The Biggest Serial Killer Of All Time (Born To Kill) | Our Life

he was kind thoughtful friendly pathological liar at the time when would have said an answer to prayer just what we needed [Music] access to death dealing drugs [Music] always well managed very polite perfect predator good company outside and extremely popular with everybody trust of the victims he was a nice guy he was a good guy perfect killing machine [Music] [Music] his patients were mainly elderly women living alone and vulnerable they adored their doctor harold fred shipman and even when their contemporaries began dying in unusually high numbers patients remained loyal the number of patients that dr shipman murdered is still unknown but his murderous roll call eclipses the toll of any other serial killer caught to date did events in his life turn him to murder or more simply was harold shipman born to kill harold frederick shipman is an interesting case to examine the very remarkable nature of his case is the fact that he was not remarkable we could say he can't be a killer because he's a bit like us harold shipman fitted in with society to a great degree and this was the very important feature which made it possible for him to go on and on to be one of the most prolific serial killers of all time for his victims death came in the afternoon but for harold frederick shipman it came in the early hours of the morning at wakefield prison on tuesday the 13th of january 2004 prisoner cj8199 the expert in death had timed his final act well he was beyond saving he had been alive at five a.m when the last check was made on him and he knew the next check was not for another hour as a doctor he also knew that four minutes was the maximum time he needed he has done is he's taken to his grave the um reason and the motivation behind his killing and left everybody guessing in relation to that and sort of perplexed forever more [Music] his suicide caused shock waves through hyde the town in greater manchester where most of his victims and their families lived hyde was such a lovely town it was a proper old-fashioned traditional community where sons and daughters still lived on their their parents doorsteps and they all lived near each of them they all understood each other it was a very close community with a warm heart so for shipment to be able to kill so many people in such a small safe community was doubly devastating over the years doctors funeral directors and even pharmacists had raised suspicions about dr shipman but such worries were swept under the carpet i found out that the police had actually investigated chipman before in march 1998 and quite soon after breaking the story i spoke to dr linda reynolds and she was the gp who courageously went to the local coroner john pollard and told him that she was worried that shipman had killed his patients on that basis i then instructed the police to make an investigation and that is what has now been referred to as the failed investigation because the police came back to me about a fortnight later and said they'd investigated and quite frankly they could find nothing wrong the fact is they came back to dr linda reynolds and told us she was mistaken that shipman was a pillar of the community and you know she must be careful what she's saying about such people and um chipman went on to kill three more women after that dr shipman might have carried on killing for years if it had not been for the suspicious death of kathleen grundy on the 24th of june 1998. the last person to see her alive was dr harold shipman when he'd gone to her home to take routine blood samples when kathleen grundy died she left a will that will whizzmere down in favor of dr shepman but her daughter angela woodruff i got this copy of a will and she was absolutely astonished because if you look at the actual will it's so amateur if you've got a phone you will then you get about two out of ten for for injury it simply wasn't very good kathleen grundy's daughter believed that the signature was not actually her mother's so consequently the document needed to be examined the officer who was given the case to handle started talking to a couple of people he knew one of them being the local undertaker allen massey who said well i've been really worried about the number of cremation certificates i've mentioned it to people before they've taken no interest but had so many of them there was the fact that shipman's fingerprint appeared on the will when in actual fact in interview shipment denied that he'd ever seen the will the fact that shipman actually owned the typewriter that the will had been typed on and that in interview he suggested that mrs grundy used to borrow the typewriter but he couldn't suggest to us who had returned it to him after the will had been prepared it was decided that kathleen's body needed to be exhumed and forensically examined to discover the true cause of her death the investigation into kathleen grundy's death was uh undertaken uh in the knowledge that uh there had been an earlier investigation into dr shipman's activities that had involved 19 deaths about a fortnight into the inquiry there was interest from a local newspaper my news desk at the manchester evening news was tipped off about the death of kathleen grundy in the fact the police were investigating her gp i rang the police and they didn't want to comment any further the police decided that the families of the 19 people who died should become aware of the reinvestigation before the story broke i then went into hide to find out more about the case from the people who knew kathleen grundy almost immediately i bumped into two old ladies and they said oh you mean dr death dear and i said i beg your pardon and they said well they say he's a good doctor but you don't last lots of old ladies have died with dr shipman [Music] family members then told us very similar stories to the story that we had already uncovered in relation to kathleen grundy that is when i started