Hey there, I’m Mike Rugnetta and this is
Crashcourse Mythology. Today we’re going to try to do justice to
the Norse pantheon--a very scary wolf, an amazing tree, a rainbow bridge, some frost
giants, and way more than what I learned from
reading Thor comics. No, not you, Thoth.
Your th is a plosive. We’re talking voiceless dental fricative here.
THOR. You know, this joke might work better in print. [Theme Music] We met some of the Norse gods when we looked
at one of their creation stories. The source for that myth, and many other stories
from Norse mythology, is the Prose Edda, an Icelandic compendium written by the amazingly-named
Snorri Sturluson around 1220 CE. This means that one of our main sources for
the tales of Germanic and Scandinavian gods and goddesses comes from the far edge of their
world. It’s also important because the Prose Edda
is relatively NEW. So one rainbow bridge we’re going to have
to cross here is the way that later Christian ideas influence the existing version of these
myths. Partly because of Snorri, there’s a tendency
to think of Norse mythology as belonging to Scandinavia, but that’s not quite right. The Norse Pantheon has roots in the religion
and mythology of Germanic people who migrated into Europe. The Romans, especially our pal Tacitus, recorded
what they understood of the Germanic tribes’ beliefs, but they translated Germanic gods
into their own terms. So Wotan, or Wodan, who we’re calling Odin,
became associated with Mercury. Tyr, or Tiwaz, a warrior god, became associated
with the Roman god of war, Mars. And Thor was Jupiter or Jove. In their own terms, there are two sets of
Norse deities: first, the Vanir, associated with the earth and fertility. They’re the older set of gods. And second, the Aesir, associated with the
sky. The Vanir were led by Freyr and Freya, brother
and sister and also king and queen. They were the children of Njord. Who also has a terrific name. According to Sturluson: “Freyr is an exceedingly
famous god; he decides when the sun shall shine and when the rain come down, and along
with that the fruitfulness of the earth, and he is good to invoke for peace and plenty. He also brings about the prosperity of men.” So he is definitely the god you want to honor
if you’re having a picnic. (Well, him and Amateratsu, Japanese sun goddess. And while we’re at it, why not also Aphrodite,
because EVERYONE HAS A THING FOR.. ok you get it)
The Vanir and the Aesir warred, but eventually reconciled and the Vanir came to live in Asgard,
one of the nine mythical Norse worlds. Although they also have their own realm, Vanaheim. Not to be confused with Anaheim, the realm
of Walt Disney, Oranges, and Online Video conferences. If you want the Euhumerist opinion, or, where
we take mythology as an explanation of historical fact, this war may reflect a time where there
were two competing religions among the tribal people of the north, which eventually teamed
up. Vanir and Aesir, stronger together! Like Voltron! But GODS. Another Norse god is Heimdall, also called
the White God. He’s associated with the sea because nine
waves birthed him... must have been a chaotic day in the maternity ward. Heimdall was the sentry of the gods and the
archenemy of Loki, who you might know from his role as Tom Hiddleston. According to Sturluson, “[Heimdall] needs
less sleep than a bird and can see a hundred leagues in front of him as well by night as
by day. He can hear the grass growing on the earth
and the wool on the sheep and everything that makes noise.” Boy, poor Heimdall. Imagine going to a dinner party and listening
to everyone chew. Some traditions place Heimdall in the Aesir,
some in the Vanir. The Vanir are also associated with a golden
boar said to travel above and below the earth like the sun. Gullinbursti, as it was called, appeared on
warriors’ crests and helmets, especially in Uppsala. Just like in Greece and Egypt, different gods
in the Norse pantheon were worshipped in different regions. Thor is probably the most famous of the Aesir. Probably the second most famous is Odin, Thor’s
dad. Odin is the father god, who was associated
with war, especially with the raw, almost ecstatic warrior rage of berserkers. He was also a wizard who swayed battles through
magic. Imagine, like, Gandalf, but with one eye,
lots of muscles, an unhealthy desire for arcane wisdom and a bit of a mean streak. Odin inherited his warrior-god nature from
his Germanic predecessors, Wodan and Tiwaz. As Kevin Crossley-Holland remarked: “A culture
finds the gods it needs and the Norse world needed a god to justify the violence that
[was] one of its hallmarks.” Basically, if you’re a warlike society,
a war god is pretty convenient. Odin inspired victory and foresaw defeat with
his shamanistic precognition . He was also the god of poetry who travelled to the land
of the Giants, Jotunheim, to drink the mead of poetry and bring it back to the Aesir and
Vanir. MMMM… poetry mead. Another part of Odin’s story is his sacrifice
and re-birth as a wiser god. According to one version he hung himself from
the world tree so he could drink the mead of wisdom. Guess Odin couldn’t stop at just one mead,
huh? This was when he sacrificed his eye, too. Odin was married to Frigg, a goddess who could
also see the future. Odin’s children were Thor, whose mother
was the Earth itself, Baldr, the most beautiful of the gods who was killed by Hodr his blind
brother, and Tyr, although one source has Tyr’s father as the giant Hymir. In some stories Baldr is a human warrior favored
by Odin. Baldr is “the wisest of the gods, and the
sweetest-spoken, and the most merciful, but it is a characteristic of his that once he
has pronounced a judgment it can never be altered.” Odin has another son, Hermod the bold, who
