[Music] the solar system is not at all like you think it is the earth is round mercury is the hottest planet and the Sun is yellow it would seem that these are all simple undeniable facts known even to those with no real knowledge of astronomy however it's time to think again does the moon have a dark side the view that the sun's rays shine only on one side of the moon leaving the other side in permanent darkness is quite widespread this belief results from the fact that our satellite only ever has one side facing the earth while the other is impossible to observe from the ground in fact the Sun shines and warms both the visible and invisible parts of the Moon the truth is that the period the moon takes to revolve on its axis coincides with the amount of time it takes to orbit the Earth that's why we only see one side of it [Music] the moon is probably a chunk of the earth before our planet had its cosmic companion scientists believed that the early Earth was all alone in its path around the side then about four billion years ago when the earth was still just a baby a gigantic space rock the size of Mars and with a lovely named Theia collided with our planet as a result a huge chunk of the earth broke away and later became our satellite the mo and our planet never felt lonely again Oh a happy ending [Music] imagine neuron star so fast they devour everything in their path clouds that smell of fruits and enormous gathering of galaxies and Louie Armstrong music in space these are some of the unbelievable things you can find in our cosmos the universe is enormous fascinating and full of secrets with a history that is billions of years old there are still millions of things to be discovered today we'll tell you about unbelievable things that are currently in space black widow mating is a dangerous business for a male black widow spider since there's a big chance that the female will devour them while mating that's why in 1988 when scientists found a pulsar that seemed to devour a nearby star they named it the black widow pulsar a pulsar of this kind is a neutron star that rotates at about 600 times per second and emits electromagnetic radiation the black widow pulsar orbits a brown dwarf star and it completes the orbit in just over nine hours so it's basically a super fast spinning star that sounds really cool right but keep in mind that the black widow pulsar is slowly killing it's brown dwarf companion the high-energy emissions and wind of the pulsar chip away at the dwarfs material and will eventually eat it away entirely calculations suggest that it will completely evaporate the brown dwarf in about a billion years in essence eating the smaller star gives more energy to the pulsar just like a black widow spider [Music] do you know how many habitable planets exist where would you run off to if something happens to our beloved earth what if you just wanted to take a vacation somewhere very very far away you might be happy to learn that eight point eight billion earth-sized planets have been discovered so far and that's just in our Milky Way galaxy alone over 30 of those planets are very likely to be habitable to human beings we only learn that there were worlds outside our solar system twenty-five years ago but scientific teams have been hard at work trying to discover habitable planets we don't know if any of those planets hold extraterrestrial life but we'll worry about that when we get there Kepler 62e in 2009 NASA launched a space observatory called Kepler to discover earth-sized planets orbiting other stars 1,200 light-years from Earth the Kepler spacecraft discovered that Kepler 62 system Kepler 62e is an exoplanet believed to be a Waterworld here's a quick science lesson an exoplanet is a planet that orbits a star outside our solar system but now back to Kepler 62e the planet is 1.6 times the size of the earth researchers at Harvard University hypothesized that Kepler 62e has very cloudy skies and a warm and humid atmosphere all the way to the polar regions [Music] blue sunset on Mars now on earth people are used to a beautiful sunset that's painted in hues of orange red and yellow on Mars however the normally pinkish red sky turns blue as the Sun goes down under the horizon it's because Mars is much farther away from the Sun than Earth making the sunlight less intense the fine dust in the Martian atmosphere absorbs the blue light and gets rid of the warmer colors that you typically see on earth whether it's blue or yellow both sunsets look spectacular is the temperature of mercury higher than on other planets everything seems logical here mercury is closest to the Sun therefore its surface temperature must be higher than all the other planets however the hottest planet in the solar system is actually Venus despite the fact it's 31 million 70,000 miles or 50 million kilometers further away from the Sun than its neighbor the average daytime temperature on Mercury is around 662 degrees Fahrenheit or 350 degrees Celsius whereas it can reach 896 degrees Fahrenheit or 480 degrees Celsius on Venus the reason for this is Venus's atmosphere mercury has practically no atmosphere to speak of whereas Venus has a very thick one made up almost entirely of carbon dioxide this creates a strong greenhouse effect trapping all the sun's heat and making Venus incredibly hot the Earth's magnetic field is changing earth has a strong magnetic field thanks to two important factors its nickel iron core and a pretty fast axial rotation the magnetic field is vital for Earth because it protects the planet from the impact of solar winds we think of our planet's magnetic field as something constant and stable but the truth is that is changing researchers say that since the 19th century the northern magnetic pole has shifted about 685 miles moving northwestward across the Canadian Arctic the southern magnetic pole is also constantly roaming scientists have actually known about the migration of the poles for a long time James Ross an explorer and British naval officer pinpointed the northern magnetic pole for the first time in 1831 he discovered it during his exhausting voyage to the Arctic where his ship got trapped in the ice forcing the crew to spend a harsh four years there maybe that's why nobody went back to that place until the next century in 1904 Roald Amundsen a polar regions Explorer from Norway reached the North Magnetic Pole again and was surprised to find that it had shifted 31 miles since Ross's discovery hey you can't keep a good pull down you know what I mean you just gotta let him wander [Music] massive Sun how big do you think the Sun actually is in comparison to earth when you look up at the Sun it looks pretty tiny from where we stand the radius of the earth is three thousand nine hundred sixty three miles at the equator the Sun is eight hundred forty six thousand four hundred miles across if the Sun were like an empty ball how many planet Earth's do you think you could fit inside let's see if you can do some fast math you could fit 1.3 million earths inside the Sun the Sun accounts for ninety-nine point eight six percent of the mass of the solar system and do you remember the two largest planets in our solar system Jupiter and Saturn make up most of the remaining point one four percent so now you have an idea of how big the Sun really is kepler-62f kepler-62f is a neighbor to Kepler 62e and they are the only to have biddable planets in the Kepler 62 system a study showed that kepler-62f is most likely covered entirely in water its orbit lasts 267 days and it is 40% larger than Earth that might sound huge to us but it's actually the smallest known exoplanet in the habitable zone of another star the leader of the NASA team that discovered the kepler planets says that since kepler-62f and Kepler 62e are mostly water worlds there could be some very advanced organisms living in the water are you thinking aliens that's right he explains that just as our oceans are full of living organisms chances are the Kepler water worlds could also be host to life just don't expect to find a goldfish in there [Music] full exploration of the planets humans have been exploring space for over 60 years and the effort has certainly paid off all the planets in our solar system have now been explored even the dwarf planets of Pluto and Ceres most of the exploration was done by NASA's Voyager program which began in 1977 Voyager 1 and 2 collected information on the planets their moons and their unique system of rings and magnetic fields these twin spacecraft continue to send data back to earth and Voyager 1 is currently in interstellar space is the Sun just a big ball of fire everyone knows that the temperature at the Sun surface is unimaginably high more than 10,000 290 degrees Fahrenheit or 5700 degrees Celsius so it's logical to assume that it's simply like a giant bonfire however this isn't an accurate comparison what we think of as fire is in fact energy in the form of heat and light produced by the thermonuclear reactions occurring in the Stars core a thermonuclear reaction involves changing some elements into others and it's accompanied by the ejection of heat and light energy this energy passes through all the layers of the Sun to reach the surface the photosphere which to us seems like it's burning [Music] gravity isn't the same everywhere on the planet earth despite common belief isn't perfectly round it's more like a squashed sphere kind of like how my head is shaped so it's mass is irregular and differs in various places which causes wobbles of gravity in different areas of the planet one of these gravitational anomalies is found in Canada's Hudson Bay where the gravity is much weaker than anywhere else on the planet a 2007 study found the reason for such a phenomenon is melted glaciers that area was once covered with a thick layer of ice when that ice later melted the imprint of this glacier partially pushed aside some of the Earth's mass in that region is precisely this slight deformation of the crust that can explain the 25 to 45 percent weaker gravity they're who they should open up a spa sounds like a great place to lose some weight and not have to work so hard huh as for the rest perhaps it's somehow connected with the movement of magma in the planets mantle at least that's what researchers have predicted in science journal black hole in the Milky Way the center of the Milky Way holds a supermassive black hole called Sagittarius a it is located 2,600 light-years from Earth and has a mass 4 million times bigger than our Sun scientists believe that it was unlikely that the black hole was there by itself and they were right in 2018 a team headed by Columbia University's astrophysics lab analyzed NASA data collected over 12 years and discovered that there are 300 to 500 additional black holes close to Sagittarius a and about 10,000 black holes in the vicinity since black holes are invisible and the only way of knowing they are there is to look at how matter reacts in a particular location it is difficult for researchers to find them though Albert Einstein predicted 8 years ago scientists have only just started to discover the ripples in space-time that point to the existence of black holes and in the future we can count on many more being discovered kepler 186f let's travel 500 light-years from Earth they're in the Cygnus constellation we'll reach a planet called kepler 186f it's been called Earth's cousin and second earth and it's about ten percent larger than Earth here's a science tip that will come in handy for this video the habitable zone is the distance from a star or range of orbits from a star where one can have liquid water on the surface of a planet if a planet is too close to its parent star it will be too hot which will cause any water to evaporate if a planet is too far from the parent star it will be too cold causing the water to freeze kepler 186f sits in the habitable zone it is possible that kepler-186f has an atmosphere that can keep the water on its surface a liquid which is a must-have for life on Earth as we know it since kepler-186f orbits a star that is cooler than the Sun we'd all be much colder than on earth if we were to live there [Applause] giant water reservoir in 2011 astronomers discovered an enormous water reservoir simply floating in space around a supermassive black hole called a quasar floating water vapors have been found throughout the universe but they aren't that common this particular reservoir holds around 140 trillion times the amount of water in Earth's oceans it's one of the oldest largest and at more than 12 billion light-years away it's the farthest known to humankind [Music] is the Sun really yellow everyone who knows a little about astronomy will tell you that the Sun belongs to the category of stars known as yellow doors in turn it's logical to assume it is yellow however like all other yellow dwarf stars the Sun is completely white so why do human eyes see it as yellow it's all down to Earth's atmosphere as is well known light which has a long wavelength in the yellow and red part of the spectrum passes through the atmosphere best of all light and shorter wavelengths in the green - violet part of the spectrum which is what the Sun mainly emits gets dissipated to a greater degree by the atmosphere the effect of this is to make the Sun appear yellow if you were to leave the atmosphere the Sun would take on its true colour [Music] earth had and still might have one more moon some scientists believe that our planet used to have an additional satellite according to their research a smaller celestial body about 750 miles wide orbited the earth just like a second moon it most likely crashed into our main satellite later on such a collision could explain why the two sides of the moon looks so different from each other one being heavily cratered in ruff scientists also don't rule out the probability that one day earth will get another satellite even today there are tons of celestial bodies that follow the planet they're mostly temporary companions though but scientists say that the gravitational field of our planet occasionally captures even quite big asteroids that spin around the earth for several months or about three rotations after that they move on in their journey across the expanses of the cosmos kind of like hitchhikers [Music] orphans of the universe planets are usually found orbiting a star but it's a lonesome existence for a planet called CF BDS ir 2 1 4 9 - 2 0 4 0 3 whoa that's a mouthful so we'll call it CF for short astronomers discovered the rogue planet wandering alone in 2012 the planet is just 100 light-years away from Earth and it's a gas giant four to seven times bigger than Jupiter rogue planets end up alone in the cosmos when they are kicked out or ejected from their planetary systems cf was the closest planet found at the time but more have shown up since in 2016 scientists discovered another rogue planet just 20 light-years from Earth although the surface temperature on this new planet is over 1,500 degrees Fahrenheit it must be a cold and lonesome existence for this rogue planet Keio i 7711 0.01 a little farther away than the kepler system at 1,700 light-years away we encounter KO I 77 11 point o1 it's been called Earth's twin and it's only 30 percent larger than Earth like Earth it orbits a sun-like star the amount of light it receives from its star is also very similar to the amount of light earth receives from the Sun and of course it is located in the habitable zone do you remember what that means it means it can hold liquid water on its surface but researchers from the SETI Institute say it might be too soon to call Keo i77 11 point O one Earth's twin as they still don't know for sure what the atmosphere is like so don't make any travel plans yet [Music] sound in space on earth sound waves make air molecules vibrate which is why we're able to hear sound other planets and moons allow sound to travel through mediums like their atmospheres and oceans - in space though it's said that there is no sound since there aren't any molecules to vibrate and deliver sound waves however not all researchers agree on this given that space isn't just a desolate vacuum in between the emptiness there are clouds of gas and other stray particles so depending on where you are sound waves can be possible what a human being explode in space without a spacesuit this mistaken view is of course the result of fairies Hollywood movies depicting what would supposedly happen if a person found themselves outside a spaceship in reality our skin is flexible enough to keep all our internal organs in place the walls of the blood vessels would also prevent the blood from boiling thanks to their elasticity moreover in the absence of external pressure in the space environment the temperature at which blood boils rises to 115 degrees Fahrenheit were 46 degrees Celsius which is significantly higher than the temperature of the human body instead it is the water contained in the cells of our skin that begins to boil in a vacuum the result is that the human body would expand in size in such an environment but it definitely wouldn't explode the main reason why a person would die is the lack of oxygen just 15 seconds after entering a vacuum without a spacesuit the individual would lose consciousness and they would be dead in two minutes [Music] there are moonquakes on the moon now earthquakes or rather moon quakes on the moon aren't something from science fiction they actually happen they don't occur as often as those on earth but they are much deeper and closer to the center of our satellite about halfway between the surface and the core scientists believe this phenomenon has something to do with the gravitational force between the Earth and the moon so we can truthfully say to the moon hey your quake is not our fault get it fault alright let's move on music and art in space when NASA was set to launch the space probes Voyager 1 and 2 in 1977 they got an idea they wanted to transmit information about life on Earth to extraterrestrials if they were to find the probe so they created the golden record they used a 12 inch phonograph record with a gold-plated copper disc and loaded it with sounds and images to portray life on Earth the golden record includes greetings in more than 50 languages images of human anatomy diverse sounds and nearly 90 minutes of music the beetles didn't make it onto the record but if aliens find it they can delight in music by Louis Armstrong and Chuck Berry among other artists amazingly both probes are still communicating