The Russians advanced towards Germany (January - March 1945) World War II

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January 1945 mark the beginning of the sixth year of the bloodiest and the most destructive war in the history of mankind. In Europe, optimistic hope to win the war before Christmas, what the British and Americans envisaged in September 1944, had been reduced to nothing by the fierce resistance of the Germans. The advance of the armies led by General Eisenhower, Supreme Allied Commander Europe, had been slowed down by problems logistics and a harsh winter. Although they were convinced that victory was now near, the race to Berlin was going to be difficult. Russian troops, English and American were getting closer in addition to the German capital. The first months of 1944 will see unfold some of the toughest battles brutalities of World War II. This finding is also true for the Pacific front, because the struggle to sweep the imperial japanese army was far from over. The Americans and their allies were preparing an attack on Japanese soil. Hope for a near victory was now anchored in people's minds. But as long as the troops German and Japanese refused to surrender bravely fighting, even if that defeat was inevitable, months of battles and the loss of many lives would still be needed before they can celebrate victory. The idea of rebuilding Europe was now the first concern, but cracks were starting to appear between the three main powers. Democratic Principles of the United States and Great Britain were in direct opposition with the brutal communist regime of Joseph Stalin. The Race to Berlin was now engaged not only to defeat Hitler, but it also turned out to be essential for the division of this territory immediately after the war. At this stage of the war, there was still a long way to go to go before a victorious conclusion. At the dawn of the new year 1945, all eyes were on to the Battle of the Bulge which was still raging. two weeks before, on December 16, 1944, a quiet and weakly defended from the American sector on the Belgian-German border suddenly found himself in the heart of a general German offensive. The hills and forests of the Ardennes, where had already taken place the lightning attack of May 1940, once again resounded thunders of artillery and the scraping of the tracks of the panzers on the occasion of the last attempt Hitler's Desperation on the Western Front. The Germans pushed towards Belgium because the immediate objective of Hitler was the Meuse, but his real strategic target was the port of Antwerp, 150 kilometers away. The loss of this logistics site major would have been catastrophic for Eisenhower's armies. There was an even greater risk of encirclement and destruction American troops. With only three divisions American infantry against half a million German soldiers, supported by almost 1,000 tanks and artillery pieces, surprise attack was an immediate success. Despite the resistance of the troops Americans after seven days of combat, Operation Wacht am Rhein had created in the American line a real salient of 100 km wide and 70 km deep. This is why the Anglo-Saxons call it The Battle of the Bulge, the Battle of the Salient. Day after day, American reinforcements arrived to defend the area. Hitler then realized that despite of its initial advantage, he had plenty underestimated the power and the resistance of his adversary. The commanders of the fifth and Sixth SS Panzer Armies soon realized that their troops weren't strong enough to reach Antwerp or the Meuse. The fuel was running low, allied air attacks against supply routes intensified and the advance of the sixth panzer marked time. On Christmas Day, the offensive in the Ardennes was stopped. Meanwhile, on the other side of the globe, the Japanese were still struggling to thwart the Allied advance. The end of 1944 had seen the Empire Japanese to shrink a little more. in the north of Burma, the British Army, led by General Bill Slim, supported by the American air force, had planned an offensive to take over the whole country. further east, a large amphibious force based in the Mariana Islands and in New Guinea, invaded Leyte in the Philippine chain of islands, 1600 kilometers long. Forced but desperate at the thought of abandoning his troops facing the Japanese, MacArthur had sworn: "I'll be back". He kept his word and on October 20, 1944, he landed in the Philippines, invading the island of Leyte. The US Navy had a few scores to settle and in the Battle of Leyte Gulf, she swept almost all Japanese Navy, including its remaining aircraft carriers. To the satisfaction American commanders, this victory was revenge of the attack on Pearl Harbor. In November 1944, the Japanese metropolis had begun to suffer the effects of war. From airfields in the Mariana Islands more than 2,000 kilometers away, the giant long bombers range B-29 Superfortress launched their first raids against Tokyo and other Japanese cities. The