to realize that this was much bigger than one death that dr shipman had been involved in [Music] we carried out the examination and a pathologist actually performed a post-mortem shipment of course had certified the death at the time it had occurred as being old age he could not confirm the cause of death that shipmate had put and consequently we sent samples off for analysis there were levels of diamorphine in the body of the deceased which were sufficient to have led to her death of course mrs grundy had not been suffering from any serious illnesses that required her to be administered diamorphine at that stage i was totally convinced that they were on to someone here who had committed many heinous crimes the community were absolutely wholeheartedly behind dr shipman at this point he'd he groomed that community so that they truly believed in him and thought that he was looking after them when in fact he was killing them by the hundred [Music] the kind of victims you pick the elderly people are what we call the category of less than dead in other words the kind of people that if they passed away you don't actually notice so well um they're not the kind of people are going to cause a big fuss because almost it's expected and in fact counter to most serial killers he's one of the few people who could probably get the relatives or the council to take away the body for him the way in which the victims were found was in itself quite disturbing many of them were found fully clothed in the middle of the daytime often sitting upright in a chair or on a sofa [Music] in some of those cases shipment had actually certified on the cremation form that he'd carried out a full external examination of the body and yet the victim was still sitting there fully closed shoes on you know the sleeves buttoned down to the wrist dresses that buttoned to the neck well how you can carry out a full external investigation in those circumstances i just don't understand often in the medical notes which he'd made up suggesting that these people had had heart conditions for example when they hadn't really and then saying well they must have had a heart attack of course somebody having a heart attack doesn't just simply fall asleep sitting in a chair looking very relaxed life just isn't like that [Music] police investigated shipman's book of death certificates they made a list of 15 deaths that they decided should be investigated as a priority of the victims on this list nine had been buried and six cremated [Music] more exhumations were ordered police also learned that dr shipman had often encouraged the relatives of his victims towards cremation in each of the examinations that took place tests were carried out and in most of those morphine was discovered in the body and that led to a prosecution in relation to that death the police inquiry would also reveal shipman's modus operandi he would often kill his victims most of whom were elderly with an injection of morphine and then returned to his office to falsify their medical records on his computer to exaggerate their poor health in the case of kathleen grundy he had back dated several entries to suggest she had become addicted to morphine the thought of an eighty odd year old former lady maeres of the town of hyde scoring bags of heroin in the back streets of manchester seems to me ludicrous and ridiculous and a gross insult to her memory quite frankly being a gp placed harold shipman in a position where in public he could actually carry out the very activities that in private he wished to carry out and actually project them in the community and wander around the community and make it quite clear to people that you know i am a great doctor on the 7th of september 1998 shipman was arrested on suspicion of murder [Music] who was the real dr shipman what made him a monster in order to actually find out about this actual behavior and how it developed we have to look back in time very closely at his childhood and even beyond [Music] in september 1998 harold shipman was convicted for 15 murders the shipment inquiry now documents that he killed 284 people over a period of 30 years before he allowed suspicion however no one really knows the true number of his victims the shipment case is unusual there was no highly publicized trail of bodies no madman on the loose until shipman was arrested in connection with the kathleen grundy case no one could have known just how many murders had taken place if we wish to find out whether harold shipman was in fact born to kill we need to examine early childhood looking for patterns of behavior which would indicate that they carry traits that their temperament is different with harold we realize that on the surface it seems like a very ordinary childhood a very ordinary background but if we dig deeper we know that there are going to be clues as to why he ended up where he did harold frederick shipman nicknamed fred or freddie was born into a working-class family on june 14 1946 in nottingham he was a distant and slightly aloof child maintaining a distance between himself and his contemporaries mainly due to the influence of his mother vera i think his mother uh certainly um encouraged him to the uh not the path of righteousness but she thought fred was special she wanted him to be special and now he was the middle child the elder sister pauline left school at 15 was no great academic his brother clive wasn't as bright as younger brother but fred brought up in a decent and fairly new council estate in nottingham past his 11 plus i got into the local grammar school high payments which was extremely prestigious to do so he studied hard he didn't mix very much with local kids and his parents like my parents like lots and lots of other working-class parents woulda would have been so proud our boy is going to the grammar school shipman's school days at high pavement were largely unspectacular like so many other grammar school entrants he went from being one of the bright