with NASA and have operated for almost 41 years they are the spacecraft that are more distant from earth than any other there's still time before Voyager 1 stops working so maybe we'll hear back from extraterrestrials to date we haven't had any responses that we know of [Music] kepler-22b kepler-22b was discovered 600 light-years away from Earth announced in December 2011 it was the first confirmed planet that could be in the habitable zone it's a promising planet to search for life kepler 22b is 2.4 times larger than Earth and it also orbits a sun-like star that's why it has a comfortable temperature of 72 degrees Fahrenheit so you can expect to feel toasty but not too hot NASA scientists don't yet know if the planet has a rocky gaseous or liquid composition but they hypothesize that it has a cloudy atmosphere in recent years scientists have questioned its habitability given that it's almost twice the size of Earth and could have a very rocky core possibly too rocky for humans the hottest planet out discovered in 2017 Celt 9b is the hottest planet we know of next time you're complaining about the heat on a scorching summer day just remember that temperatures on this planet can reach seven thousand eight hundred degrees Fahrenheit that's because Celt 9b orbits really close to its star which is called Celt 9 this thing is way hotter and bigger than our side experts believe that the giant star might someday evaporate the entire planet with its intense heat kind of a sizzling solar sauna wouldn't you say you wouldn't okay [Music] is the earth further from the Sun in winter than in summer here's one more myth that initially seems logical if winter is colder than summer that must mean Earth is farther from its source of heat right however the reality is the opposite during the coldest part of the year our planet is three million one hundred and seven thousand miles were five million kilometres closer to the Sun than in summer how can this be it all comes down to the fact that in addition to orbiting the Sun the earth also completes rotations around its own axis that's why we have the change from night to day the axis of the planet which passes through the North and South Poles is not exactly perpendicular to its orbit and the sun's rays which fall on it in turn for half of the year a large portion of the sun's warmth falls on the southern hemisphere while in the other half it falls on the northern one which produces a change of seasons as is well known the summer in the southern hemisphere is warmer than it is in the north this is the result of the fact that the earth comes closest to the Sun in January that is when the southern part of the world is experiencing summer [Music] our planet is covered in gold really about 20 million tons of gol can be found inside our very own planet and in the seas if all this precious metal could be extracted it would be enough to cover the entire surface of the planet in a 2-foot layer of gold and if we gave everyone in equal peace each one of Earth's inhabitants would get 9 pounds of this treasure but don't rush out to dig up your backyard just yet the metal is extremely diluted you can only get a gram of gold for every 100 million tons of seawater but can we at least try please the moon was a piece of earth when the planets in the solar system were just starting to form earth didn't have a moon for the longest time it took a hundred million years for our natural satellite to appear there are several theories as to how the moon came into existence but the prevailing one is the fishin theory is that where somebody went fishing caught the moon on a hook and dragged it over into Earth's orbit no I made that up the fishin theory proposes that the moon was formed when an object collided with earth sending particles flying about gravity pulled the particles together and the moon was created it eventually settled down on to Earth's elliptical plane which is the path at the moon orbits the fat one El Gordo or the fat one in Spanish is the name of the most enormous grouping of galaxies ever found in the distant universe remember that we can only see so far into the universe because the light from distant objects takes time to travel back to us the area that we can see is called the observable universe the distant universe is a location for objects that reside on the edges of the observable universe and that's where El Gordo is located more than seven billion light-years from Earth it contains the mass of three million billion suns and is the product of two galaxy clusters it is also the hottest and brightest galaxy cluster known to us to make matters more intense the clusters are in the process of colliding at millions of miles per hour gleise 581g whyis 581 G was discovered in September 2010 and it is only 20 light years away it's thought to be even more earth-like than the Kepler 22b in that it could be a better home to planets and animals one side of the planet faces the parent star the other side is in constant darkness the habitable region would likely be on the location between shadow and light sounds pretty good right so why aren't we heading there well it seems that scientists aren't sure if the planet exists the planet was discovered by a team from the University of California Santa Cruz with over 11 years of observational data recently the planets habitability and later on its entire existence has been questioned plus it usually takes two independent scientific studies to confirm a planet exists perhaps in the future a second study will redeem Gliese 581 sheet and solidify its existence [Music] space trash trash isn't just a problem in Earth's ocean cities and forests there is a thing called space junk which is any human-made object that's been left in space and now serves no purpose there's also natural debris from meteoroids and other cosmic objects there are currently over 500,000 pieces of space debris orbiting the earth at speeds high enough to cause significant damage if they were to collide with a spacecraft or satellite NASA does its best to track every single object to ensure that missions outside Earth can reach their destination safely [Music] is the earth perfectly spherical this is true yet paradoxically not true at the same time the shape of our planet is constantly changing due to the constant movement of the continental plates of course the rate at which they move is tiny on average about 2 inches or 5 centimeters a year however this still has an effect on the planets appearance which is in fact far from perfectly round however we should point out that the incredible image that supposedly shows the real shape of the earth is actually a model of the planets gravity it was created from satellite data and doesn't show the true shape of our home instead it merely demonstrates the differences in the strength of the Earth's gravity at different points around [Music] earth used to be purple now dr. shield is Sarma a microbial geneticist from the University of Maryland hypothesizes which is a ten-dollar scientific word for guesses that our planet was once purple he thinks that ancient microbes probably didn't use chlorophyll but other molecules to process sunlight these molecules most likely would have given a violet hue to the microbes turning the entire planet purple man Prince was born way too early he would've loved that [Music] the Milky Way and Andromeda collision the sky might appear pretty peaceful if you look at it from Earth but the Milky Way is headed for a massive collision with the Andromeda galaxy 4 billion years from now set your alarm these galaxies will meet and neither will survive stars will be scrambled and constellations will be undone eventually the two giants will merge and form an elliptical galaxy but according to National Geographic our Sun and earth will survive thank goodness any life-forms on earth will be treated to a splendid sight as the galaxies come together [Music] the biggest baddest black holes black holes represent a very tight and dense area of space where gravity is so strong that not even light can get out once it goes in black holes range from small as large as an atom to supermassive nearly all galaxies are thought to have supermassive black holes that are from a million to a billion times the mass of our Sun in 2011 astronomers discovered one of the biggest black holes in existence when they found one in the NGC 38:42 galaxy but don't worry the black hole is really far away the NGC 3842 galaxy is located in the Coma Cluster more than 320 million light-years away the black hole there has the mass of nine point seven billion suns and is 2,500 times bigger than the black hole at the centre of the Milky Way wait what did you know about the black hole in the center of the Milky Way will tell you more about it a little later on [Music] countless amounts of stars have you ever looked up at the night sky and tried to count all the stars yeah good luck our galaxy the Milky Way not the candy bar the galaxy has about 100 billion stars what other estimates put it at over 200 billion since calculating the exact amount is an almost impossible task even for astronomers as for the entire universe there are at least a billion trillion stars that's a 1 with 21 zeroes after it for comparison that means there are