Transcriber: TED Translators admin
Reviewer: Ivana Korom When I was seven years old
and my sister was just five years old, we were playing on top of a bunk bed. I was two years older
than my sister at the time - I mean, I'm two years
older than her now - but at the time it meant she had to do
everything that I wanted to do, and I wanted to play war. So we were up on top of our bunk beds. And on one side of the bunk bed, I had put out all of my G.I. Joe
soldiers and weaponry. And on the other side were
all my sister's My Little Ponies ready for a cavalry charge. There are differing accounts
of what actually happened that afternoon, but since my sister is not
here with us today, let me tell you the true story - (Laughter) which is my sister's a little
on the clumsy side. Somehow, without any help or push
from her older brother at all, Amy disappeared
off of the top of the bunk bed and landed with this crash on the floor. I nervously peered
over the side of the bed to see what had befallen my fallen sister and saw that she had landed
painfully on her hands and knees on all fours on the ground. I was nervous because
my parents had charged me with making sure that my sister and I played as safely
and as quietly as possible. And seeing as how I had
accidentally broken Amy's arm just one week before... (Laughter) (Laughter ends) ...heroically pushing her out of the way
of an oncoming imaginary sniper bullet, (Laughter) for which I have yet to be thanked,
I was trying as hard as I could - she didn't even see it coming - I was trying hard
to be on my best behavior. And I saw my sister's face, this wail of pain
and suffering and surprise threatening to erupt from her mouth
and wake my parents from the long winter's nap
for which they had settled. So I did the only thing my frantic seven year-old brain
could think to do to avert this tragedy. And if you have children,
you've seen this hundreds of times. I said, "Amy, wait. Don't cry.
Did you see how you landed? No human lands on all fours like that. Amy, I think this means you're a unicorn." (Laughter) Now, that was cheating, because there was nothing
she would want more than not to be Amy
the hurt five year-old little sister, but Amy the special unicorn. Of course, this option
was open to her brain at no point in the past. And you could see how my poor,
manipulated sister faced conflict, as her little brain attempted
to devote resources to feeling the pain and suffering
and surprise she just experienced, or contemplating her new-found
identity as a unicorn. And the latter won. Instead of crying or ceasing our play, instead of waking my parents, with all the negative consequences for me, a smile spread across her face and she scrambled back up
onto the bunk bed with all the grace of a baby unicorn... (Laughter) ...with one broken leg. What we stumbled across at this tender age
of just five and seven - we had no idea at the time - was was going be at the vanguard
of a scientific revolution occurring two decades later in the way
that we look at the human brain. We had stumbled across
something called positive psychology, which is the reason I'm here today and the reason that I wake up
every morning. When I started talking about this research outside of academia,
with companies and schools, the first thing they said to never do
is to start with a graph. The first thing I want to do
is start with a graph. This graph looks boring, but it is the reason I get excited
and wake up every morning. And this graph doesn't even mean
anything; it's fake data. What we found is - (Laughter) If I got this data studying you,
I would be thrilled, because there's a trend there, and that means that I can get published, which is all that really matters. There is one weird red dot
above the curve, there's one weirdo in the room - I know who you are, I saw you earlier - that's no problem. That's no problem, as most of you know,
because I can just delete that dot. I can delete that dot because
that's clearly a measurement error. And we know that's a measurement error
because it's messing up my data. (Laughter) So one of the first things we teach people in economics, statistics,
business and psychology courses is how, in a statistically valid way,
do we eliminate the weirdos. How do we eliminate the outliers
so we can find the line of best fit? Which is fantastic
if I'm trying to find out how many Advil the average
person should be taking - two. But if I'm interested in your potential, or for happiness or productivity
or energy or creativity, we're creating the cult
of the average with science. If I asked a question like, "How fast can a child learn
how to read in a classroom?" scientists change the answer to "How fast does the average child
learn how to read in that classroom?" and we tailor the class
towards the average. If you fall below the average, then psychologists get thrilled, because that means you're
depressed or have a disorder, or hopefully both. We're hoping for both
because our business model is, if you come into a therapy
session with one problem, we want to make sure you
leave knowing you have ten, so you keep coming back. We'll go back into your
childhood if necessary, but eventually we want
to make you normal again. But normal is merely average. And positive psychology posits
that if we study what is merely average, we will remain merely average. Then instead of deleting
those positive outliers, what I intentionally do is come
into a population like this one and say, why? Why are some of you high above the curve in terms of intellectual,
athletic, musical ability, creativity, energy levels, resiliency in the face
of challenge, sense of humor? Whatever it is, instead of deleting
you, what I want to do is study you. Because maybe we can glean information, not just how to move
people up to the average, but move the entire average up
in our companies and schools worldwide. The reason this graph is important to me is, on the news, the majority
of the information is not positive. in fact it's negative. Most of it's about murder, corruption,
diseases, natural disasters. And very quickly, my brain starts to think that's the accurate ratio
of negative to positive in the world. This creates
"the medical school syndrome." During the first year of medical training, as you read through a list of all
the symptoms and diseases, suddenly you realize you have all of them. (Laughter) I have a brother in-law named Bobo,
which is a whole other story. Bobo married Amy the unicorn. Bobo called me on the phone - (Laughter) from Yale Medical School, and Bobo said, "Shawn, I have leprosy." (Laughter) Which, even at Yale,
is extraordinarily rare. But I had no idea how to console poor Bobo because he had just gotten
over an entire week of menopause. (Laughter) We're finding it's not necessarily
the reality that shapes us, but the lens through which your brain
views the world that shapes your reality. And if we can change the lens,
not only can we change your happiness, we can change every single educational
