The Shocking Investigation Of A Beheaded Mummy | Mummy Forensics | Timeline

I get the feeling but has not met a happy and content and peaceful demise they had lots of harsh punishments we have burning of the body general mutilation of the body and certainly beheading this kind of state is the mummification this standard isn't even to just anyone just because they're 3,000 years old doesn't mean that we can't apply modern forensics and come up with good answers if a man wasn't dead already it certainly would have killed [Music] incredible boss incredible violence [Music] mummies the preserved remains of the dead are a unique window to the past cultures like the ancient Egyptians convinced that need their bodies in the afterlife went to extraordinary lengths to develop advanced embalming techniques to prevent the natural decay that occurs after death thousands of years on science allows us to decode the secrets of these preserved bodies to reveal astounding details about the world these individuals lived in the key facts about their lives and for many how they met their deaths over 2,000 miles from Egypt in a museum in the north of England lies a mummified head no one knows how it came to be separated from its body and with just a fragment of this individual to work on the mummy investigation team is looking at a major challenge don't know who he was how old he was when he died we don't know where the body was gone we don't know why the heads just just as it is we've got so many questions that need to be answered but we know it's from Egypt then I think yes yes we do yes yeah that's pretty much all fair enough so I mean what you say looks like an adult male from Egypt he's obviously being mummified so you want us to do what we can to try and give you some answers absolutely it has to be said we are used to dealing with complete bodies not body parts so we will have work cut out with just the head but I'm sure we'll be able to pin down some actual answers I really put flesh on his bones and really put him into his of ancient context for you team leader dr. Joanne Fletcher is a renowned Egyptologist she's examined mummies all over the world but this could be her toughest case ever first things first I always like to undertake a thorough visual examination have a good sort of face-to-face the mummification levels are so superb I mean the quality of the preservation of the soft tissue I mean look at the profile that knows he's exquisite very rarely do you have that usually the nose is flattened to the face with the tightness of the linen wrappings it's very poignant in fact because the expression is is retained so it's it's almost as if he's looking back at us [Music] this man could have died in a thousand different ways and with no body to work on all the team's theories will have to be drawn from the head alone bit by bit the mummy investigation team will try to fill in the elusive details of who this man once was where he lived and if possible how he died each member of this well established team brings a unique set of skills duncan leaves works with London's Metropolitan Police and mi5 he'll bring his very special forensic skills to bear on this ancient Egyptian we're very much a team different experience and expertise has to be combined dr. Stephen Buckley is a pioneer in the chemical analysis of mummification he is one of the very few people in the world able to identify some of the vital chemical clues hidden in this head the embalmers knew Lester and Egyptologist Jill Scott specialist knowledge of ancient human remains will be vital in trying to unravel the real story of how the mummy died in forensics we need physical hard core evidence the team is about to be briefed at their HQ in the historic city of York what they want to know is who is this person how did he die and is there any evidence of foul play so the photos obviously clearly show just ahead and unless there is a photos missing that's all we've got is that the case what you see is what you get this is it it's just a head and we're used to having complete bodies when we've done other when we studies but this is it it's just the mummified head so we're really gonna have to work hard on this one to pull together all the expertise to try and come up with some answers I'm gonna treat this in the same way that we treat modern cases this this a modern murder even just because this person is of antiquity doesn't mean that the evidence won't be there for how he died the photographs prompt the team to ask plenty of questions these awful neck injuries I mean something's gone on there that's what it's an axe was it some sort of blade was he took a rod how did this head you know how has it removed from the body and is it linked to the wounds that we've got above the right eye socket yeah he was this individual decapitated really did he suffer trauma from stabbing or from from battery blunt objects that kind of thing the first thing I'm gonna need to do is to go back to the archives and see what I can dig up on this person it would be interesting to find out when they actually came into the country and see if that's going to fit in with what the science is gonna tell us about this person so what yeah exactly if we can pinpoint him exactly where in Egypt and when exactly of it because that has a lot of bear in the chronology doesn't it that's right and I think that the mummification can tell the materials used change through time so we think we can identify he's getting a chemical fingerprint of these materials we can get some idea of who this person was and something about status as well it's only now that we have the technology has come a long way and we're able to look at answering the questions two years ago we wouldn't have been in a position to do this but now we have a really good chance to to bring technology to bear on a on a several thousand euro and answer the questions about how this poor man died my main concern in this case