more stars in space than there are grains of sand on all of Earth's beaches the tallest mountain on the planet isn't what you think now this may seem shocking but the title of the tallest mountain in the world might be stolen from Mount Everest no doubt this enormous mountain reaches 29,029 feet above sea level and there's no other mountain on earth that stands so tall but there is Mauna Kea a mountain in Hawaii it stands proud with its peak just about 13,000 802 feet above sea level by the way this makes Hawaii the second tallest island in the whole world so what are we getting at you ask that's much shorter than Mount Everest after all true but the thing is that the largest part of this over 1 million year-old mountain is underwater and if measured from the very bottom on the ocean floor to the peak Mauna Kea is 33,000 feet tall making it technically the tallest mountain on the planet Aloha [Music] Himiko cloud when it was announced in 2009 the Himiko cloud showed up as just a blob despite the low quality picture scientists were moved to investigate more about the cloud and they used a telescope in Hawaii to gather more data they discovered that the Himiko cloud existed at a time when the universe was just 800 million years old the universe is 13.8 billion years old right now so the Himiko cloud comes from a time when the universe was just a baby it is the most massive object found in the early universe so massive that it contains the mass of roughly 40 billion suns Himiko was named after a legendary and mysterious Japanese Queen and the Himiko cloud is also a mystery it is the first glimpse scientists have had of the early formation of galaxies [Music] raus 128 b they say that Ross 128 B is in Earth's backyard because it's only 11 light years away Ross 128 B was discovered in 2017 scientists were excited to see that its surface temperatures were similar to those of Earth so it's considered the second closest temperature world to earth will tell you what the first one is in just a moment Ross 128 B orbits a quiet star calling a star quiet means that it doesn't blast radiation into the planet but since we're all so 128 B is close to its star it receives 38% more radiation than Earth however some theorists claim that Ross 128 B would form high-altitude clouds to reflect the radiation back in the space and prevent greenhouse heating research is still being conducted [Music] cosmic lighthouses among the most spectacular looking space objects are pulsars pulsars are a type of neutron star they shoot out some of their material almost at the speed of light regular pulsars spin at a reasonable speed between about one tenth to sixty times per second but millisecond pulsars can spin at an impressive 700 times a second which is way too fast for the human eye to even process as they spin they emit a beam of radiation from their axis that looks like the light from a lighthouse astronomers can notice pulsars when they face earth since it looks like a light being shined on our planet when the light shines elsewhere the Pulsar can't be seen Earth has exploding Lakes well on the border of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda as well as in Cameroon there are three deadly explosive lakes Neos MO noun and kevo are crater lakes that are located over volcanic earth this means that magma lurking below the surface emits carbon dioxide into the waters of the lake this carbon dioxide builds up in a thick layer at the bottom of the lakes until pressure gives way and it's released in an explosion now it doesn't happen often but if anyone is unlucky enough to be passing by at that moment they'll be asphyxiated with the gas oh my so it's really a farting Lake that can kill you if you get too close hey I have a brother-in-law kind of like that [Music] bling bling Saturn has always stood out with its characteristic rings scientists believe that only planets could have rings until they encountered the rings of sharra glow in 2013 just past Saturn they found a tiny asteroid with two rings of its own chariklo is considered a centaur no not the mythological creature the named centaur reflects the mysterious nature of the small celestial bodies located between Jupiter and Neptune that have the characteristics of asteroids or comets scientists continue to study shark lo but for now it remains a mystery as the purpose of the tiny rings remains uncertain próxima B Proxima B is 1.3 times the size of the earth it is the closest temperature world tour which means that if you were to travel there you'd experience almost the same temperatures as on earth that sounds pretty comfortable right plus it is only four light years away Proxima B orbits of the Proxima Centauri star which is the closest star to our Sun Proxima B is rocky and warm enough to host liquid water there is one tiny problem though Proxima Centauri blasts a lot of powerful flares which means that Proxima B could get blasted with enough radiation to prevent living there earth is home to the most powerful volcanic eruption ever the most powerful eruption ever recorded happen in April 1815 the heart of the explosion was Mount Tambora in Indonesia this eruption was ranked a 7 or super colossal on the volcanic explosivity index this ranking is similar to the Richter scale for earthquakes and goes from 1 to 8 the 1815 explosion was so loud that even people on Sumatra island could hear it and that's about 1,200 miles away over 71 thousand people died in this catastrophic disaster and dark clouds of wet ash covered distant Islands scary raspberry cloud 390 light-years from the Milky Way galaxy we find an enormous dust cloud called Sagittarius b2 and when we say enormous we mean it it is over 100 light-years wide but why do we have such an interest in this cloud because it is known to taste of raspberries and it also smells like rum yes you heard us right Sagittarius b2 contains vast amount of a chemical compound called ethyl formate when you mix ethanol with formic acid you get ethyl formate which is an ester esters are known as smell molecules and they provide strong floral fruit and wine smells and that accounts for the raspberry taste but what about that rum smell well the first ethanol ever found in space was located here in 1975 as such this enormous cloud contains billions of litres of alcohol but we can't just head out there to have an endless source of booze the ethanol is mixed with a dozen other compounds including propyl cyanide which can be lethal to humans Trappist 1e 40 light-years away we encounter the Trappist system nasa announced this major discovery in 2017 the Trappist one system holds seven planets all earth sized and all habitable surrounding a single star sounds like our solar system right NASA's Hubble telescope found that the planets Trappist 1b and Trappist 1c were unlikely to hold hydrogen dominated atmospheres which makes it likely that the planets could hold on to water in February 2018 studies showed that the planets are mostly made of rock tucked in the middle Trappist 1e could be the most habitable of the seven planets if you were to stand on Trappist 1e you could see the other six planets closely enough that they'd look like moons Trappist one is the most similar planet system to our own and in 2018 researchers are still hard at work trying to determine the planet's atmosphere scientists have identified a good selection of planets but there's still a lot of research to be done about the planets atmospheres so don't pack your bags just yet traveling to any of the planets would also be a long journey taking us thousands of years we'd need to have some really advanced life support gear to be able to survive the journey but we can dream right do you dream about visiting any of these planets what do you think life would be like tell us in the comments section and don't forget to click the subscribe button to stay on the bright side of life the biggest volcano Mars houses the biggest volcano in the solar system well everything seems to be calm on Mars nowadays in the past some sort of force caused enormous volcanoes to form and erupt one of these volcanoes is Olympus Mons it's 16 miles tall which is the height of 3 Mount Everest sand 374 miles across making it about the size of Arizona the volcano Groot is such a gargantuan size because of the weak gravity on Mars and the lack of tectonic plate movement [Music] the densest objects in specs neutron stars are the size of a small city yet their mass is about 1.4 times that of the Sun they're formed when massive stars die and their cores collapse in on themselves the core continues to press in on itself until all the electrons are essentially crushed together leaving only neutrons this makes neutron stars one of the densest objects in the universe in fact a single teaspoon of neutron star material would weigh a billion tons of course getting this sample and returning it back to earth might be a difficult task since the gravity on a neutron star is 2 billion times stronger than the gravity on our planet hey give the job to FedEx or UPS and let them worry about delivery so which of these facts surprised you the most tell us in the comments below don't forget to give this video a like share it with your friends and click subscribe to stay on the bright side of life [Music] the