culmination of over 50 years of effort and is one of the most sophisticated experiments ever devised by Humanity so I'm pretty excited to see it it's a rather unusual setting here I am in the middle of rural Louisiana about an hour's Drive outside New Orleans I don't expect to find such a multi-million dollar cutting-edge research facility as this and yet this is the place where recently one of the most important scientific discoveries in human history was made this is ligo the day the late interferometer gravitational wave Observatory is an enormous construction shaped like an l with a sophisticated laser system bouncing up and down to two arms so we're standing on top of one of ligo's two arms this is the first Lego arm and in that tube we there's a laser beam that we bounce back and forth between a mirror and the end station and a mirror in this building and the other bit goes that way four kilometers perpendicular to the arm we first saw it's a big L on the ground so the light bounces back and forth in that arm and bounces back and forth in this arm and what we actually measure with ligo is the length of this arm as measured by the Light Between the two mirrors and the length of that arm as measured by the Light Between Two mirrors and then the laser interferometer measures the difference between those two arm lengths so is the gravitational wave pass through the lasers picked it up they detected that lie goes to Arms changed in length to a very very tiny degree the signal that we saw was just a few thousandth of the size of the um of the atomic nucleus is the biggest the signal ever got so far far smaller than the size of a single atom oh much much smaller yeah that would and you need something this huge to pick that up that's right and so this is one of the most biggest biggest source of energy in the universe one of the biggest events you'd ever measure and we just barely saw it [Music] Lego scientists turned the gravitational waves into sound waves so what you're about to hear is in a very real sense the sound of two two black holes come on [Music] it was the first observation of any kind of pairs of Stellar Mass black holes Stellar Mass means you know several or a bunch of of suns in weight and and so we learned that they exist we learned that there are enough of them that occasionally they run into each other and coalesce um and um and we also learned by comparing the waveform we observed with general relativity calculations that general relativity is is as far as we know dead on right [Music] foreign the long concrete bunker to my left houses the beam line one of the ligo's laser arms the detail and and the effort that's gone into isolating the beam from the outside environment reminds me very much of cavendish's famous experiment he too had to worry about isolating his his experiment from external disturbances only of course ligo takes things to far far greater degree inside the arm is one of the largest and purest Vacuums in the world atmospheric pressure in there has been reduced to one trillion the pressure outside the mirrors inside are so reflective that they only absorb one in three million photographs and at the end of my little trip find a British successor all right [Music] well I made it all the way to the end of one of the ligo arms to be honest it took me a bit longer than I thought especially in that thing but housed inside this building is one of the reflecting mirrors that bounces the laser beam all the way back down the four kilometer arm to the main Control Center and the technology that went into developing these mirrors is quite remarkable it was developed in the UK at the University of Glasgow thank you is what the mirror looks like surface is extraordinarily smooth no bump bigger than a few billionths of a meter high equally amazing at ease huge silica fibers a few times the thickness of a human hair designed by the University of Glasgow in conjunction with Scientists from other British universities isolated mirror completely so it hangs perfectly still you could say that in there is the quietest place on Earth despite this outside events do sometimes interfere with the work here as I witnessed for myself I've wandered into the control room here at ligo because I'm told something kicked off a few hours ago and they're all very busy the image that's flickering up there is not meant to be like that essentially what they've picked up is a seismic disturbance an earthquake now that's not an earthquake down the road it started on the other side of the planet in Japan so it just gives us a sense of the tremendous challenges faced by ligo and the team here and the level of sensitivity needed that an earthquake on the other side of the Earth can disrupt their measurements and they and have to reset everything all over again [Music] one of the science involved in volved extraordinary play quite succinctly once we were blind but now we can see throughout the entire history of astronomy we've studied gravity and how it affects matter in the universe and how it warps space-time but only by looking at the light that enters our telescopes now for the first time we can study the universe in a different way the discovery of gravitational waves means we can see objects that cause extreme warping of space-time and its effect on gravity directly this essentially