that it is just a head so we have to sort of be cautious that there's only so much that we're ever going to be able to find out most of the evidence which could throw light on this man's life and maybe explain his death is missing along with his body so it's going to be a tough task to try to unravel this ancient mystery [Music] members of the mummy investigation team are combining the latest forensic techniques to try to determine exactly how this ancient Egyptian died but even with all their technology they're still hindered by the fact the body from the neck down is missing Stephen is collecting skin samples from the head for a GCMs test it's the first time the head has been subjected to chemical analysis since it was discovered [Music] this will enable Steven to identify individual chemical compounds used to embalm the head and the compounds can answer questions about how the man was mummified [Music] it can pick up my new traces of a number of things so we need to be very careful about the sampling site so that what we don't pick up this is modern contamination for example his sampling also has to be carried out with precision or he risks damaging the priceless mummy the mummification will provide quite a few clues as to he was the the standard is excellent and the materials that we find can certainly help us to put him in his his proper place in history [Music] the equipment is so sensitive that it could detect two drops of blood in an Olympic sized swimming pool [Music] continuing to build the mummies profile analysis of his hair could add more information to the emerging picture it can tell us about the quality of the man's diet a strong indication of his social status while be doing when I get back to the lab is to extract the organic material - any residues from the samples I've got gets a chemical fingerprint and then of those individual components put back together the materials employed and that can really be fairly very valuable in me in telling us about a life and that this person was involved with meanwhile forensic archaeologist duncan lee's is using a three dimensional laser scanner to build a virtual model of the mummy the scan will create an exact digital version of the head essential for the team's work what we're using is a laser scanner here to create a dimensionally accurate model and that we can then investigate without touching the head itself if we're going to start looking at you know any damage any lesions any fractures any compression that we find and perhaps trying to link that to two weapons or objects or anything else that become a sensible hypothesis for the cause of death then that's much better than in in a virtual environment the scanner uses the same echo principle as radar but using laser light the laser beam scans the surface of the subject creating 20,000 precisely measured points every second this incredibly detailed information is sent back to the computer which generates a precise three-dimensional virtual model it has phenomenal accuracy the margin of error is just 20 microns 20 millionths of a meter less than the width of a human hair I get the feeling but he's he's not met a happy and content and peaceful demise and we need to do him the service and then and if you like give him the justice of trying to find out to the best of our abilities and how he died and put that on record I think he's waited long enough for that before the team can work out how the man died they must first try to give him his life back by establishing who he was and where and when he lived the head was donated to the Newcastle museum in the late 19th century one of the very few clothes the museum was able to pass on to the team was the suggestion that the mummified head originated from the Old Kingdom period of ancient Egypt this is around the third millennium BC over four thousand years ago when Egypt attained its first great peak of civilization this was the time of the Magnificent Pyramids at Giza at this stage in Egyptian history mummification was relatively new and relied heavily on the use of Natron salts a simple mixture containing carbonate and bicarbonate of soda when a body was packed in Natron salts moisture was drawn out of the skin in a vital part of the mummification process with little else done to the body Old Kingdom mummies are quite easily identifiable as they tend to be poorly preserved but in this case with no body to work on its back to some traditional research work for Johan and Jill they still need to find a way of working out where he came from and when I've been rummaging around in the archives and I've managed to come up with a bit of information on this guy we know that he was donated in 1877 and was actually found in Egypt at the site of sacaron well that's that's pretty good news actually because that places him geographically in northern Egypt Memphis that's fantastic we've really sort of got an idea of provenance now the link to the burial site of Saqqara is a significant development as this was the graveyard for the capital city Memphis it was where Egypt's rulers and elite were laid to rest clearly there is an astonishingly high level of mummification going on here it's it's not your standard stuff is really well done and I do think certainly there is a very good chance that he would have been about royal duties in his everyday professional life because this kind of status and mummification this standard isn't given to just anyone this is really the creme de la creme I think to have survived thousands of years with so much detail like the eyelids ears and hair intact suggests that this man was mummified to a very high standard far higher than anything achieved in the Old Kingdom I think looking at the mummification techniques we're dealing with something certainly at least a thousand years after that right I think the mummification techniques at the moment are pointing towards a day twelve hundred to a thousand BC this revised