was sent to retrieve Baldr from a city in the underworld, Nifelheim, ruled by the goddess
Hel, yup, that’s Hel with a single hockey stick. And she was said to be a daughter of Loki,
who also helped kill Baldr. Loki is confusing. It’s never clear whether he’s a god or
a giant, or even whether he’s good or evil. He has been called the son of two giants,
but also the foster-brother of Odin. He’s a trickster, so maybe his uncertain
pedigree makes some sense? He’s also a thief, but also also sometimes
helps the Aesir. He’s the father of several monsters including
the World Serpent, Jormungand, the wolf, Fenrir, and Hel. Not to put too fine a point on it, but Loki
is. the. worst. as we’ll see in our episode on … Ragnarok! The mythical event. Not the comic book event. Not the movie event. Not even the Gwar record. Just the literal end of the world. Tyr is identified with war and justice. In some traditions, he’s also a son of Odin,
but as you’ve probably noticed, it’s not exactly easy to pin down parentage in the
Norse world. Blame those nine waves. Tyr’s position as a god of both war and
justice is interesting, given what we learned about Vikings in Crashcourse World History. While known for their fearsome raiding, Vikings
also had a strict legal code with certain elements of democratic governance. And they were really into skiing. There are other gods in the Norse pantheon,
but they don’t really feature much. Bragi, a son of Odin, was another god of poetry,
while Ull was concerned mainly with archery and hitting the slopes, brah. Yup. There’s a god of skiing. There’s Vali, Odin’s son who avenged Baldr’s
death. And Vidar, son of Odin and the giantess Grid,
avenged Odin’s death. I need an infographic. Oh, great. The Norse goddesses are relatively minor figures
in the myths. Freya is the only one who seems to have personality. She’s a goddess of love. Faithfulness to her husband, Freyr, is not
her strong suit. Her strong suit is definitely her amazing
feather jacket. She also has A CAT DRAWN CHARIOT. That is not a joke. And like Freya, goddess Geifon is one of the
Vanir and she is associated with ploughing and fertility. Eir is a goddess of healing, Sjofn and Lofn
are also goddesses of love. Var punishes those who betray their marriage
oaths and nothing can be hidden from her. Syn, with a Y, is a goddess associated with
justice. And who couldn’t love a goddess named Snotra,
who is associated with wisdom and self-discipline. And also head colds. THANKS I’LL BE HERE ALL WEEK! Snortra stands in contrast with Saga, goddess
of poetry, whose main role seems to be Odin’s drinking companion. Skål! Frigg is Odin’s wife and the mother of multiple
gods, but we don’t know much about her. She is a maternal goddess who mourns the loss
of her son Baldr, and was invoked by women in labor. Like Odin, she seemed to be able to know the
future. Now! On to a myth. I’m going to be honest: Norse myths are
like the frat party of mythology. There’s a lot of fighting and drinking and
laughing, though no beer pong. First, some quick backstory. Odin championed warriors, picking his favorites
and sending Valkyries to bring them to Valhalla, which seems like a nifty way to travel. Thor was the god of farmers, and there were
a lot of farmers in Scandinavia. But he was also a mighty warrior, huge with
a giant red beard. Not so bright, but who needs smarts when you’re
the god of thunder and lightning? He protected the Aesir and Vanir from the
giants, and in a stunning bit of surely coincidental wordplay... Mjollnir, his famous hammer was also a symbol
... of fertility. Let’s go to the Thoughtbubble. One day Thor woke up and couldn’t find his
hammer. He sent Loki to locate it. Loki borrowed Freya’s sweet falcon jacket,
turned it into an actual falcon and went searching. He found his way to the hall of the giant
Thrym, who said that he had stolen Thor’s hammer and he wouldn’t give it back unless
Freya agreed to marry him. Freya said, over my dead body. So, Heimdall, the sentry god, came up with
a brilliant idea: Put Thor in a wedding dress and have him pretend to be Freya! The other gods laughed and Thor sulked, but
Loki prevailed on him because without his hammer, the gods were vulnerable to giants. So they found a giant wedding dress and a
thick veil and headed off to Jotunheim. Once there, Thrym threw his new bride and
her bridesmaid, Loki, a wedding feast. Thor ate an entire ox, eight salmon, all the
sweets and three horns of mead. When Thrym commented that he’d never seen
a woman eat so much, Loki explained that “Freya” was so excited to be married that she hadn’t
eaten for eight days. Thrym seemed satisfied, but then he peeked
under her veil and saw his bride’s glowing red eyes. Loki again reassured Thrym that his bride
was so excited that she hadn’t slept for seven days. Finally, Thrym offered up Mjollnir as a wedding-symbol,
saying: “Put Mjollnir between her knees so that Var will hear our marriage oath and
give her blessing.” As soon as the hammer was placed between his
knees, Thor snatched it up, ripped off his veil and did what he does best: clobber giants. He crushed Thyrm’s skull and killed every
other giant at the wedding feast, including the women. The tale ends: “And so Thor, son of Odin,
won back his hammer.” Thanks Thoughtbubble, that was awesome. And disturbing. And of course, soaked in mead and blood. Norse gods, like Greek ones, are all too human,
and seem to misbehave accordingly. But unlike other mythic traditions, the Norse
sagas seem to lean less heavily on metaphor--they’re rollicking adventure tales, perfect for Vikings,
lusty warriors who like nothing more than a roasted ox, a few horns of ale, and a good
punch-up. And skiing. Thanks for watching, see you next time.