solar system is not at all like you think it is the earth is round mercury is the hottest planet and the Sun is yellow it would seem that these are all simple undeniable facts known even to those with no real knowledge of astronomy however it's time to think again does the moon have a dark side the view that the sun's rays shine only on one side of the moon leaving the other side in permanent darkness is quite widespread this belief results from the fact that our satellite only ever has one side facing the earth while the other is impossible to observe from the ground in fact the Sun shines and warms both the visible and invisible parts of the Moon the truth is that the period the moon takes to revolve on its axis coincides with the amount of time it takes to orbit the Earth that's why we only see one side of it [Music] the moon is probably a chunk of the earth before our planet had its cosmic companion scientists believe that the early Earth was all alone in its path around the side then about 4 billion years ago when the earth was still just a baby a gigantic space rock the size of Mars and with the lovely named Theia collided with our planet as a result a huge chunk of the earth broke away and later became our satellite the mo and our planet never felt lonely again Oh a happy ending [Music] imagine neuron star so fast they devour everything in their path clouds that smell of fruits and enormous gathering of galaxies and Louie Armstrong music in space these are some of the unbelievable things you can find in our cosmos the universe is enormous fascinating and full of secrets with a history that is billions of years old there are still millions of things to be discovered today we'll tell you about unbelievable things that are currently in space black widow mating is a dangerous business for a male black widow spider since there's a big chance that the female will devour them while mating that's why in 1988 when scientists found a pulsar that seemed to devour a nearby star they named it the black widow pulsar a pulsar of this kind is a neutron star that rotates at about 600 times per second and emits electromagnetic radiation the black widow pulsar orbits a brown dwarf star and it completes the orbit in just over nine hours so it's basically a super fast spinning star that sounds really cool right but keep in mind that the black widow pulsar is slowly killing it's brown dwarf companion the high-energy emissions and wind of the pulsar chip away at the dwarfs material and will eventually eat it away entirely calculations suggest that it will completely evaporate the brown dwarf in about a billion years in essence eating the smaller star gives more energy to the pulsar just like a black widow spider [Music] do you know how many habitable planets exist where would you run off to if something happened to our beloved earth what if you just wanted to take a vacation somewhere very very far away you might be happy to learn that eight point eight billion earth-sized planets have been discovered so far and that's just in our Milky Way galaxy alone over 30 of those planets are very likely to be habitable to human beings we only learn that there were worlds outside our solar system twenty-five years ago but scientific teams have been hard at work trying to discover habitable planets we don't know if any of those planets hold extraterrestrial life but we'll worry about that when we get there Kepler 62e in 2009 NASA launched a space observatory called Kepler to discover earth-sized planets orbiting other stars 1,200 light-years from Earth the Kepler spacecraft discovered the Kepler 62 system Kepler 62e is an exoplanet believed to be a Waterworld here's a quick science lesson an exoplanet is a planet that orbits a star outside our solar system but now back to Kepler 62e the planet is 1.6 times the size of the earth researchers at Harvard University hypothesized that Kepler 62e has very cloudy skies and a warm and humid atmosphere all the way to the polar regions [Music] blue sunset on Mars now on earth people are used to a beautiful sunset that's painted in hues of orange red and yellow on Mars however the normally pinkish red sky turns blue as the Sun goes down under the horizon it's because Mars is much farther away from the Sun than Earth making the sunlight less intense the fine dust in the Martian atmosphere absorbs the blue light and gets rid of the warmer colors that you typically see on earth whether it's blue or yellow both sunsets look spectacular is the temperature of mercury higher than on other planets everything seems logical here mercury is closest to the Sun therefore its surface temperature must be higher than all the other planets however the hottest planet in the solar system is actually Venus despite the fact it's 31 million 70,000 miles or 50 million kilometers further away from the Sun than its neighbor the average daytime temperature on Mercury is around 662 degrees Fahrenheit or 350 degrees Celsius whereas it can reach 896 degrees Fahrenheit or 480 degrees Celsius on Venus the reason for this is Venus's atmosphere mercury has practically no atmosphere to speak of whereas Venus has a very thick one made up almost entirely of carbon dioxide this creates a strong greenhouse effect trapping all the sun's heat and making Venus incredibly hot the Earth's magnetic field is changing earth has a strong magnetic field thanks to two important factors its nickel iron core and a pretty fast axial rotation the magnetic field is vital for Earth because it protects the planet from the impact of solar winds we think of our planet's magnetic field as something constant and stable but the truth is that is changing researchers say that since the 19th century the northern magnetic pole has shifted about 685 miles moving northwestward across the Canadian Arctic the southern magnetic pole is also constantly roaming scientists have actually known about the migration of the poles for a long time James Ross an explorer and British naval officer pinpointed the northern magnetic pole for the first time in 1831 he discovered it during his exhausting voyage to the Arctic where his ship got trapped in the ice forcing the crew to spend a harsh four years there maybe that's why nobody went back to that place until the next century in 1904 Roald Amundsen a polar regions Explorer from Norway reached the North Magnetic Pole again and was surprised to find that it had shifted 31 miles since Ross's discovery hey you can't keep a good pull down you know what I mean you just gotta let him wander [Music] massive Sun how big do you think the Sun actually is in comparison to earth when you look up at the Sun it looks pretty tiny from where we stand the radius of the earth is three thousand nine hundred sixty three miles at the equator the Sun is eight hundred forty six thousand four hundred miles across if the Sun were like an empty ball how many planet Earth's do you think you could fit inside let's see if you can do some fast math you could fit 1.3 million earths inside the Sun the Sun accounts for ninety-nine point eight six percent of the mass of the solar system and do you remember the two largest planets in our solar system Jupiter and Saturn make up most of the remaining point one four percent so now you have an idea of how big the Sun really is [Music] kepler-62f kepler-62f is a neighbor to kepler-62e and they are the only to have biddable planets in the Kepler 62 system a study showed that kepler-62f is most likely covered entirely in water its orbit lasts 267 days and it is 40% larger than Earth that might sound huge to us but it's actually the smallest known exoplanet in the habitable zone of another star the leader of the NASA team that discovered the kepler planets says that since kepler-62f and Kepler 62e are mostly water worlds there could be some very advanced organisms living in the water are you thinking aliens that's right he explains that just as our oceans are full of living organisms chances are that Kepler water worlds could also be host to life just don't expect to find a goldfish in there full exploration of the planets humans have been exploring space for over 60 years and the effort has certainly paid off all the planets in our solar system have now been explored even the dwarf planets of Pluto and Ceres most of the exploration was done by NASA's Voyager program which began in 1977 Voyager 1 and 2 collected information on the planets their moons and their unique system of rings and magnetic fields these twin spacecraft continue to send data back to earth and Voyager 1 is currently in interstellar space is the Sun just a big ball of fire everyone knows that the temperature at the Sun surface is unimaginably high more than ten thousand two hundred ninety degrees Fahrenheit or five thousand seven hundred degrees Celsius so it's logical to assume that it's simply like a giant bonfire however this isn't an accurate comparison what we think of as fire is in fact energy in the form of heat and light produced by the thermonuclear reactions occurring in the Stars core a thermonuclear reaction involves changing some elements into others and it's accompanied by the ejection of heat and light energy this energy passes through all the layers of the Sun to reach the surface the photosphere which