next step of the Pacific campaign was the assault against the islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa. Americans rejoiced of their advances in the Pacific. Far away, in Moscow, Stalin was also pleased of the turn what events were taking. Americans and British being engaged in the Ardennes against the panzers of the Wehrmacht, the Red Army could mobilize all its reserves for a massive attack in Poland. The principal objective of the Soviets was to resume the coal and iron mines of Silesia, the easternmost German industrial regions. smelling the perfume of the final victory, Stalin had in its line of sight Berlin. The way that things were unfolding, the Red Army would be there for months before the Americans and the British. On January 1, 1945, on a dozen battlefields in the whole world, was a day of death and more destruction. In Western Europe, the battle was raging in the Ardennes. The German attempt to take Antwerp to the North had failed, but the fifth panzer army which had swept through the heart of the Ardennes was still fighting for the taking of Bastogne, a Belgian city to which the network road from the Ardennes converged. Seizing it would open the road to the Meuse. Unfortunately for the Germans, the Americans defending the city belonged to the 101st Airborne Division. Perhaps the best soldiers of the entire US Army. At the end of December, they had were joined by three divisions of the Third US Army, sent there by General Patton, nicknamed "Blood and Guts". Motivated by their high commander in color who ordered them to drive like crazy their tanks and vehicles to successfully pass through the lines of the fifth panzer army, they managed to open up Bastogne from the German vise between Christmas and New Year's Day. However, the Battle of the Bulge was far from over and the bloodiest clashes of this winter 1944-1945 were to come. Refusing to give up the fight, the fifth panzer army launched new assaults in January against American troops, now six divisions strong. Hitler had other plans which he hoped to carry out to sweep the Allied defences. On the morning of January 1, hundreds of hunters Luftwaffe bombers invested the sky above of Belgium and the south of the Netherlands. The chef's contribution of the Luftwaffe, Hermann Göring, in the ground offensive in the Ardennes, "Operation Bodenplatte", finally arrived. Dashing at low altitude over the countryside, the attackers sprayed airfields with bombs and grapeshot. In a few hours, 465 British aircraft and Americans had been destroyed or seriously damaged. However, the cost to airmen of Göring had been extremely high, 277 German aircraft had been slaughtered. But the Allied air forces could easily replace lost planes while the Luftwaffe was unable to replace experienced pilots lost in this operation. It was a New Year's Day particularly agitated for the Germans, because fierce battles were engaged on the front line between Saarland and Switzerland during Operation North Wind, Hitler's last offensive in the West. Planned to exploit difficulties of Eisenhower in the Ardennes, soldiers of two army groups swept over the positions held by troops American and French along a front of a hundred kilometers in Alsace and Lorraine. However, unlike of the surprise offensive of the Ardennes, this time the Allies were ready. Although the Germans are managed to gain some ground, they did not achieve their goals. Having failed to deflect the allied troops of the Ardennes towards the southern front from Alsace-Lorraine around January 6, the Germans had abandoned any hope of taking Bastogne. This gave Eisenhower the opportunity to gather his strength around both sides of the Ardennes salient. In the north, the troops American and British were under the command of Montgomery with the 21st Army Group and to the South, the Third American Army was under Patton's orders. They were ordered by Eisenhower launch a convergent attack against the Wehrmacht in the Ardennes, with the immediate objective the road junction of the town of Houffalize. Only 40 km separated the troops of Montgomery of Patton's troops, but temperatures well below zero, particularly winter conditions rigorous slowed the progress, reduced to two kilometers per day. The frozen roads were braking tanks and motorized units, the engines froze and the infantry discovered that their guns and their machine guns were no longer working. There was also the risk mines hidden under the snow who also represented a very serious threat. Allied soldiers were poorly trained walking through deep snow and on frozen roads. The Germans, on the other hand, had already experienced extreme winters in Russia and were better prepared under these combat conditions. Despite the problems posed to the Allies by these weather conditions, Hitler realized that the game was over in the Ardennes. On January 8, 1945, he gave front-line officers permission to leave the salient west of Houffalize and seven divisions panzers in poor