kids at junior school to being run of the mill amongst so many other clever boys fred was very serious and i think it may be that he had to work harder than the most and i know he had a real respect for his family and i think he thought that they'd made an effort his parents had made perhaps a sacrifice his mother really didn't want fred to be as it were in this area and have the same kind of career as other boys and having him focus exclusively on his studies meant that fred was not really integrated into the real world and he was allowed to build up fantasies fantasies of power and fantasies that perhaps might have had a sexual connotation because fred was not really allowed to develop socially and sexually normally vera decided who fred could play with and when she wanted to distinguish him from other boys she was more ambitious for harold than her other children perhaps because he seemed more much mature he seemed like much older and when certain incidents occurred at school which perhaps i didn't mean anybody else you'd you'd had a good laugh and he had made him pay for it but with freddie didn't one of the best examples of that is the ruby club dancers that we had he turned up with his sister and they used to dance together and this strangely uncoordinated way totally different and i think she was taller than him as well we just respected him it's strange the fact that fred got respect from his friends um is a little bit surprising because of his social alienation however by playing it by the rules by creating an act fred just simply coexisted with these people and formed no real um problem in relating to other people so he was able if it were as it were just to slot in he didn't really have any difficulty because he didn't create any difficulty on friday the 21st of june 1960 when fred was just 17 his mother vera died of lung cancer an illness that he had kept strangely secret from his classmates the family gp visited the house regularly in the weeks before vera's death giving her welcome injections of morphine in ever decreasing dosages he met schoolmate michael heath on his way to school the following monday morning when he told him his tragic news most days fred would be coming along along the road here from his house and we would meet at the bottom of the road here and we'd stop here and just say a few words and then we'd walk walk on to the school and um it was on on one of those those mornings monday morning when um i met him at the point just there and just asked him what sort of weekend he's had and he was then he said my mum had died his mum died and you know that's quite a shock really fred never said anything to me other than once on a bus i seem to remember him saying my mum's not very well but that could have been that she'd got a cold that's been terrible what what did you do how did you cope and he said bro got my gear on went for a run and he ran in the pouring rain so he must be absolutely saturated he grieved in a very strange way he ran for months and miles and months all through the night in his school running shorts and t-shirts and it was quite an amazing thing he just seemed the same as he did any other day but he must have been going through hell for weeks months before fred would be the one who sat with her and waited for the doctor to come around and give her an injection of morphine and he was at her bedside when she died and that was a moment that obviously impacted on him greatly here's the school gates what was the school um there's ten minutes on on that particular morning that he told me that his mom and dad were awkward to say the least and i must admit when when we arrived it was a bit of a relief for us to go far in separate ways it's interesting that he'd shown no interest in medicine or said he wanted to be a doctor until after his mother passed away many have drawn the comparison between fred's experience of his mother dying under morphine and his later use of morphine to actually execute the old ladies now there has to be a connection and very few people have actually drawn why one leads to the other if you look back in fred's history he constantly used exercise exercise generates what we call endorphins endorphins are extremely powerful opiates a hundred sometimes a thousand times more powerful than heroin now fred was accustomed to this if you like when his mother passed away he experienced what many people experience when a family member finally passes away after a grueling period he felt relief he felt a certain lifting and this experience was then compounded because he went out for whatever reason and ran all night and that extra opiate running around his body will have given fred a euphoric high hence this situation was likely to be repeated and give him pleasure in the future fred failed to get the grades he needed to study medicine at leeds medical school common with many serial killers with lower self-esteem they always aspire to be better than they want to be up with their peers to be you know they they envy their peers kenneth bianca the hillside strangler always wanted to be a cop everybody all his schoolmates were all succeeding around him with good grades he was a failure they're always scrubbing to get out scrabbling to get somewhere after resetting his exams the following year he was eventually accepted into leeds medical school in 1965. did shipment decide to become a doctor to save people or to have the power to kill them when shipman first went to leeds he regularly got a bus into leeds every morning and on that same bus with there was a young girl called primrose oxtaby who like shipman had had a rather austere upbringing she left school at 15 without any qualifications and she got onto an art and design course at ecology needs and on that bus it was very good looking at the time shipment and they're headed off but very quickly after meeting after about six months she was pregnant shipman was careless reckless for the first time in his life there's