to us seems like it's burning gravity isn't the same everywhere on the planet Earth despite common belief isn't perfectly round it's more like a squashed sphere kind of like how my head is shaped so it's mass is irregular and differs in various places which causes wobbles of gravity in different areas of the planet one of these gravitational anomalies is found in Canada's Hudson Bay where the gravity is much weaker than anywhere else on the planet a 2007 study found the reason for such a phenomenon is melted glaciers that area was once covered with a thick layer of ice when that ice later melted the imprint of this glacier partially pushed aside some of the Earth's mass in that region is precisely this slight deformation of the crust that can explain the 25 to 45 percent weaker gravity their who they should open up a spa sounds like a great place to lose some weight and not have to work so hard huh as for the rest perhaps it's somehow connected with the movement of magma in the planets mantle at least that's what researchers have predicted in science journal black hole in the Milky Way the center of the Milky Way holds a supermassive black hole called Sagittarius a it is located 2,600 light-years from Earth and has a mass 4 million times bigger than our Sun scientists believe that it was unlikely that the black hole was there by itself and they were right in 2018 a team headed by Columbia University's astrophysics lab analyzed NASA data collected over 12 years and discovered that there are 300 to 500 additional black holes close to Sagittarius a and about 10,000 black holes in the vicinity since black holes are invisible and the only way of knowing they are there is to look at how matter reacts in a particular location it is difficult for researchers to find them though Albert Einstein predicted 8 years ago scientists have only just started to discover the ripples in space-time that point to the existence of black holes and in the future we can count on many more being discovered kepler 186f let's travel 500 light-years from Earth they're in the Cygnus constellation we'll reach a planet called kepler 186f it's been called Earth's cousin and second earth and it's about ten percent larger than Earth here's a science tip that will come in handy for this video the habitable zone is the distance from a star or range of orbits from a star where one can have liquid water on the surface of a planet if a planet is too close to its parent star it will be too hot which will cause any water to evaporate if a planet is too far from the parent star it will be too cold causing the water to freeze kepler 186f sits in the habitable zone it is possible that kepler-186f has an atmosphere that can keep the water on its surface a liquid which is a must-have for life on Earth as we know since kepler-186f orbits a star that is cooler than the Sun we'd all be much colder than on earth if we were to live there giant water reservoir in 2011 astronomers discovered an enormous water reservoir simply floating in space around a supermassive black hole called a quasar floating water vapors have been found throughout the universe but they aren't that common this particular reservoir holds around 140 trillion times the amount of water in Earth's oceans it's one of the oldest largest and at more than 12 billion light-years away it's the farthest known to humankind is the Sun really yellow everyone who knows a little about astronomy will tell you that the Sun belongs to the category of stars known as yellow doors in turn it's logical to assume it is yellow however like all other yellow Dorf stars the Sun is completely white so why do human eyes see it as yellow it's all down to Earth's atmosphere as is well known light which has a long wavelength in the yellow and red part of the spectrum passes through the atmosphere best of all light and shorter wavelengths in the green - violet part of the spectrum which is what the Sun mainly emits gets dissipated to a greater degree by the atmosphere the effect of this is to make the Sun appear yellow if you were to leave the atmosphere the Sun would take on its true color [Music] earth had and still might have one more moon some scientists believe that our planet used to have an additional satellite according to their research a smaller celestial body about 750 miles wide orbited the earth just like a second moon it most likely crashed into our main satellite later on such a collision could explain why the two sides of the moon looks so different from each other one being heavily cratered in ruff scientists also don't rule out the probability that one day earth will get another satellite even today there are tons of celestial bodies that follow the planet they're mostly temporary companions though but scientists say that the gravitational field of our planet occasionally captures even quite big asteroids that spin around the earth for several months or about three rotations after that they move on in their journey across the expanses of the cosmos kind of like hitchhikers [Music] orphans of the universe planets are usually found orbiting a star but it's a lonesome existence for a planet called CF BDS ir 2 1 49 - 2 0 4 0 3 whoa that's a mouthful so we'll call it CF for short astronomers discovered the rogue planet wandering alone in 2012 the planet is just 100 light-years away from Earth and it's a gas giant four to seven times bigger than Jupiter rogue planets end up alone in the cosmos when they are kicked out or ejected from their planetary systems cf was the closest planet found at the time but more have shown up since in 2016 scientists discovered another rogue planet just 20 light-years from Earth although the surface temperature on this new planet is over 1,500 degrees Fahrenheit it must be a cold and lonesome existence for this rogue planet Keio i 7711 point though one a little farther away than the kepler system at 1,700 light-years away we encounter KO I 77 11 point o1 it's been called Earth's twin and it's only 30 percent larger than Earth like Earth it orbits a sun-like star the amount of light it receives from its star is also very similar to the amount of light earth receives from the Sun and of course it is located in the habitable zone do you remember what that means it means it can hold liquid water on its surface but researchers from the SETI Institute say it might be too soon to call Keo i77 eleven point o one Earth's twin as they still don't know for sure what the atmosphere is like so don't make any travel plans yet [Music] sound in space on earth sound waves make air molecules vibrate which is why we're able to hear sound other planets and moons allow sound to travel through mediums like their atmospheres and oceans - in space though it's said that there is no sound since there aren't any molecules to vibrate and deliver sound waves however not all researchers agree on this given that space isn't just a desolate vacuum in between the emptiness there are clouds of gas and other stray particles so depending on where you are sound waves can be possible what a human being explode in space without a spacesuit this mistaken view is of course the result of fairies Hollywood movies depicting what would supposedly happen if a person found themselves outside a spaceship in reality our skin is flexible enough to keep all our internal organs in place the walls of the blood vessels would also prevent the blood from boiling thanks to their elasticity moreover in the absence of external pressure in the space environment the temperature at which blood boils rises to 115 degrees Fahrenheit were 46 degrees Celsius which is significantly higher than the temperature of the human body instead it is the water contained in the cells of our skin that begins to boil in a vacuum the result is that the human body would expand in size in such an environment but it definitely wouldn't explode the main reason why a person would die is the lack of oxygen just 15 seconds after entering a vacuum without a spacesuit the individual would lose consciousness and they would be dead in two minutes [Music] there are moonquakes on the moon now earthquakes or rather moon quakes on the moon aren't something from science fiction they actually happen they don't occur as often as those on earth but they are much deeper and closer to the center of our satellite about halfway between the surface and the core scientists believe this phenomenon has something to do with the gravitational force between the Earth and the moon so we can truthfully say to the moon hey your quake is not our fault get it fault all right let's move on music and art in space when NASA was set to launch the space probes Voyager 1 and 2 in 1977 they got an idea they wanted to transmit information about life on Earth to extraterrestrials if they were to find the probe so they created the golden record they used a 12 inch phonograph record with a gold-plated copper disc and loaded it with sounds and images to portray life on Earth the golden record includes greetings in more than 50 languages images of human anatomy diverse sounds and nearly 90 minutes of music the Beatles didn't make it onto the record but if aliens find it they can delight in music by Louis Armstrong and Chuck Berry among other artists amazingly both probes are