It’s a really exciting time to be alive. We have a front row seat to the only known
transformation of a world powered by dirty fossil fuels, to a planet that gets its energy
from renewable, clean sources. It’s going to happen just once, right now. These are the top 10 potential energy sources
of tomorrow. Every hour, more energy from the sun reaches
us than we earthlings use in an entire year. To try and save a lot more of it, one idea
is to build giant solar farms in space that will collect some of the higher intensity,
uninterrupted solar radiation. Giant mirrors would reflect huge amounts of
solar rays onto smaller solar collectors. This energy would then be wirelessly beamed
to Earth as either a microwave or laser beam. One of the main reasons this amazing idea
is still just an idea is because it’s, big surprise, very expensive. But it could become a reality in the not so
distant future as our solar technology develops, and the cost of launching cargo into space
comes way down, thanks to the work of companies like Space X. We already have human-powered devices [I’m
envisioning wind-up flashlights or the like], but scientists are working on harvesting power
generated from normal human movement. We’re talking about tiny electronics here,
but the potential when multiplied by billions of people is big. And with developers making electronics that
use less and less power, one day your phone may charge when it rustles around in your
bag, pocket or moves in your hand, or your fingers move on the screen. At Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,
scientists have even demonstrated a device that uses viruses to translate pressure into
electricity. Yes, it’s amazing as it sounds and no, there’s
no way I’m going to try and explain how it works--of course it’s linked below if
you want more info. There are even small body-worn systems that
passively produce electricity when you move. Human power isn’t going to solve global
warming, but every little bit helps. Harnessing all the energy in the motion of
the ocean could power the world several times over, which is why over 100 companies are
trying to figure out how. Because of the focus on wind and solar, the
tidal energy industry kind of got elbowed out of the early mix. But these systems are quickly becoming more
efficient. For one, meet Oyster, a 2.4 megawatt producing,
hinged flap that attaches to the ocean floor and - as it opens and closes - pumps high-pressure
water onshore, where it drives a conventional hydroelectric turbine. So, one of those could power a whole housing
development or a couple massive residential towers--roughly 2,500 homes. An engineer with the air force academy has
created the terminator wing-shaped turbine that employs lift instead of drag, allowing
it to theoretically harness 99% of a wave’s energy instead of the 50% that current tidal
projects can get. And Perth, Australia just got the world’s
first-ever wave-powered desalination plant that provides the city with enough drinking
water for 500,000 residents. The element hydrogen - by far the most abundant
in the universe - is very high in energy, but an engine that burns pure hydrogen produces
almost no pollution. This is why NASA ‘s powered its space shuttles
and parts of the International Space Station with the stuff for years. The only reason we’re not powering the entire
world with hydrogen is because it only exists on our planet in combination with other elements
like oxygen. You know, good old H20. Russia even converted a passenger jet to run
on hydrogen in the late 80’s and Boeing recently tested small planes that fly on hydrogen. Once the hydrogen is separated it can be pumped
into mobile fuel cells in vehicles that are able to directly convert it into electricity. These cars are now being manufactured on a
fairly large scale. Honda’s planning on demonstrating the versatility
of its new hydrogen fuel cell car by plugging it into a model home in Japan to power the
house--instead of the car sucking electricity from the building like its electric-powered
competitors have to do. Honda says one of these fully-fuelled cars
could power an entire house for a whole week, or drive 300 miles without refuelling. The main obstacle right now is the relatively
high cost of these vehicles and the lack of hydrogen stations to refuel them, although
California now has plans for 70 of these stations across the state, South Korea’s expected
to have a total of 43 soon and Germany’s aiming for 100 by 2017. The method of converting the heat rising from
the depths of the molten core of the earth into energy - also known as geothermal - powers
millions of homes around the world, including the electricity usage for 27% of the Philippines
and 30% in Iceland. But an Icelandic deep drilling project may
have recently discovered the holy grail when it hit a pocket of magma, which had only happened
once before in Hawaii. The team pumped water down into the hole,
which the scorching magma instantly vaporized to a record-setting 842 degrees fahrenheit. This highly pressurized steam increased the
power output of the system tenfold, an amazing success that should lead to a giant leap in
the energy generating capabilities of geothermal projects around the world. Nuclear fission power plants are the traditional
reactors that have been in use around the world for decades and provide the US with
about 20% of our electricity. They use something called light-water technology
to surround the fuel rods with water, which slows the neutrons and allow for a sustained
nuclear reaction. Buuuut, the system is really inefficient--only
5 percent of the uranium atoms in the rod get used up by the time it has to be removed. All that unused, highly radioactive uranium
just gets added to our growing stockpile of nuclear waste. But now, finally, there appears to be another,
more efficient way, called a fast reactor, where the rods are submerged in liquid sodium
instead of water. This allows 95 percent of the uranium to be
used, instead of the unacceptably inefficient 5 percent. Adopting this method would solve the huge
problem of getting rid of our 77,000 tons of radioactive waste because these new reactors
can reuse it. GE Hitachi has already designed a fast reactor
called PRISM and is shopping it to power companies, but the biggest obstacle is the high cost
of building new nuclear power plants. Plus, you have to overcome the political stigma
that nuclear is a dangerous energy source. Still, the benefits are huge---Its a proven