date for the heads origin could be the first break in the case the quality of mummification suggests the mummy dates from the later part of the New Kingdom closer to around a thousand BC the New Kingdom was the time of some of Egypt's most famous rulers such as Tutankhamun and Rama TSA's the second adjusting the heads date of origin by over a thousand years has huge implications the results of the GCMs test could provide the definitive proof gas chromatography mass spectrometry is the gold standard of chemical analysis crucial to criminal investigations the machine works on the principle that every chemical turns to a gas at a particular temperature by gradually heating the microscopic samples taken from the head the test should reveal the hundreds of component compounds by examining the point at which they turn to gas this will provide a chemical fingerprint of the substances used to embalm him what we've got with the material on the skin is a plant oil castor oil is one of the main ingredients kind of a resin but as a pitch a strongly heated pitch Y strongly heated I think the rest of the chemistry is giving us clues and I think in this case it may be to actually darken it to blacken it more because we also see pitchmen here but it's only a minor component but the fact that it's there at all is helpful the minut chemical components of bitumen which Steven has identified are an important discovery black was the traditional color of Egypt and also represented life so the blackening of mummies during embalming may have been a way to display national identity this development could read 8 the mummy to an even later period than John suspected the use of bitumen here at excludes New Kingdom as a possible source it only really came into its own to 700 600 BC this result is a hard fact the team has been hoping for modern science has helped date the mummy to the late period around 700 to 400 BC it's about 2,000 years later than the museum's records suggested the team have now established that this man almost certainly lived in the ancient Egyptian city of Memphis in the late period this was the last great flowering of Egyptian culture the final centuries of the glorious era of the Pharaohs ediot was very much trying to sort of establish its cultural identity you know with this onslaught of all these these foreigners into his contract at a time when they do beautiful feeling that they had to reassert their own national identity yeah and we're doing it in a number of ways including through the mummification but Stevens scientific analysis yields even more results in the hair sample which we can compare with the skin we do actually see a very similar chemical fingerprint a very similar pattern with the castor oil the kind of a pitch and the balsam and the bitumen what we also have is beeswax it obviously wouldn't have been cheap so these mixtures wouldn't have been available to just anyone no they wouldn't the GCMs test has built a much clearer profile of our mystery man it's told us where he lived and when and amazingly it has also identified exotic conifer and beeswax traces in his hair both these substances were used in the manufacture of wigs a popular status symbol for members of Egyptian high society filippo Salamone has been researching the rituals and methods of ancient egyptian hair and wig making for almost 10 years using techniques thousands of years old Filippo has carefully reconstructed the kind of herpes a high-status Egyptian man like this mummy might have worn learn very very quickly when making this week was just how skilled they were probably more so than they are today because everything was done obviously by hand and without the modern tools this intricate hair piece has taken filippo four months to create and he's used one of the very substances discovered by Steven in the mummies hair the ancient Egyptians did attached each piece individually by the use of beeswax by drawing the piece of hair along judging by the amount of time and effort and energy it's actually gone to create in this week I feel as though he would have been somebody of wealth what we have is the wig is a status item because not only by wearing it to appear different to the vast majority of people in society at that time you're also sending out the the secret that the sort of signal that I have enough wealth at my disposal to have people make these things for me and that does raise the sort of question I mean would he have been so well marked out in society since having mean it made himself a target perhaps it could have been a victim of a random act of violence or even mugging you're sort of all these ideas come into your head because you know you just can't help it when you look at this wig and you imagine him wearing it the investigation is gathering momentum a picture is emerging of the man's life status and even appearance but the team still has no idea how he died [Music] jill has returned to the Egyptian archives in Newcastle she's looking for evidence of the practice of beheading in late period ancient Egypt these are all images by baron domine vivant Denon who was with Napoleon during his conquest of Egypt and you know he's gone around and he's drawn scenes that he's found in tombs and monuments and we have some fantastic images of a man here holding a knife with a person beheaded so his head's on the floor and he's bound to a post now that is perfectly feasible for what's happened to our guy if you actually look at the wounds so that's actually quite interesting these have been taken from teams and monuments so we know that they do exist and they definitely show people being beheaded whilst alive as some sort of punishment or ritual we have all of this evidence here that is saying that it definitely went on in ancient times which is really important so people were definitely beheaded at the time but is that how this mummy lost his life Joanne has decided to consult a radiologist to investigate