condition retreated through the city while the Allied artillery struck their line of retreat. Montgomery and Patton's Troops pursued the retreating Germans and around January 16, they recaptured Houffalize. At the end of the month, the allied front lines were the same again than six weeks earlier. Hitler's wager in the Ardennes had failed and Operation Wacht am Rhein had resulted heavy losses on both sides. The Germans had lost 91,000 men and although the Allies won the battle, they had not been spared. Among the American troops, the losses were 89,000 men, including 19,000 killed. The Battle of the Bulge was proving be the most expensive campaign of World War II. This commitment has not only had consequences in terms of human losses. He further revealed a number of internal problems within the Allied High Command, underlying for some time. Four days after the start of the offensive in the Ardennes, Eisenhower ordered Montgomery to take temporary command with all might British and American, in the northern part of the Ardennes. On the military level, this decision made perfect sense because the German offensive had undermined the American chain of command. However, this decision was not greeted cheerfully. US General Omar Bradley, famous for getting along with everyone hated Montgomery because he had difficulties to work with him in the past. He protested violently. Although Montgomery quickly stabilized the situation north of the Ardennes, his arrogant attitude hit the Americans. After telling the generals Americans that only their strategy was the cause of the ongoing crisis, he made them even angrier during a conference release on January 7, claiming it was him and him alone which had saved them from disaster. Livid with rage, Bradley and Patton threatened to resign unless Montgomery be relieved of his command in the northern Ardennes. To calm things down, Montgomery apologized for his rude remarks, which allowed him to keep his job. Resentments had not yet dissipated that we had to decide of a new strategic direction. The British, including Montgomery, supported by Churchill and his military advisers, continued to speak out in favor of a rapid operation, directed in priority to the German capital, Berlin. Eisenhower was not inclined to opt for such a maneuver, because American troops were now superior in number, in the ratio of three to one, to British troops in Europe. For his part, Stalin followed its own schedule. Since August 1944, powerful German forces blocked the Soviets in Poland, 800 kilometers east of Berlin. So, instead to push towards the capital, Stalin had decided to invade the Balkan States, south-eastern Europe. dominating the troops weaker Germans, soviet troops entered Hungary, in Romania and Bulgaria, taking over the fields oilfields of Ploiesti, vital for the economy of the Third Reich and triggering the fall of the regimes pro-Nazis from Bucharest and Sofia. In November 1944, Belgrade, the Yugoslav capital, had fallen into the hands of the Red Army and local communist supporters. In the months that followed, soviet forces progressing through the Hungarian plains, could not take the capital Budapest, because the Hungarian army, supported by important German reinforcements, fought fiercely. The German high command observed the strengthening of the Red Army on the Vistula front, in central Poland, with growing anxiety. Army Group A, responsible for the defense of this sector, amounted to only 400,000 men and just under a thousand tanks. It was a hopeless situation. Towards the end of December, the Chief of Staff, General Heinz Guderian, pleaded with Hitler to stop the fighting in the Ardennes and the larger shipment reinforcements on the eastern front. The Führer ignored this request. He was more and more cut off from reality and unconscious of the deterioration of the situation. At the start of the new year, he received a report German military intelligence identifying no less than 225 divisions infantry and 22 armored corps in battle order for the Red Army on the Eastern Front. He exclaimed: " Who is responsible of this pile of crap? » “Whoever it is, he will have to be sent to the insane asylum. » In fact, the Red Army was five times greater to 400,000 soldiers Germans of Army Group A. On January 12, the offensive dreaded Soviet began. A terrible dam artillery broke the silence and for the next 72 hours, three Soviet army groups, i.e. 3 million soldiers, 10,000 tanks, 20,000 artillery pieces and 7,000 planes passed the Vistula. Their main objectives were the iron mines and the steelworks of Upper Silesia, one of the German industrial areas which had been relatively spared by Allied bombing. In fact, Stalin and his close military advisers had a completely different idea in mind. They were determined to take Berlin before the British and the Americans. Three Recognized Soviet Leaders had received the mission to lead the Red Army to the German capital to fill the hopes and Stalin's dreams. Marshals