not married at a register office there isn't even a photograph in existence of that wedding shipman qualified from leeds medical university and went on to pontiff general infirmary to train as a junior doctor after 12 months he was duly licensed to practice medicine according to the shipment inquiry this was where his first recorded murder took place the shipment inquiry found that he killed a four-year-old girl for example and and she was very very ill and and dying and her mother left the room saying please be kind to her and he took that as his cue to kill her he might have pretended that that was euthanasia and that he was doing that child a favor but he wasn't because that child didn't die in her mother's arms her mother was having a cup of tea in the hospital cafe so i think even then he had a very cruel streak that wanted to end lives come what may it is absolutely uncertain exactly where harold shipman began to kill people it may have been the case of the four-year-old girl but we do know that as he approached that time harold will have had some swelling and some strangely unexplicable pleasurable feelings that were probably associated with the event with his mother and he would suddenly start to feel he was in that powerful role that controller of life and death in a way it harks back to that very moment when he thought he should be that gp by his mother's bedside by 1974 he was a father of two and had joined a medical practice in the yorkshire town of todd madan in this north english setting fred seemed to change character he became an outgoing respected member of the community in the eyes of his fellow medics and patients we're moving into general practice as a junior partner was clearly very attractive and he went and worked at the abram omarod practice in dodman where there was illness among the partners and dr michael grave welcomed him with open arms he was extremely good almost manic in the way he carried out his duties and brought us all the latest techniques and kept us very much up to the mark he was really you at the time when would have said an answer to prayer just what we needed the doctors did not choose their patients the patients chose the doctor that they liked and fred had quite a devoted following who felt that he was the bee's knees and would do the best for them in all circumstances harold shipman underwent a metamorphosis he changed from being the very asocial mummies boy who didn't really get on very well with people into a gp who would establish himself in this area and find that suddenly he could relate to people and grow if you like as a pillar of the community however harold shipman did have a different agenda but the staff in the medical offices where he worked saw a different side of the young practitioner he wouldn't delegate he wouldn't let the nurses give injections for him for instance he wouldn't let the pathology technicians when they came out once a week to take blood samples for patients now fred would insist on doing all these himself nobody had any idea that he was guilty of any kind of malpractice although it would emerge later in tolmadan that there was an instance where three patients of his died in one day and for a long time one of them eva lions was thought to be his very first victim [Music] but the village doctor wasn't as perfect as the fellow gps thought it was discovered that he had a drug addiction [Music] one of the other doctors in the practice uh happened to be in the pharmacist and she opened the book and said you know well you should look at this you know and there were scores of entries and he'd amass huge amounts of bethady clearly not for patients but for himself well he said he was addicted to president because they were told you shouldn't give your patient anything that you haven't tried yourself and finding that it sustained him in his manic state because he was quite manic in what he would do he'd take on these enormous loads and get through them and perhaps the president was what enabled him to do it and he was so sorry for had you have to go and he booted his medical bag across the surgery whether i'm studying and off he went he thought that i was the devil incarnate and i never spoke to him again it is that point when a serial killer is confronted with the obvious they retreat either with the excuse society has fitted me up it's not my fault or they explode and that's what shipment was basically doing how dare these little doctors these little people these these people that are lower than me how dare they question me how dare they because he believes he's got this thing how dare these people are much lower than me my mother's always taught me this way how dare they interrogate me who are they shipman was ultimately forced out of the practice and into a york drug rehabilitation center in 1975. two years later his many convictions for drug offences prescription fraud and forgery cost him a surprisingly low fine of 600 pounds after about a year or so he saw an advert for a junior partner in a practice and hard and he applied for it and when he went there he was totally open about his previous drug habits and said look and completely clean i was under enormous stress the general medical council was going to allow me to carry on working as a doctor and i'd love another chance and they believed him and took him in in 1977 he was accepted to practice in the donnybrook medical center in hyde and it was here that he felt free to kill you know high's not very big town and obviously we had a shot we knew lots of people that were fred's patients and everybody seemed to have the same opinion that he was a caring guy you know he just seemed a normal guy again he played the role of the dedicated hard-working and community-minded doctor highly respected in the area and making many friends we went to a couple of social functions with them they were good company outside and extremely popular with everybody that was there giving the impression the guy was just