beheading as a cause of death dr. Ian McLeod specializes in the analysis of Egyptian mummies I think if the head had been beheaded as it were I would have expected to see a cleaner cut you know where an axe or a sword or something would have cut into the flesh but what we've got here is a sort of more ragged sort of damage it's not clean at all it's not clean at all it's almost as if it's snapped off which would explain these it which is partly the muscle and the skin on the outside absolutely right and we can just see parts of the bone poking through the inside of that so it looks as if it's just snapped off but sometimes you open the history so basically we can discount beheading as the cause of death I think it's highly unlikely this individual is beheaded I'm also very very intrigued by this quite nasty wounds over the right eye and at first you think it must be a post-mortem wound the soft tissues come away and so forth but there's definitely damage to the bone we know that one of the ways the ancient Egyptians certainly the Pharaohs liked to execute enemies was to sort of use brute force and bring down a stonemason to their skull and it often occurs around this area around the brow area well it's difficult say just looking at it because I mean some of this could have been latter damage I think what we really need to do to get more information is to get some x-rays so you think that's the next step that should be our next step this mummy did not suffer beheading that line of inquiry is closed but dr. McLeod's analysis has opened up another the focus is now on the hole in the Mummy's head could this be evidence of a fatal head wound Harrogate Museum has a huge collection of Egyptian artifacts Joanne and Duncan are searching the building storeroom for a potential murder weapon so basically what we're looking for is something like a mace head what exactly are they said so these are a tool or a weapon or these are really pretty brutal things when you look at them and although a lot of Egyptologists see them and assume they're probably ceremonial or ritual because they are relatively small I think that they could be used as some sort of really serious weapon here because certainly in the art what you find our scenes of the Pharaoh smiting the enemy they've got the bound prisoner on his knees in front of the Pharaoh who's raising his hand with one of these in it and he's about to sort of bring down the the fatal death blow he was in one of these they are I mean they are very well made aren't they beautiful finished yeah I'm quite surprised at the different shapes and sizes these are wonderful ones as well these are if anything even more brutal than the globular ones you've got such a sharp edge I think they'd cause a wound on us like a knife on them that's a very fine cutting edge almost it's been finished beautifully I'd love you to sort of scan one of these because they are absolutely amazing other works of art really but to think that they could have sort of killed someone or something I'd love to find out and the good thing is that if we measure them if we scan them and then start looking at the comparisons with the wound itself in the skull and start to identify maybe what sort of shape and what sort of dimension we're looking for we need to get some of those upstairs and then start if we could sort of scan them all that with like the actual mummy the ceremonial mace heads are thousands of years old and just as priceless what we can do here is scan from above it but also from underneath it without having to move the object at all people have raised doubts they have said these look too small to have done any damage there must have been ceremonial and we just want to answer that question one way and we've been to a number of scenes of crimes where where objects you know not much heavier than this and certainly not much bigger than this have done an awful injury to people the scan will give the team an accurate digital image of the mace heads [Music] Duncan will then be able to compare the data with the digital dimensions of the hole in the head that he took at the start of the investigation just cuz they're three thousand years old doesn't mean that we can't apply modern forensics and come up with good answers we're adapting techniques that have only been adopted in the last two or three years to get answers for things that happened thousands of years ago despite having the latest in modern technology at their disposal the mummy investigation team is so far no closer to unlocking the mystery of how the mummy died Duncan is trying to digitally recreate how this man might have been killed and Joanne is planning to physically reproduce the same kind of brutal injury she wants to see exactly the kind of damage a real mace can do to a real skull she's commissioned stonemasons to reconstruct a pair of ancient Egyptian mace heads they're working the granite with diamond tip plates to ensure an accurate finish and Joanne is on hand to ensure the modern techniques match the high standards of Egyptian craftsmanship do you think this looks like I think it does I think it's coming on really nicely you like to take to something good further down yeah just just like a millimeter couple millimeters maximum just to get that nice ancient Egyptians wouldn't have had the luxury of power tools to fashion their maces they would have had to rely on Flint to shape the granite and then the coarse texture of sand to smooth it and the entire process would have taken weeks not hours just need to final rough it's a little bit bumpy I mean you can see already they're up there a little bit of a diamond it feels it feels very very tactile it feels just like the ancient ones because any fact that's just what you've created just put a handle in and you're whack Somebody absolutely back at the incident room duncan is ready to examine his virtual reconstruction of a mace attack what i've been putting together is the is the