Konev and Rokossovsky and the most famous among them Marshal Zhukov. Together they would sweep over Poland, approaching days after Berlin days. On January 7, the Polish capital, Warsaw, had been taken. While the Red Army continued its advance, East German civilians from Germany began to flee. More and more territories were falling. Nazi camp guards work and extermination joined the exodus to the West and with them hundreds of thousands of Jewish forced laborers. Hungry and exhausted by disease, thousands of them died in this pathetic march in the snow and the cold. Most of these men at the end of their tether came from the famous Auschwitz camp who was quickly released by the Soviets. Only a few thousand prisoners had stayed put when the soldiers arrived January 27, 1945. The ruins of the gas chambers and crematoria revealed the true extent unimaginable atrocities committed by the Nazis. At least 1.5 million people died in Auschwitz. For those who liberated the camp, penetrate between these walls was undoubtedly a terrible and indelible experience. The Soviet advance doesn't slow it down though. Hitler's Reign of Terror was moving inexorably towards its end. The Red Army continued his march to the West, creating among the Germans a wave of terror. The Russians crossed the border German-Polish pre-war. On January 31, Joukov at the forefront, reached the Oder at Küstrin, and on February 13, the first front Konev's Ukrainian joined him, creating a 75 kilometer front wide along the Neisse river. In just four weeks, the Red Army had progressed nearly 600 kilometers and the Soviet troops were then a hundred kilometers from Berlin. All of Eastern Europe was now under Soviet control. Stalin was full of confidence and in a position of strength. There was no doubt that Germany was heading for imminent defeat. Americans and British held their positions in the West. Churchill and Roosevelt started discussions on the final stages of the conflict, the restoration of order in post-war Europe. In early February 1945, Stalin persuaded Churchill and Roosevelt to come to the Soviet Union in order to meet him on the shores of the Black Sea, in Yalta, Crimea. The American president was eager to consolidate relationships with the Soviet leader. Beneath her joyful appearance, when Churchill arrived at the airfield, he nurtured a deep distrust of Stalin's intentions. However, it was necessary sign some agreements leaving aside personal opinions. On February 4, 1945, the three leaders and their main military and diplomatic advisors met at the Livadia Palace for intense negotiations which would last eight days. Ironically, the first point on the agenda concerned Poland, the nation that Hitler had invaded in 1939, forcing British and French to declare war on Germany. Churchill insisted so that free elections be held by the Poles. Ultimately, Churchill and the US President obtained that all nations of liberated Europe have the right in democratic elections. What was of utmost importance for Roosevelt was to ensure that Stalin adheres to the new world body, the United Nations, and also that he maintains his participation in the war against Japan. Stalin agreed to enlist in the war against Japan three months after the defeat of Germany, just as he accepted to join the United Nations. However, he demanded a high price for his participation in the Pacific War. To begin with, Stalin asked for recognition Soviet interests in Mongolia and Manchuria, who initially did parts of China. He also asked access to Port-Arthur in Korea and possession of the Kuril Islands, then occupied by the Japanese. Military officials of Roosevelt expressed reservations about these two worlds, but their president agreed each of these requirements. At the end of the Yalta conference, Stalin had obtained exactly what he wanted. After the war ended, America and England realized that a democratic and liberal world was the last concerns of the Soviet leader. Under his control, Eastern Europe was slowly sinking into communism. However, at this final stage of the war and considering the immediate future of Germany, the big three agreed: they wouldn't accept anything else than an unconditional surrender. The Red Army was ready to attack Berlin from the East. Stalin asked to the British and Americans to provide assistance substantial to his troops. Heavy Allied bombings against railway nodes in eastern Germany could interrupt the flow German reinforcements to the troops facing Zhukov and Konev. In England and Italy, thousands of bombers were available for these operations. So it was an urgent wish to which the Allies could respond easily and positively. A target focused all the attention leaders of the Allied bombardment. It was about the German city of Dresden, famous for its many architectural splendours, including a large number of palaces and who were admired as Baroque jewels on the Elbe. But just as much that artistic city, Dresden was also an industrial center actively