a normal guy you know harold shipman found it very much more comfortable to kill and be in a hide hyde was a fairly small naive community where he would be accepted this you know tweed wearing friendly local gp character harold shipman had had what we call career development as a killer he had actually developed as a killer to the stage of being dr god i think shipment went into single-handed practice purely to continue killing [Music] clearly if he worked on his own nobody would know exactly what he was up to [Music] most times he was okay but the other time he was a bit off office so you know you tend to wonder what were those days were those days maybe when something happened you don't know [Music] it makes you think because of the nature of the shipment case it may never be possible to document the exact number of murders he committed the number and patterns of deaths in dr shipman's practice was examined when it was compared with those of other practitioners significant differences appeared notably that the rate of deaths of elderly patients was disproportionately high other variations appeared deaths were often clustered at certain times of the day patients records and previous symptoms were mismatched and dr shipman was usually in attendance the question remains why wasn't he stopped earlier [Music] in order to ascertain why harold did what he did you have to examine those little chinks those flaws that show a glimmer under the surface of this projection as the good doctor as the average man in this macabre tale dr shipman's former patients are grateful he was finally stopped could they have been next and there's little doubt that some owe their lives to a determined and intelligent woman named angela woodruff determination to solve a mystery about her mother's will helped ensure that on monday the 31st of january 2000 the jury at preston crown court found shipman guilty of murdering 15 of his patients and forging the will of angela's beloved mother kathleen grundy it's difficult to believe that we were friends with fred shipman who was one of the biggest serial killers in great britain but when he's such a normal guy he just fooled everybody [Music] you shouldn't be playing god anyway nobody should be doing that [Music] many of his victims lived on their own a lot of them used to regard his visits to them as being something to look forward to there were many instances of them being dressed in their best clothes as if they were getting a visitor and it was something to look forward to and therefore you know let's put on something nice because the doctor's coming to visit that was all part of this great power trip that he was on that their last words would have been thank you doctor [Music] mistake number one shipman's use of the drug morphine morphine is one of the few poisons that can remain in body tissues for centuries there are other substances which he could have used which would have been either less traceable or even not traceable at all within the body why he chose to use diamorphine i don't know one reason might be that he was simply not quite as clever as he thought he was and didn't realize that it would be so traceable so easily the other reason may be that he actually was quite willing and wanted to be found out at some stage mistake number two the typewriter and the badly forged will so when shipman murdered mrs grundy and the forged a will what was happening did he want to get caught was he looking for a way out of what [Music] having killed 283 people uh we can it comes to catherine grundy well anybody's fair game he's not been found out so far so far even though he most certainly should have been but the fact is he was a hospital doctor and a gp who was never challenged i was very surprised to see that will and what a mess it was so i think at that point maybe he wanted to get caught on the other hand maybe he felt invincible [Music] i think that harold was becoming a little bit paranoid as to whether he was in safe territory and he was testing the ground to find out whether or not people were suspicious of him and also to prove to himself that he could talk his way out of this amongst these people that were his intellectual inferiors his actual reason for doing it i'm not sure i must be honest i really don't know i think he expected to set the world on fire but instead he faced a series of setbacks he got primrose pregnant while he was a medical student he became addicted to petherdine and was caught so in the end he was quite disappointed with what he appeared to be he was quite small and lowly and quite a small man and i think that disappointment fueled an anger and an addiction to killing certainly there is grandiosity involved he acted like a supreme being a godlike figure who clearly had the power over life and death and he chose to kill people at a time when he wanted to kill them so why did he kill some speculate he hated older women citing comments he made about the elderly being a drain on the health system others feel he was recreating his mother's death scene in order to satisfy some deep masochistic need i think his mother's death informed the murders and gave him a theme but i don't think it's the reason a lot of people lose their mothers when they're teenagers to cruel and painful diseases and we don't all go out and start killing hundreds of people i think he had a personality disorder to start with but the fact that his mother used to wait for him to return from school sitting in the window with a cup of tea and the doctor would turn up and give her a morphine and that was her relief from the terrible pain of the cancer i think that was very important to him when he did start killing the first time that harold shipman actually killed someone it is probable that in his mind there was rising pleasure associated with the incidence of his mother's death at that point he will have felt a certain amount of power and control and a certain calmness associated with the euphoria with