ross laser scanning data of the mace heads and so we have the data from the Mummy's head and now with this we have a digital resource that is the mace heads as well and i've been looking to see whether any of them are potential cause of death whether whether the mace has been used to inflict the injury above the eye i've ran through a number of hypotheses and and I've animated the one that seems to suit best and that is an attack from the front or from the side rather than from around the back when we digitally put them back on that shaft they come out to be the sort of dimension that you get with a claw hammer you've got a strong wooden shaft and then a weighty and in some cases you know quite pointed object that would cause a huge amount of damage you know I've seen the damage that objects like that can do to people and it's it is definitely a potential cause of death you would definitely be able to inflict sort of wounds that we're seeing above the eye right so is there a particular one that you think is going to be more effective or at least more likely to be related to the injury that we're looking at certainly the ones that we looked at that we were broadly in to sort of two categories there was the ones with the ridge on like you see here and then there were the ones that were sort of more rounded and blunt both of equal weight but I think that we're looking at the blunt one right here the size of the impact and also the sort of the more diffused shape to it Joanne is going to attempt to match the damage on the Mummy's skull to the replica weapon if the skull damage matches a mace could have been the murder weapon pigs heads have a similar skin and muscle structure to humans although the bone is thicker a mace will do similar damage to either skull the pigs heads will be struck by the two types of mace then there'll be x-rayed to see if the damage to the skulls matches images of the mummified head basically these the two very distinct types of mace heads the ancient Egyptians used as you can see they're very very different inside yeah so if I could give you those and then if I put on the heads themselves exactly where I'd like you to aim for to sort of replicate the kind of damage we saw on the mummy that will be absolutely tremendous so thank you over to go second one's done the most damage I think well you've got a brilliant aim so this this one was inflicted with with that one that's interesting and then this one that I felt personally would inflict the most damage hardly seems to have dementia contrary to their predictions the disc mace has been the more lethal implement with all the work that you've been doing do you think that a blow from a mace head could have been the cause of death for all for our individual I have to say that yes it could I have to say that nothing that I've looked at so far rules it out as a possibility we need to maybe look at them may get some extra who's done take this student and you know maybe get some x-rays done look at the type of wound that that I can't see so the damage is inside the skull both forensic experiments have been a success it looks as if the mummy could have been killed in a mace attack the team now needs real proof to support the theory the x-ray machine examines the damage the focus is on the trauma beneath the surface of the skull that can't be seen by the naked eye the x-ray images will give the team a closer look at the cranial damage to both pigs heads and the mummy to see if the wounds are consistent with each other professor Don broth well a leading paleo pathologist will examine the x-rays he's an expert in determining cause of death and was a leading investigator for the war crimes tribunals in the former Yugoslavia here we have the results of the x-rays back from the experiments we did on the pig heads with the maces you can see this one is the globe may said the circular one and the effects on the other side of the disc may said with the nice fine edge so very different injuries sustained on on each of the pig skulls and then we've got the actual skull which also shows this area of damage so I'd really like your opinions on the sort of comparisons we can see here in terms of the kind of injuries sustained going as far as the pink skulls are concerned the most damages in the case of the left one there's far more damage I can see in that area which is the top part of the snout to just where it begins to go into the sort of brainbox area whereas there's little evidence of any damage on the other one professor brothel has identified extensive damage on the pigs heads bearing that in mind the damage in the human skull is very modest and it follows the contour of a part of the frontal sinus system the air spaces inside little bird now had it been a real serious impact injury I would have expected damage to extend into the other parts from there the damage to the mummy's skull just isn't extensive enough compared to the more dramatic trauma visible on the pig skulls after all the tests a mace attack can be ruled out as the cause of death of this mummy but there's still the mystery of how the injuries did happen it's not an example of beheading it's not a victim of mace attack it wasn't a bludgeon to death so we need to try and establish exactly how such you know quite serious injuries were inflicted on this individual to be sure that the team haven't missed anything Joanne and Jill revisit the facts that they've already established about the mummy we know that he's male we know that he's high status both from the the quality of the embalming but certainly the results of the chemical analysis even show that the nature of the hair styling fixative applied to his hair so we know whether in life he would have been quite a dandy quite flashy would have worn the the wigs that they wore in those days of course really marking him out in society I think is a high-status individual when we look at the possibility that this individual