participating to the German war effort and benefiting from a center major regional railway. She had escaped allied bombing due to its remoteness RAF bases, but after the Yalta conference, things were about to change. During February 13 and 14, 700 RAF heavy bombers took off towards the city. thousands of bombs incendiary and explosive were dropped on the streets and the elegant avenues of Dresden, and a terrible storm of fire broke out. Even before the bombardment does not end, the city was reduced in ashes and in ruins and thousands of people had perished. According to official figures, from 21,000 to 35,000 people had been killed, but the railway tracks that were the raid targets remained intact. The destruction of Dresden therefore did not affect the course of the war. On the other hand, the human toll presented by the manager of Nazi propaganda, Joseph Goebbels, was a great opportunity to embarrass the Bomber Command and its leader, Field Marshal Sir Arthur Harris, nicknamed Bomber Harris. Besides the destruction magnificent palaces and the city's cathedral, rumors of 200,000 dead, deliberately exaggerated by the services of Goebbels, circulating in the newspapers neutral countries, Sweden and Switzerland. The Foreign Office was informed. The devastation caused by Allied bombing were not confined to Europe. Indeed, far away, in the Pacific, General Curtis LeMay, also launched attacks against the cities of Japan which turned out to be just as horrible than the bombing of Dresden. The giant bombers B-29 Superfortress were aiming for Tokyo and other Japanese cities from their base in the Mariana Islands since November 1944. But these attacks did not prove as effective as LeMay had hoped. And in January 1945, he decided to change his strategy. The majority of the inhabitants Japanese towns and cities lived in houses of wood and paper. LeMay therefore understood than incendiary bombs would cause the damage the most importants. He felt that the attacks nocturnal at low altitude would be more effective than day raids at high altitude. On February 24, 11 days after the annihilation of Dresden, the Americans launched their first night raid against Tokyo with 170 B-29s loaded with incendiary bombs. The resulting fire destroyed 250 hectares of the city And that was only the beginning. Two weeks later, on the night of March 9, LeMay organized an even bigger attack on the Japanese capital, mobilizing 325 B-29s. Their holds were full of bombs with highly flammable magnesium, phosphorus or napalm. Their defensive weapons were taken away, to increase both their radius of action and their carrying capacity. When the planes took off, the weather conditions were perfect. The air was dry and strong winds were blowing, which should allow the extension rapid fires in the city. Flying in formation ranging from 5 to 9000 feet above the target to deceive the anti-aircraft artillery, american bombers approached the town. Nearly 1,700 tons of incendiary bombs were dropped on the city in 3 hours. Strong winds fanned the flames and the fire began to spread, powered by wooden houses. Dozens of thousands people were trying to escape, but their road was blocked by walls of fire. They had little hope of surviving. Four thousand hectares of city were consumed by the flames and when day broke, the bodies had become ashes. More than 100,000 people perished in the flames. What had been the air raid deadliest of the whole war had cost the American air force only fourteen B-29s. Between March 1945 and August 15, when the Japanese ended up surrendering, the crews of Curtis LeMay bombers would destroy 64 Japanese cities, two and a half million houses and harm the country's military industry. The Japanese estimate the cost human from these bombardments to over a million people. Seventy years later, the controversy spawned by incendiary raids against Dresden and Tokyo continues to rage. At the time, lawyers carpet bomb tactics, Marshal Bomber Harris and General LeMay justified it by explaining that she helped win the war by breaking the enemy's morale. However, in 1945, Japan did not give no sign of surrender. Although the Allies are about to recover many territories at the hands of the Empire of the Rising Sun, other battles were still predictable. American troops were still fighting to take back the land that they had lost since the trigger hostilities. In January 1945, General MacArthur was about to start the next step to recapture the Philippines. Leyte and Mindoro being already taken over, the next stage of the campaign, real revenge for the defeat of 1942, was the invasion of Luzon, the biggest island from the Philippines channel. On January 9, 1945, 175,000 American soldiers of the sixth army of General Walter Krueger landed on the coast southern Lingayen Gulf in Luzon. Defender of this Japanese territory, General Yamashita was informed that the Americans were superior in terms of firepower and mobility. He therefore ordered its 170,000 