his mother and this would have been rewarding enough to propel him forward but i feel that that form of euphoria in contrast to many other serial killers would have died out fairly quickly after the incident despite overwhelming evidence of his guilt harold shipman continued to maintain his innocence and shield the motives of his crime even in prison when fred first went into prison my wife started to correspond with him because you know she firmly believed that he was innocent [Music] there are around about 25 letters which were written in all the letters there's obviously no reference to the fact that he's admitting to anything at all he was definitely trying to keep as much normality about his um actions as he possibly could so that anything that people might come up with about what he's supposed to have done seemed totally illogical he'd been to a house rolled the sleeve up administered morphine killed her that's what happened isn't it doctor no harold always maintained his innocence to me um he never wants as far as i know to eat to me or any of the other prisoners admitted to the guilt of actually merging any of the patients the levels were such this woman actually died from toxicity of morphine not as you wrongly diagnosed in plain speaking you murdered her no when doctor was finally convicted my wife was very upset and i said well there's only one thing you can do i said you can't write to the guy i said i think you know judging by the amount of evidence has been put forward and the time it's taken i said i think it's pretty conclusive that he is guilty i remember when he first tried charging him for 218 murders on top of what they already accused him of that was the first time i'd ever actually seen him react to his trial on what was going on and i remember when he came back from court i just broke down in tears and was explaining to me what i've gone and he said the china pin another 218 murders on top of me i mean i don't know where it's coming from or where they're getting no evidence from or anything you know where they're getting these stories used to call them um um that was the first time actually seen a reaction from him um he smashed his cell up basically you just went berserk harold shipman never admitted to his crimes not to prison warders not to prison inmates harold shipman maintained the act that he'd started in childhood where he as it were acted out the role of a social person where he acted out the role of the good doctor he could not at the end of his existence change that because if he had admitted that he had done this he would unpick and undo the fabric of his entire life which was built on a facade in an extraordinary turn of tables shipman saved his cellmate's life i saw scared of being in a cell with dr shipman because of the reputation the rest of the prisoners used to as he was saying to me that's up not so he's that doctor that's killed all the patients like i mean um i was in fear for my own life so much i took i attempted to take my own life himself because i was i was that much scared like i mean he cut me down and just trusted me but after that we seem to get on pretty well he was so intent on murder that was his pleasure why didn't he leave me to die shipman had a particular victim type with a method of killing them that he was comfortable with in locations again either the victim's territory or somewhere he was in control the guy he revived was most certainly not sick in in in the clinical sense he um was not the preferred victim type of shipment and i think shipman probably did then the only decent thing he'd ever did is becoming a doctor instead of taking lives he saved one i'm still confused um because like i can't understand as a man such as harold like i said to me is a friend i'll he could have gone about doing it all those people i mean it's not something i mean it's not a natural thing is it to take human life to many of dr shipman's victims his suicide is a final betrayal not only did he kill their loved ones but he escaped the punishment of spending the rest of his natural life in prison i think fred planned his suicide i think he knew exactly what he was doing i think he knew about the fact that primrose would be financially better off if he died before a certain age he made sure primrose was well looked after and again he was winning the game and he was he was beating the authorities not only that he was taking his secrets to the grave [Music] i think one of the main issues with regard to harold shipman was that he was a doctor we all learn from a very early age that doctors are to be trusted from the evidence we have the question is was harold shipman born to kill when we look back at his early life we see a trait that seems to run through that trait seems to make him objectify people stops him feeling the feelings of others in the way that we do and call empathy he also seems to have prevented him from normal childhood development to created a world of fantasy to actually have led and helped certain incidences in his life where he adopted the role of a gp of a trusted person who then went on to kill people rather than prolong their lives yes it would seem that without that early characteristic none of the other events would have had sufficient impact to actually lead to that line of behavior therefore it would seem that harold shipman was in fact born to kill how do i feel towards him now indifferent you

Channel: True Lives

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Keywords: our life, documentary, world documentary, documentary channel, award winning, life stories, best documentaries, daily life, real world, point of view, story, full documentary, documentaries, real life, born to kill, serial killer, serial killers, mass murderers, true crime, true crime documentary, crime, murderers, serial killer documentary, harold shipman, doctor death, dr death, angel of death

Id: dkcEAOQZHgI

Length: 45min 37sec (2737 seconds)

Published: Sun Jan 02 2022