still communicating with NASA and have operated for almost 41 years they are the spacecraft that are more distant from Earth than any other there's still time before Voyager 1 stops working so maybe we'll hear back from extraterrestrials to date we haven't had any responses that we know of [Music] kepler-22b kepler-22b was discovered 600 light-years away from Earth announced in December 2011 it was the first confirmed planet that could be in the habitable zone it's a promising planet to search for life kepler 22b is 2.4 times larger than Earth and it also orbits a sun-like star that's why it has a comfortable temperature of 72 degrees Fahrenheit so you can expect to feel toasty but not too hot NASA scientists don't yet know if the planet has a rocky gaseous or liquid composition but they hypothesize that it has a cloudy atmosphere in recent years scientists have questioned its habitability given that it's almost twice the size of Earth and could have a very rocky core possibly too rocky for humans the hottest planet out discovered in 2017 Celt 9b is the hottest planet we know of next time you're complaining about the heat on a scorching summer day just remember that temperatures on this planet can reach seven thousand eight hundred degrees Fahrenheit that's because Celt 9b orbits really close to its star which is called Celt 9 this thing is way hotter and bigger than our side experts believe that the giant star might someday evaporate the entire planet with its intense heat kind of a sizzling solar sauna wouldn't you say you wouldn't okay is the earth further from the Sun in winter than in summer here's one more myth that initially seems logical if winter is colder than summer that must mean earth is farther from its source of heat right however the reality is the opposite during the coldest part of the year our planet is three million one hundred and seven thousand miles were five million kilometres closer to the Sun than in summer how can this be it all comes down to the fact that in addition to orbiting the Sun the earth also completes rotations around its own axis that's why we have the change from night to day the axis of the planet which passes through the North and South Poles is not exactly perpendicular to its orbit and the sun's rays which fall on it in turn for half of the year a large portion of the sun's warmth falls on the southern hemisphere while in the other half it falls on the northern one which produces a change of seasons as is well known the summer in the southern hemisphere is warmer than it is in the north this is the result of the fact that the earth comes closest to the Sun in January that is when the southern part of the world is experiencing summer [Music] our planet is covered in gold really about 20 million tons of gol can be found inside our very own planet and in the seas if all this precious metal could be extracted it would be enough to cover the entire surface of the planet in a 2-foot layer of gold and if we gave everyone in equal peace each one of Earth's inhabitants would get 9 pounds of this treasure but don't rush out to dig up your backyard just yet the metal is extremely diluted you can only get a gram of gold for every 100 million tons of seawater but can we at least try please the moon was a piece of earth when the planets in the solar system were just starting to form earth didn't have a moon for the longest time it took a hundred million years for our natural satellite to appear there are several theories as to how the moon came into existence but the prevailing one is the fishin theory is that where somebody went fishing caught the moon on a hook and dragged it over into Earth's orbit no I made that up the fishin theory proposes that the moon was formed when an object collided with earth sending particles flying about gravity pulled the particles together and the moon was created it eventually settled down on to Earth's elliptical plane which is the path at the moon orbits the fat one El Gordo or the fat one in Spanish is the name of the most enormous grouping of galaxies ever found in the distant universe remember that we can only see so far into the universe because the light from distant objects takes time to travel back to us the area that we can see is called the observable universe the distant universe is a location for objects that reside on the edges of the observable universe and that's where El Gordo is located more than seven billion light-years from Earth it contains the mass of three million billion suns and is the product of two galaxy clusters it is also the hottest and brightest galaxy cluster known to us to make matters more intense the clusters are in the process of colliding at millions of miles per hour gleise 581g gleise 581g was discovered in September 2010 and it is only 20 light years away it's thought to be even more earth-like than the Kepler 22b and that it could be a better home to planets and animals one side of the planet faces the parent star the other side is in constant darkness the habitable region would likely be on the location between shadow and light sounds pretty good right so why aren't we heading there well it seems that scientists aren't sure if the planet exists the planet was discovered by a team from the University of California Santa Cruz with over 11 years of observational data recently the planets habitability and later on its entire existence has been questioned plus it usually takes two independent scientific studies to confirm a planet exists perhaps in the future a second study will redeem Gliese 581 sheet and solidify its existence [Music] space trash trash isn't just a problem in Earth's ocean cities and forests there is a thing called space junk which is any human-made object that's been left in space and now serves no purpose there's also natural debris from meteoroids and other cosmic objects there are currently over 500,000 pieces of space debris orbiting the earth at speeds high enough to cause significant damage if they were to collide with a spacecraft or satellite nasa does its best to track every single object to ensure that missions outside earth can reach their destination safely [Music] is the earth perfectly spherical this is true yet paradoxically not true at the same time the shape of our planet is constantly changing due to the constant movement of the continental plates of course the rate at which they move is tiny on average about 2 inches or 5 centimeters a year however this still has an effect on the planets appearance which is in fact far from perfectly round however we should point out that the incredible image that supposedly shows the real shape of the earth is actually a model of the planets gravity it was created from satellite data and doesn't show the true shape of our home instead it merely demonstrates the differences in the strength of the Earth's gravity at different points around [Music] earth used to be purple now dr. shield asama a microbial geneticist from the University of Maryland hypothesizes which is a ten-dollar scientific word four guesses that our planet was once purple he thinks that ancient microbes probably didn't use chlorophyll but other molecules to process sunlight these molecules most likely would have given a violet hue to the microbes turning the entire planet purple man prince was born way too early he woulda loved that [Music] the Milky Way and Andromeda collision the sky might appear pretty peaceful if you look at it from Earth but the Milky Way is headed for a massive collision with the Andromeda galaxy 4 billion years from now set your alarm these galaxies will meet and neither will survive stars will be scrambled and constellations will be undone eventually the two giants will merge and form an elliptical galaxy but according to National Geographic our Sun and earth will survive thank goodness any life-forms on earth will be treated to a splendid sight as the galaxies come together [Music] the biggest baddest black holes black holes represent a very tight and dense area of space where gravity is so strong that not even light can get out once it goes in black holes range from small as large as an atom to supermassive nearly all galaxies are thought to have supermassive black holes that are from a million to a billion times the mass of our Sun in 2011 astronomers discovered one of the biggest black holes in existence when they found one in the NGC 38:42 galaxy but don't worry the black hole is really far away the NGC 3842 galaxy is located in the Coma Cluster more than 320 million light-years away the black hole there has the mass of nine point seven billion suns and is 2,500 times bigger than the black hole at the centre of the Milky Way wait what did you know about the black hole in the center of the Milky Way will tell you more about it a little later on [Music] countless amounts of stars have you ever looked up at the night sky and tried to count all the stars yeah good luck our galaxy the Milky Way not the candy bar the galaxy has about 100 billion stars what other estimates put it at over 200 billion since calculating the exact amount is an almost impossible task even for astronomers as for the entire universe there are at least a billion trillion stars that's a 1 with 21 zeroes after it for comparison that means there