opens up a new era in astronomy it gives us a new way of looking out at the universe [Music] Professor Sheila Rowan was one of the scientists who spearheaded the British effort for ligo for her and her colleagues gravitational wave detection is just in his infancy new instruments even more sensitive than ligo are now being developed there's so much that we don't understand about the universe that we live in and this has suddenly given us a new tool a new way to probe the dark processes in the universe because every time we make the the observatories more sensitive we can sense gravitational wave signals from further away from father in the universe from further back in Cosmic history things like supermassive black holes spiraling into collect small black holes orbiting ground supermassive black holes tracing out the dense and space time of those supermassive objects a long-term goal is to probe back further towards what we think of as the Big Bang the earliest moments that we understand of the universe as we know it [Music] if you think about it time and time again in the history of science unlocking the mysteries of gravity have led to a deeper understanding of the universe Galileo in his ramp Newton and his Apple Einstein and the falling man in the lift each of these characters challenged the scientific consensus of the day and even today understanding the true nature of gravity remains one of the biggest challenges in science [Music] and it's at this point that our story for me at least takes a completely unexpected turn unfortunately it's all's gone a bit pear-shaped okay so here's what's happened a couple of months ago we launched the app and it was all going really well thousands of people downloaded it and have been sending us their results we've been collecting the data to create this nationwide map to show how time Flows at different rates for different people around the country unfortunately I've just realized there's a big problem okay you see I was going over the scientific literature and I came across this subtle point about relativity which basically made me sit bolt upright there was this horrible Dawning realization that I made a mistake in the equations that get fed into the app so what this means is all the results we've been Gathering are wrong the issue lies in the strange and subtle effects of Einstein's theories of Relativity and it's fundamental to the way time flows across the surface of the globe now what if I use my smartphone app where I live here on the south coast of England and then go and spend a few days down near the equator so here on the west coast of Africa [Music] weaker by by the equator so that means time ticks faster there but there's another important factor we have to take into account movement you see when I'm here near the equator I'm moving more quickly than I was back in Britain because of the rotation of the earth Einstein says movement s clocks will tick slower at the equator this is where the error crept in you see I had taken into account these two effects but I'd missed a crucial point they cancel each other out exactly in fact the Earth bulges out exactly the right amount for its rotational speed to make sure they cancel out so all clocks on the surface of the Earth at sea level tick at exactly the same rate so now I'm having to go right back to square one and completely rewrite the equations for the app [Music] and it's a test if it's working I'm going to use it over the course of a normal working week this is where I live this is Portsmouth which means I'm very close to sea level and this is how I start most mornings catching the train to work [Music] what's my speed as a I think the train journey should have slowed my time down by a tiny a few trillionths of a second I'm heading for the BBC's headquarters in central London and gravity should be a bit weaker I'm a few meters above sea level I guess here and so there'll be a speed up of my time because of altitude the app compares the way my time flows the stationary clock and so what's my results on an average day my movement makes me age slower by a third of a nanosecond that's a third of a billionth of a second but the weaker gravity I'm in mean means I age faster overall half a nanosecond faster I've also given the app to some other volunteers to compare how they age over an average day Nick flies cargo planes he flies from Chicago to Germany tomorrow morning we have to leave to go to first to Milan and then on to Tokyo travel flows down his aging but much weaker gravity at high altitude speeds his clock up or just a bit more overall he's aging five nanoseconds faster than a stationary clock at season Vanessa runs a pub in the Yorkshire Dales I'm going to take you outside to see the weather conditions here so here we are outside the tanhill Inn we live right in the middle of the national park on the Moor tanhill Inn is famous as Britain's highest altitude pub at over 500 meters above we don't have any neighbors shape her altitude means that every day by around four nanoseconds compared to someone at sea level there's Kevin a mountaineer in the highlands I'm on a mountain in Glencoe called scoring ahilia I've been at an altitude generally of between 2 000 to 3000 feet for a lot of the day throughout the day I've just been logging onto the phone logging onto the app and just