soldiers to withdraw in the heart of the jungle, where he thought he got a better opportunity to take over on his opponents. Despite the constant fighting throughout the month of January, on the last day, Krueger and his army were close from the capital of the Philippines, Manila. The Japanese realized that the island was slipping away from them. Meanwhile, a second landing carried out by airborne troops and a large amphibious force had come to support Krueger's army. On February 3, the first American troops entered Manila. Three years earlier, American soldiers beaten, marched through the streets of Manila with at their head their General Jonathan Wainwright, scruffy under the gaze triumphant Japanese. Those who had survived hell of recent years were still prisoners alongside many civilians. Free these thousands of men who were still suffering in the Japanese camps was a priority objective for Krueger. While the first and eighth US cavalry divisions and Filipino partisans advanced in the northern suburbs of the city, 6,000 Filipino civilians and citizens American and British Commonwealth were discovered interned at the University of Santo Tomas, as well as 1,000 prisoners of war in Bilibid prison. During this time, two commando raids organized by US special forces released hundreds of starving and abused captives Cabanatuan and Los Baños camps. Fights broke out Citywide, but the prisoners were quickly freed and taken to safety. All efforts were concentrated on the Manila takeover. Ironically, just like MacArthur in December 1941, Yamashita had wanted to spare the beautiful capital of the philippines of destruction and gave the order his troops out of the city. Yet 16,000 men Japanese marine troops and nearly 4,000 infantry led by Vice Admiral Iwabuchi disobeyed orders and reoccupied the city. The fighting escalated, in what was going to be retained by history books like the worst urban battle of the Pacific theater of operations. The civilian population of Manila found himself caught in the crossfire. Many were killed, thousands were shot or passed over the bayonet by the men of Iwabuchi, seized with murderous madness. women and girls Filipinas were hunted down, raped and murdered en masse. The Americans continued to attack the city by air raids and armored attacks, causing even more of human losses. The fighting did not end not before March 3, when the Japanese garrison was completely swept away. Civilian casualties had reached frightening numbers. For Filipinos and Americans, the victory had been paid dearly. The Americans had lost 6,000 men, including 1,000 killed, and the city having been practically razed to the ground, civilian casualties were estimated at at least 100,000. It was a terrible ordeal for the people of Manila. The Americans tried to restore order and civilians to rebuild their lives, while Allied operations to invade Japan continued even more intensively. While the battle of Manila was raging, an important force amphibious landing made up of aircraft carriers, cruisers, destroyers and battleships the US Navy's Fifth Fleet, was going full steam ahead to the island of Iwo Jima 1,500 kilometers south of Japan. Normally uninhabited, Iwo Jima is six kilometers long and a little over three kilometers at its widest point. She is dominated at her tip south by Mount Suribachi, an ancient inactive volcano 180 meters high. The objective was to transform this cluster rocks and volcanic ash in a huge airfield for Curtis LeMay's B-29s and escort P-51 Mustangs. This would allow to LeMay's bombers to be a little closer to Japan to hit Japanese cities. The attack on Iwo Jima started with ten weeks heavy aerial bombardment and three days of naval bombardment to break through the Japanese defences. Then on February 2, 1945, around 2 a.m., the Detachment operation, the invasion of Iwo Jima began. A deluge of bombs fell on the island and 70,000 marines prepared for the landing. Just before 9 a.m. the first waves of soldiers Americans set foot on the beaches. To their surprise, they found no trace of enemies. For a brief moment they thought that these weeks of intensive bombing had reduced to nothing the Japanese defenses. The reality of the situation was quite different. The intensive American bombardments had left the Iwo Jima garrison 23,000 strong practically unscathed. She had taken refuge in a network very extensive and complex of tunnels, bunkers, firing points and artillery positions. Suddenly the sky was filled with thunder of the most important dam artillery and mortars than most soldiers Americans have ever seen. He came from the Japanese positions on Mount Suribachi. The marines advanced towards the interior of the island, in a lunar landscape, unable to dig their hole in volcanic sand and having no other option than advancing in the face of the barrage. Many were pruned to pieces by the machine guns installed in camouflaged bunkers. At dusk, losses amounted to 2,500 men. The scene was described by a reporter