are more stars in space than there are grains of sand on all of Earth's beaches the tallest mountain on the planet isn't what you think now this may seem shocking but the title of the tallest mountain in the world might be stolen from Mount Everest no doubt this enormous mountain reaches 29,029 feet above sea level and there's no other mountain on earth that stands so tall but there is Mauna Kea a mountain in Hawaii it stands proud with its peak just about 13,000 802 feet above sea level by the way this makes Hawaii the second tallest island in the whole world so what are we getting at you ask that's much shorter than Mount Everest after all true but the thing is that the largest part of this over 1 million year-old mountain is underwater and if measured from the very bottom on the ocean floor to the peak Mauna Kea is 33,000 feet tall making it technically the tallest mountain on the planet Aloha [Music] Himiko cloud when it was announced in 2009 the Himiko cloud showed up as just a blob despite the low quality picture scientists were moved to investigate more about the cloud and they used a telescope in Hawaii to gather more data they discovered that the Himiko cloud existed at a time when the universe was just 800 million years old the universe is 13.8 billion years old right now so the Himiko cloud comes from a time when the universe was just a baby it is the most massive object found in the early universe so massive that it contains the mass of roughly 40 billion suns Himiko was named after a legendary and mysterious Japanese Queen and the Himiko cloud is also a mystery it is the first glimpse scientists have had of the early formation of galaxies [Music] raus 128 b they say that Ross 128 B is in Earth's backyard because it's only 11 light years away Ross 128 B was discovered in 2017 scientists were excited to see that its surface temperatures were similar to those of Earth so it's considered the second closest temperature world to earth will tell you what the first one is in just a moment Ross 128 B orbits a quiet star calling a star quiet means that it doesn't blast radiation into the planet but since we're all so 128 B is close to its star it receives 38% more radiation than Earth however some theorists claim that Ross 128 B would form high-altitude clouds to reflect the radiation back into space and prevent greenhouse heating research is still being conducted [Music] cosmic lighthouses among the most spectacular looking space objects are pulsars pulsars are a type of neutron star they shoot out some of their material almost at the speed of light regular pulsars spin at a reasonable speed between about one tenth to sixty times per second but millisecond pulsars can spin at an impressive 700 times a second which is way too fast for the human eye to even process as they spin they emit a beam of radiation from their axis that looks like the light from a lighthouse astronomers can notice pulsars when they face earth since it looks like a light being shined on our planet when the light shines elsewhere the Pulsar can't be seen Earth has exploding Lakes well on the border of the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda as well as in Cameroon there are three deadly explosive lakes Neos mow noun and Kiva are crater lakes that are located over volcanic earth this means that magma lurking below the surface emits carbon dioxide into the waters of the lake this carbon dioxide builds up in a thick layer at the bottom of the lakes until pressure gives way and it's released in an explosion now it doesn't happen often but if anyone is unlucky enough to be passing by at that moment they'll be asphyxiated with the gas oh my so it's really a farting Lake that can kill you if you get too close hey I have a brother-in-law kind of like that [Music] bling bling Saturn has always stood out with his characteristic rings scientists believe that only planets could have rings until they encountered the rings of sharra glow in 2013 just past Saturn they found a tiny asteroid with two rings of its own chariklo is considered a centaur no not the mythological creature the named centaur reflects the mysterious nature of the small celestial bodies located between Jupiter and Neptune that have the characteristics of asteroids or comets scientists continue to study shark lo but for now it remains a mystery as the purpose of the tiny rings remains uncertain próxima B Proxima B is 1.3 times the size of the earth it is the closest temperature world tour which means that if you were to travel there you'd experience almost the same temperatures as on earth that sounds pretty comfortable right plus it is only 4 light years away Proxima B orbits of the Proxima Centauri star which is the closest star to our Sun Proxima B is rocky and warm enough to host liquid water there is one tiny problem though Proxima Centauri blasts a lot of powerful flares which means that Proxima B could get blasted with enough radiation to prevent living there earth is home to the most powerful volcanic eruption ever the most powerful eruption ever recorded happen in April 1815 the heart of the explosion was Mount Tambora in Indonesia this eruption was ranked a 7 or super colossal on the volcanic explosivity index this ranking is similar to the Richter scale for earthquakes and goes from 1 to 8 the 1815 explosion was so loud that even people on Sumatra island could hear it and that's about 1,200 miles away over 71 thousand people died in this catastrophic disaster and dark clouds of wet ash covered distant Islands scary raspberry Klout 390 light-years from the Milky Way galaxy we find an enormous dust cloud called Sagittarius b2 and when we say enormous we mean it it is over 100 light-years wide but why do we have such an interest in this cloud because it is known to taste of raspberries and it also smells like rum yes you heard us right Sagittarius b2 contains vast amount of a chemical compound called ethyl formate when you mix ethanol with formic acid you get ethyl formate which is an ester esters are known as smell molecules and they provide strong floral fruit and wine smells and that accounts for the raspberry taste but what about that rum smell well the first ethanol ever found in space was located here in 1975 as such this enormous cloud contains billions of litres of alcohol but we can't just head out there to have an endless source of booze the ethanol is mixed with a dozen other compounds including propyl cyanide which can be lethal to humans Trappist 1e 40 light-years away we encounter the Trappist system nasa announced this major discovery in 2017 the Trappist one system holds seven planets all earth sized and all habitable surrounding a single star sounds like our solar system right NASA's Hubble telescope found that the planets Trappist 1b and Trappist 1c were unlikely to hold hydrogen dominated atmospheres which makes it likely that the planets could hold on to water in February 2018 studies showed that the planets are mostly made of rock tucked in the middle Trappist 1e could be the most habitable of the seven planets if you were to stand on Trappist 1e you could see the other six planets closely enough that they'd look like moons Trappist one is the most similar planet system to our own and in 2018 researchers are still hard at work trying to determine the planet's atmosphere scientists have identified a good selection of planets but there's still a lot of research to be done about the planets atmospheres so don't pack your bags just yet traveling to any of the planets would also be a long journey taking us thousands of years we need to have some really advanced life support gear to be able to survive the journey but we can dream right do you dream about visiting any of these planets what do you think life would be like tell us in the comments section and don't forget to click the subscribe button to stay on the bright side of life the biggest volcano Mars houses the biggest volcano in the solar system well everything seems to be calm on Mars nowadays in the past some sort of force caused enormous volcanoes to form interrupt one of these volcanoes is Olympus Mons it's 16 miles tall which is the height of 3 Mount Everest sand 374 miles across making it about the size of Arizona the volcano Groot is such a gargantuan size because of the weak gravity on Mars and the lack of tectonic plate movement [Music] the densest objects in specs neutron stars are the size of a small city yet their mass is about 1.4 times that of the Sun they're formed when massive stars die and their cores collapse in on themselves the core continues to press in on itself until all the electrons are essentially crushed together leaving only neutrons this makes neutron stars one of the densest objects in the universe in fact a single teaspoon of neutron star material would weigh a billion tons of course getting this sample and returning it back to earth might be a difficult task since the gravity on a neutron star is 2 billion times stronger than the gravity on our planet hey give the job to FedEx or UPS and let them worry about delivery so which of these facts surprised you the most tell us in the comments below don't forget to give this video a like share it with your friends and click subscribe to stay on the bright side of life [Music]