and business outcome at the same time. I applied to Harvard on a dare. I didn't expect to get in, and my family
had no money for college. When I got a military scholarship
two weeks later, they let me go. Something that wasn't
even a possibility became a reality. I assumed everyone there
would see it as a privilege as well, that they'd be excited to be there. Even in a classroom
full of people smarter than you, I felt you'd be happy just to be
in that classroom. But what I found is,
while some people experience that, when I graduated after my four years and then spent the next eight years
living in the dorms with the students - Harvard asked me to; I wasn't that guy. (Laughter) I was an officer to counsel students
through the difficult four years. And in my research and my teaching, I found that these students,
no matter how happy they were with their original success
of getting into the school, two weeks later their brains were focused,
not on the privilege of being there, nor on their philosophy or physics, but on the competition, the workload, the hassles, stresses, complaints. When I first went in there, I walked
into the freshmen dining hall, which is where my friends from Waco,
Texas, which is where I grew up - I know some of you know this. When they'd visit, they'd look around, and say, "This dining hall looks like
something out of Hogwart's." It does, because that was Hogwart's
and that's Harvard. And when they see this, they say, "Why do you waste your time
studying happiness at Harvard? What does a Harvard student
possibly have to be unhappy about?" Embedded within that question is the key to understanding
the science of happiness. Because what that question assumes is that our external world
is predictive of our happiness levels, when in reality, if I know everything
about your external world, I can only predict 10%
of your long-term happiness. 90 percent of your long-term happiness
is predicted not by the external world, but by the way your brain
processes the world. And if we change it, if we change our formula
for happiness and success, we can change the way
that we can then affect reality. What we found is that only 25%
of job successes are predicted by I.Q., 75 percent of job successes are predicted by your optimism
levels, your social support and your ability to see stress
as a challenge instead of as a threat. I talked to a New England boarding school,
probably the most prestigious one, and they said, "We already know that. So every year, instead of just teaching
our students, we have a wellness week. And we're so excited. Monday night
we have the world's leading expert will speak about adolescent depression. Tuesday night
it's school violence and bullying. Wednesday night is eating disorders. Thursday night is illicit drug use. And Friday night we're trying to decide
between risky sex or happiness." (Laughter) I said, "That's most people's
Friday nights." (Laughter) (Applause) Which I'm glad you liked,
but they did not like that at all. Silence on the phone. And into the silence, I said,
"I'd be happy to speak at your school, but that's not a wellness week,
that's a sickness week. You've outlined all the negative
things that can happen, but not talked about the positive." The absence of disease is not health. Here's how we get to health: We need to reverse the formula
for happiness and success. In the last three years,
I've traveled to 45 countries, working with schools and companies
in the midst of an economic downturn. And I found that
most companies and schools follow a formula
for success, which is this: If I work harder, I'll be more successful. And if I'm more successful,
then I'll be happier. That undergirds most
of our parenting and managing styles, the way that we motivate our behavior. And the problem is it's scientifically
broken and backwards for two reasons. Every time your brain has a success, you just changed the goalpost
of what success looked like. You got good grades,
now you have to get better grades, you got into a good school
and after you get into a better one, you got a good job,
now you have to get a better job, you hit your sales target,
we're going to change it. And if happiness is on the opposite side
of success, your brain never gets there. We've pushed happiness
over the cognitive horizon, as a society. And that's because we think
we have to be successful, then we'll be happier. But our brains work in the opposite order. If you can raise somebody's level
of positivity in the present, then their brain experiences what we now
call a happiness advantage, which is your brain at positive
performs significantly better than at negative, neutral or stressed. Your intelligence rises, your creativity
rises, your energy levels rise. In fact, we've found that every single
business outcome improves. Your brain at positive
is 31% more productive than your brain at negative,
neutral or stressed. You're 37% better at sales. Doctors are 19 percent
faster, more accurate at coming up with the correct diagnosis when positive instead
of negative, neutral or stressed. Which means we can reverse the formula. If we can find a way of becoming
positive in the present, then our brains work
even more successfully as we're able to work harder,
faster and more intelligently. We need to be able to reverse this formula so we can start to see what our brains
are actually capable of. Because dopamine, which floods
into your system when you're positive, has two functions. Not only does it make you happier, it turns on all of the learning
centers in your brain allowing you to adapt
to the world in a different way. We've found there are ways
that you can train your brain to be able to become more positive. In just a two-minute span of time
done for 21 days in a row, we can actually rewire your brain, allowing your brain to actually work
more optimistically and more successfully. We've done these things in research now in every company that I've worked with, getting them to write down three new
things that they're grateful for for 21 days in a row,
three new things each day. And at the end of that, their brain starts to retain a pattern of scanning the world not for
the negative, but for the positive first. Journaling about one positive experience
you've had over the past 24 hours allows your brain to relive it. Exercise teaches your brain
that your behavior matters. We find that meditation allows your brain to get over the cultural ADHD
that we've been creating by trying to do multiple tasks at once and allows our brains
to focus on the task at hand. And finally, random acts of kindness
are conscious acts of kindness. We get people,
when they open up their inbox, to write one positive email praising or thanking somebody
in their support network. And by doing these activities and by training your brain
just like we train our bodies, what we've found is we can reverse
the formula for happiness and success, and in doing so, not only create
ripples of positivity, but a real revolution. Thank you very much. (Applause)