technology that emits pretty much no greenhouse gases. The big success story is France, which has
75% of its electricity needs met by its 59 nuclear power reactors. With production and installation costs getting
cheaper by the day, solar power is taking off around the world. Europe is the best in photovoltaics and is
driven by its leader, Germany. On an average sunny day in 2012, Deutschland
got as much electricity from the sun as 20 nuclear power stations, enough to power 50%
of the country. Spain is now generating more than 50% of its
power from renewable resources like solar. A California desert is home to the largest
solar power station in the entire world, and the United States increased its solar capacity
by nearly 500% from 2010 to 2014. And if you think that that’s as fast as
solar can possibly grow, listen to this. Researchers at the Los Alamos National Laboratory
in New Mexico just made a significant breakthrough in quantum dot solar cell technology that
will allow highly efficient solar panels to double as transparent windows. When this technology becomes cheap enough
to hit the mass market in the next couple of years, every sun-exposed window in the
world will have the potential to be converted into a mini power station. From 2002 to 2013, biofuels grew more than
500% in the U.S. as production of crop-derived ethanol and biodiesel became a mainstream
substitute or supplement to gasoline in our cars. In fact, back in the day when Henry Ford first
developed his Model T, he thought it would run on ethanol. The discovery of vast amounts of cheap oil
all over the world unfortunately made it the go-to energy source. But renewable biofuels are making a strong
comeback now. The only problem is that the currently dominant
first generation of biofuels use the same land and resources that have traditionally
been used to grow food, which is driving up the cost of food and causing big problems
in a lot of the developing world, so something has to change if biofuels are going to give
us a chance at replacing oil with something clean burning. That’s where a plant like switchgrass comes
in. It’s hearty, it grows like a weed just about
anywhere, and it isn’t food. But, if we wanted to run all the world’s
cars on it, we’d need to plant it on an amount of land equivalent to the entire countries
of Russia and the U.S., combined. So that’s not gonna work. This brings us to the 3rd generation of biofuels,
algae, which has all the right ingredients to replace oil once and for all. Algae’s natural oil content is greater than
50%, which means it can be easily extracted and processed. We can convert the remaining part of the plant
into electricity, natural gas and even fertilizer to grow even more algae without chemicals. Algae grows quickly and doesn’t need farmland
or freshwater. Just last month, Alabama became the world’s
first algae biofuel system that can also effectively treat human wastewater, this actually resulted
in a carbon-negative outcome. The 40,000 a day demonstration plant basically
floated giant bags on a bay, pumped wastewater water into them, added a little algae, and
then let the sunlight do its thing. Before long, algae had grown everywhere and
cleaned the wastewater so well it could either be released back into the bay or reused by
people as drinking water. We’re already getting a lot of energy from
the wind, but with the Buoyant Air Turbine - or BAT - that floats 1-2,000 feet above
the ground where winds are stronger and more consistent, we could soon be getting that
energy much more efficiently. The system is simple: a ringed blimp with
a wind turbine in the middle is tethered securely to the ground. It’ll produce twice as much power as similar
sized tower-mounted turbines. It can even handle winds of more than 100
mph and can be fitted with additional devices like a wifi unit, which would help bring the
Internet to parts of the world that don’t have it yet. The buoyant air turbine was designed for bringing
renewable wind energy to rural parts of the world where building a traditional wind turbine
was impossible and will first be deployed in Alaska. It can even automatically detect and adjust
its floating height to where the best wind speed is. When the wind speed is dangerously high, the
thing will dock itself, eliminating the need for manual labor. Flying wind turbines like this should soon
replace all the less efficient tower-based systems and could allow for the construction
of offshore wind farms that have until now been really expensive to build. Unlike fission, nuclear fusion doesn’t create
any deadly nuclear waste because it fuses atoms together instead of splitting them apart,
so there’s no threat of a runaway reaction that could lead to a meltdown event. But, this is easier said than done. One Nobel Prize-winning physicist described
fusion as trying to put “the sun into a box. The idea is pretty. The problem is, we don't know how to make
the box." The technical issue is that fusion reactions
will produce material that’s so volatile and hot, it will damage the reactor that created
it. This isn’t stopping private companies and
governments from spending billions to research the technology and solve these problems. And if the immense challenges can be overcome,
fusion will provide virtually limitless energy and power the world. That’s why the world’s wealthiest governments
are collaborating on the controversial International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor in France,
known as ITER. When was the last time Russia, China, Europe
and the United States collaborated on anything? That’s how important for humanity this project
is. And because of its revolutionary potential
several powerful companies like Lockheed Martin are quietly working on their own fusion reactors. Lockheed has a very optimistic timeline for
their system, projecting that they will meet global energy demand by 2050. Their optimism may be fairly justified. In October, 2013, in separate research, scientists
at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the United States achieved a huge milestone
in fusion when, for the first time, a fuel capsule gave off more energy than was applied
to it. Thank for watching. Let us know if we missed anything or if you
disagreed with our rankings. If you liked this video, help the conversation
spread by sharing it. You can see a collection of our favorite videos
from across the Internet back on our website, TDCvideo.com. For The Daily Conversation, I’m Bryce Plank.