checking out and having a look and I've been watching it get bigger you're watching the value get bigger and bigger so it's been quite a lot of fun an average day of climbing Kevin's personal clock goes faster by one nanoseconds Gary worked for a Scottish water retailer my job takes me all over the UK dealing with energy consultants and energy Brokers as far as far up north as Inverness as far down south there's London approximately do about a thousand miles a week sometimes more depending on the number of meetings I have Gary's car Journeys do slow his time down a bit but being above sea level means he still ages Faster by three quarters of a nanosecond our final volunteer is Walter he lives close to sea level at the iconic genre are you on a tourism business and I started about 30 years ago so when people come here they can actually physically speak to someone who's been born of drama groups and if they ask questions I can tell them all sorts of useless information because I'm fully useless information so our final results show that if you want to age more slowly try to live near sea level like water there is another way to do it get a job on the International Space Station 10 000 mile an hour orbits will give you a boost we did the math for the astronauts every month you are about one millisecond younger so you know a thousandth of a second so after six months you are that much younger than people on earth so I'm younger than I should be I hope I look it it's for us on Earth time dilation is so utterly minuscule if the Affiliates of a second between us you might think is too frivolous to even bother about and yet in the long and difficult to come to an extraordinary conclusion the different ways that time flows may not be some quirky byproduct of gravity it may actually be gravity it may be the cause of gravity the reason why objects fall one of the colleagues I've been Consulting is kit Thorne he's one of the world's leading theoretical physicists and a driving force behind the creation of ligo while I was going back over some of the basic physics behind the app I came across an intriguing idea of his it's very interesting and different way of describing gravity [Music] everything likes to live where it will age the most slowly gravity pulls it [Applause] is based heck and is one of the most respected theoretical physicists in the world firstly kept a serious thank you for for helping out with the debacle over there well I I sympathize I've made so many errors in my own over the years that I am totally sympathetic one of the things that that struck me uh thinking about this is something you wrote Kip you said everything likes to live where it'll age the most slowly and gravity pulls it there was this a way of explaining something uh that you felt was a a neat explanation or is there something deeply profound about that I think there is something deeply profound in some sense yeah but it's a lovely description of Einstein's first major insight about gravity in 1912 he realized that gravity that we feel on Earth is due to a slowing of time on Earth so time comes before gravity in that sense you know on the Earth surface time runs more slowly and that accounts for why gravity wants to keep us there well I think in a very deep sense this is true objects want to fall that the flow of time or the rate of flow of time is the thing that produces the gravity it is the thing that is ultimately responsible for the fall so somehow it's in the nature of all objects to move towards a region where time runs slower formulation Works anywhere in the universe where the gravitational field is such as on Earth the difference in the rate of flow of time is Tiny at high altitude and on the surface of the Earth the difference in the rate of flow of time is one second in 100 years that's not very much but that is enough that is precisely the right amount uh to produce the gravitational pull that we feel and produce the accelerations we're talking about wow okay I need to go and write this one down as far as he left me face to face with one of the greatest mysteries in all of physics the nature of time itself it sounds like such a simple question why does the apple fall and yet hundreds of years of scientific inquiry investigating this single action have led us to completely redefine the way we think about the very nature of space and time and now I've been presented with this extraordinary proposition that somehow in some profound way the Apple Falls because it's seeking out the place where time runs the slowest so does gravity dictate the flow of time or does time itself Define gravity could this hint to fundamental new laws of physics as yet undiscovered I think I'm going to have to think about this a bit more [Music] [Applause] [Music] thank you [Music]

Channel: Doc of the Day

Views: 16,359

Keywords: Doc of the Day, cosmic forces, cosmic mysteries unraveling, experiment recreation, galileo discoveries, gravitational force, gravity insights, gravity science, gravity studies, gravity theory, historic experiments, informative documentaries, laws of gravity, laws of motion, laws of nature, motion and gravity, physics insights, science experiments, scientific achievements, scientific progress, universe exploration

Id: bicMK7dE0so

Length: 45min 54sec (2754 seconds)

Published: Sun Jun 25 2023