came from saqqara which is the burial place of wealthy people it's going to be a prime place for tomb robbers to target this person's going to have been buried in all of their finery necklaces jewelry things like that so tomb robbers are going to want to come in and rip out all of this stuff because they've got to be in and out as quickly as possible what we've got here from the ancient times is somebody saying that we found this noble mummy of this King equipped like a warrior a large number of sacred eye amulets and ornaments of was at his neck it was a real smash and grab race a snake go in head of jewelry showing and I mean time was of the essence wasn't it so yeah it would have had to have done it as quickly as possible to avoid being caught because obviously the punishment being caught was really severe you know we know of examples of impalements beatings and all sorts so you know they really did have to be expert getting into these tombs and getting out with very quick so well that would explain both the the the beheading so cold and and this blow blow to the head so both of which are postmortem and both of which are certainly not the cause of death yeah but even though tomb raiding might explain these injuries the team is still no closer to establishing how the man actually died Joanne is hoping that leading radiologists stopped in McLeod's detailed examination of the x-ray results may offer some much-needed answers what we've got is the top of the skull there we've got the eye and we're just seeing the sort of outline of the nose there but what really intrigues me about this picture is what's happened to this gentleman's neck because here we've got the vertebra at the top of the neck then this little piece here which is what we call the odontoid peg bit that allows the head to rotate normally there should be a vertebra sitting there and in fact there isn't it's sitting here so it's been pushed right back if I could just put up a normal picture for you and this is a an older radiograph that hopefully will sort of show it because what it should look like and here we've got the same sort of vertebra coming up you can just see on the inside there there's this odontoid peg and there's the vertebra where it should be and you can see very clearly on here it's really gonna be pushed it right back would this have been inflicted in life or shortly after death this is an injury that must have occurred before mummification once the mummification process had taken place the skin would have been like leather and what would have happened if you'd apply this sort of level of force as the thing would have just smashed what kind of action could have could have displaced it it must have been somehow the head was lifted up and back almost lifted off to sort of create that it's very very unusual so some some kind of violent manipulation of the head off the neck it's almost as if the heads be the skull be lifted Oh certainly house in order to allow that vertebra to be literally physically dislodged over the top of the the vertebra beneath it that's really disturbing this man must have met a very violent death and what's interesting of course is now having knowing that if we go back to the original photograph that you bring in if it starts to make a little bit more sense because I noted when this strange-looking contortion of the neck and you know with it so but I have faith almost you could imagine a ligature or something around an area of the neck guard rrl or something of that nature which is obviously been pulled at great force it's contorted the neck and presumably because it's at the right site created that injury so what we're really saying here is it's quite possible that some sort of cord or ligature was applied around the throat to strangle this individual and pull tight to create this really horrific injury well that would certainly fit with what we're seeing here with some fast terrible terrible injury and what a horrific way to dying awful absolutely awful this has been one of the toughest assignments yet for the mummy investigation team this kind of status and mummification this standard isn't given to just anyone what we also have is beeswax woody have been so well marked out in society to have a minute made himself a target he could imagine a ligature which is obviously been pulled at great force but with limited evidence and no body to go on the team has managed to figure out when this man lived where he came from his social standing and they know that he was horrific Lee strangled to death strangulation was not a common method of state execution in Egypt and would be very unlikely in battle so the mummy investigation team can conclude the mystery man was almost certainly the victim of a brutal murder what I found quite emotional and almost humbling was how quickly he became not an object to be measured and looked at that became a person that you're tryna unravel [Music] I think the science has really helped to put this this individual into some sort of context even if we'd had the complete body we wouldn't have had any more results we couldn't have said more that you know who he was where he was from what the cause of death was he's a the kind of random attack you know somebody crowding in on this guy to sort of steal the wealth that he must have displayed in my [Music] [Music] [Music] you

Channel: Timeline - World History Documentaries

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Keywords: History, Full Documentary, Documentaries, Full length Documentaries, Documentary, TV Shows - Topic, Documentary Movies - Topic, 2017 documentary, BBC documentary, Channel 4 documentary, history documentary, documentary history, ancient egypt, ancient history, mummy forensics, history channel, national geographic, nat geo, history channel documentary, history of the world, Peruvian Mummies, The Missing Body

Id: ZHTa1yKcI0A

Length: 46min 32sec (2792 seconds)

Published: Thu Mar 07 2019