like "a nightmare in hell". Despite these losses, american troops were slowly approaching from the base of Mount Suribachi. The troops defending the mountain were trapped. On the fifth day of the operation, a marine patrol managed to reach the top and fly the American flag there. Shortly after, five marines and a Navy medic, raised a second and larger American flag at the top. The spectacular photo of this event went around the world, symbolizing courage Marine Corps men. But the battle for Iwo Jima was still far from over. Three of the men appearing in the photo of Joe Rosenthal were killed shortly after and the last two continued to clean up the island, reinforced by the third marine division who progressed meter by meter and who, during the conquest of the island of Iwo Jima, suffered very heavy losses. Fighter bombers and ships fighters positioned offshore brought power undeniable fire. But pomegranates demolition charges and flamethrowers were the most effective weapons to neutralize the Japanese in their bunkers. During the fights which lasted a month, the Japanese were gradually chased from their underground hideouts, but at the price many, many American lives. Finally, on March 26, 1945, after 35 days of terrible fighting, the battle was over. From the Japanese garrison on the island, i.e. 23,000 men, barely a thousand had survived and made prisoners of war. The Americans had lost nearly 30% of their numbers, including 7,000 men killed. The Americans had suffered more casualties than the Japanese. Although the Allies finally have from a base closer to Japan, hence Curtis LeMay could launch its bombers, the fight for Iwo Jima gave a terrible glimpse of what lay ahead affected fighters to the next major operation in the Pacific, which was to be the invasion of Okinawa. In Europe, the Allied armies commissioned by Eisenhower were ready for the final act. Their goal was eliminate German forces west of the Rhine and then launch the final offensive in the heart of Germany. Montgomery's Troops began the offensive on February 8, by Operation Veritable. The British and Canadians attacked the German positions on a narrow portion of territory located between the Meuse and the Bas-Rhin, supported by an artillery barrage of 1,000 pieces which lasted 5h30. Support was expected from of the U.S. Ninth Army engaged in Operation Grenade to cross the Ruhr a little further south. Engineering troops German dynamited the dams who controlled the rivers in the area, causing a huge flood. Operation Grenade had to be postponed until the water level drops, leaving the British Second Army and the First Canadian Army fight alone in disastrous weather conditions. Finally, on February 23, Operation Grenade began. The U.S. Ninth Army launched his assault on the Ruhr, while General Bradley and its 12th Army Group launched its own offensive against the Rhine, Operation Lumberjack. On March 7, the soldiers of the ninth armored division took over the bridge Ludendorff in Remagen, before its German defenders don't have time to blow it up. General Bradley immediately gave the order to the first army to pass as many troops as possible on this bridge. Patton was also very active. On March 21, the Third Army had surrounded several German divisions. 24 hours later, Patton and his men crossed the Rhine between Mainz and Mannheim and this bridgehead was quickly secured. In six weeks the Germans had lost 290,000 men west of the Rhine. The Allies crossed the last significant natural obstacle to the west, the Wehrmacht could not do much more to prevent the Americans and British to advance towards Berlin. Winston Churchill, the First British Minister, arrived on March 24. He crossed the Rhine and put the foot on the east bank of the river, a very symbolic gesture. Churchill was in a hurry to advance towards Berlin, but considering the high number of soldiers lost, on March 28, 1945, Eisenhower made a decision at the beginning of the last operations of the North West European campaign. Much to the disappointment of Churchill, Eisenhower, anxious not to aggravate the toll of human losses, declared that Berlin was no longer a major military objective, thus leaving the Russians to seize of Hitler's last stronghold. Quite surprised by the news, Stalin ordered Marshal Zhukov and Marshal Koniev to come to the Kremlin to plan the final offensive of the Red Army against Nazi Germany. Soon the Soviets were going to start moving again and in just two months, the war in Europe was about to end. The final Countdown started for Berlin.
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Channel: Best Documentary
Views: 1,598,981
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Keywords: documentary, full, movie, english, hd, ww2, world war ii, germany, hitler, stalin, liam dale
Id: z105-We0N20
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Length: 53min 39sec (3219 seconds)
Published: Tue Feb 07 2023
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