Sufism's Contribution to the West - Llewellyn Vaughan-Lee

[Applause] so friends this is the final of the series of five introductory talks about Sufism and I thought I would end it by looking at Sufism contribution to the West I think it is important to remember that for five or more centuries Sufism was part of the spiritual and cultural center of Europe in Andalusia and of course Sufism was central there to the whole Moorish culture in Spain and one thinks of the great Sufi even Elaraby who was from Andalusia and there's a beautiful book called the Sufis of Andalusia that comes from his writings that gives you a picture of this wonderful time of light that was really present in Europe over a thousand years ago and in fact one of his teachers was a 90 year old woman called shams who lived in Andalusia so this is really where Sufism first made his imprint in our Western culture and there's this lovely much little-understood thread that came from there that has taken hold of in the West more than we realized which has to do with romantic love because romantic love was first introduced into the West the whole idea of romantic love through courtly love which came from the troubadours and the troubadours brought it from that contact with Sufism from Arabic poetry and then they took what as far as I understand was this mystical orientation towards the beloved which is at the core of Sufism into this idea this adoration of the feminine that became courtly love and then of course from courtly love the whole idea of romantic love was created so it is important to see that thread of love being woven into the Western consciousness from Sufism and of course now romantic love is the icon of our collective Western consciousness so Sufism brought its light through Andalusia and then of course receded and then through the Ottoman Empire Sufism came into Europe into the Balkans where again it was there for hundreds of years it's still is though of course with the end of the Ottoman Empire and communism a lot of that receded and finally in the Bosnian war many Sufis were killed there was actually many Sufis of our particular order the Naqshbandi order were killed in the Bosnian war but again you see that current that spiritual current coming into the West and then much of it receding and then in America it really began a hundred years ago this year with Hazrat Inayat Khan and his journey to America bringing this again this threat of divine love this wisdom of divine love this experience of divine love into this country and then later other different threads of love came particularly in the 70s on things of Baba Mejia Dean who came from Sri Lanka and brought this tremendous vision and experience he had of mystical love and then other Sufi teachers some from Turkey like Suleiman dead a from the Mevlevi Order and Sheikh Mustafa Al Jarreau he brought that stream of divine love into this country and dr. Ngoc Bosch brought his stream from Iran into this country and the evil taken root here my own particular tradition came through my teacher Irena Tweedy she came here first in 85 that actually brought this tradition here in 87 and I always think it very auspicious that in the meeting she held the first one there was a Native American man of power who welcomed her and he was also present at the very last meeting and she actually asked him to talk so it's like how that the holders of the spiritual energy of this country welcomed another spiritual thread and so you have all these threads of divine love coming to America in the last century and ten years ago I started doing a series of Sufi conferences together with Pierre Zia and the idea behind which was to bring in a way under 1/10 these different threads of divine love these different Sufi orders whether Muslim or non-muslim and celebrate this this quality of love that belongs to the Sufi this quality of love and oneness and but we are here for the sake of our beloved and we had a series of eight gatherings and in the final gathering there was an image that was given to me of just of a great big tent that had been put up which is of course a simple Sufi symbol for gathering of bringing together and then the sound of a bell being rung which had a particular meaning for me because my teachers spiritual name are in the Tweety spiritual name was the bell ringer because her spiritual duty was to ring the bells in people's hearts and that was why she also came to the West to ring this bell and to gather all these different Sufi orders celebrating this stream of divine love rang a bell here in the West the Bell of remembrance because as Sufis our work is to remember God and maybe I should explain there are all these different Sufi orders they will they will finally found their ways to America and in a way each Sufi order is a stream of divine love if you see it from the inner world it's very very beautiful each different Sufi order it is a stream of divine love that is passed from heart to heart from heart to heart from teacher to teacher it's called the transmission down from the inner worlds from the source of divine love into the outer world given to those who are drawn to follow this path and in a way it has a dual purpose once one aspect of its purpose is to bring the stream of love into the world it is said if there were no Sufis the world will be covered in dust because Sufis are known as sweepers we clean the dust that is left behind the dust of forgetfulness we sweep away the dust because there is so much forgetfulness in our world and so these streams of love they bring each a different fragrance of love into this world each a particular unique note of divine love and it comes down very simply it hasn't changed in hundreds and hundreds of years from teacher to teacher is passed from heart to heart down into this world until finally it is made available for those who are drawn to this path and then that same stream of divine love takes them back to God it is really a magnetic current that draws them back to God you need a certain energy a certain power to go home to make this journey of the soul that I spoke about in the last talk from separation back to Union and this energy because we are Sufis is love we work with love the greatest power in the universe and the simplest thing to work with because it just goes into the heart it just activates the heart and the heart cries out to God and God looks into the heart and if it's really this magnetic pull that then takes the soul back to God and I often wondered when you see how this stream of love came to the West they first into Andalusia then it came into the Eastern Europe and then finally a century ago began to make its way to America I wonder did it come to the west because there were souls here in the West who needed it the way if you like dormant Sufi souls in the West here in America that were waiting for this current of life that could take them back to God or were souls attracted to this journey because this current of love were here or maybe I guess it's all one so it doesn't matter but the beauty of Sufism is that you see every soul is unique and there are difference also different types of souls and there is a type of soul that needs divine love to go back to God it's as simple as that they just need that fragrance that you call it wine if you like they need that love they need that remembrance to go back to God without that vibration of love they will get lost they won't know where to go it is like they will be starving in this world without that nourishment of divine love so they need it they hunger for it and then the beauty is there are all these different threads of love because some Souls for example they need music to go back to God and so there are some Sufi schools that use music the soul responds to a particular divine music in this world whether just the Naif lute or other Sufi music and it was very beautiful we did these Sufi conferences we included all of these different ways of Sufism they now actually for the first time we made film the last one it's now available on the sufi conference website the films of all of these different qualities of love going back to the source and some people need dance they need to dance to feel the love for God in their bodies in their souls and so there is for example a Mevlevi path where they can dance where they can get lost in a trance and some souls need that vibration of love that belongs just to silence so maybe they are drawn to an action and a path where they can just sit in silence because the next boundaries are known as the silent Sufis they just practice silent meditation in silent Zickuhr so out of the one comes the many each suited to the soul each suited to the individual and that's why Sufism is so free because each cell has to find the path that belongs to them and now in America there are all these different Sufi traditions all these different silsila all these different currents of love that can take you back to God without this current of love you you are stranded in this world yes you can do practices of purification but you can't go beyond the ego you can't go beyond the mind you need an energy you need a power and so Sufism is here for that purpose to help Souls go back to God and also to bring into this world this energy of divine love and I think there is a hunger in this world for this energy of divine love I think there is a need of it there you see one thing I don't know how much people understand is when you have a real silsila when you have a real transmission that comes from the beloved from Allah comes down through all of the saints all those who have worked upon themselves all those who have died for love and is brought down into this world it is completely pure it is completely uncontaminated because it goes through the heart and there's a place in the heart that cannot become contaminated and so much in our world has been contaminated there is so much greed there is so much buying and selling even of what people call spirituality and once it has become contaminated that energy cannot take you home it is as simple as that yes it can take you to a certain spiritual States that is simple that is easy but can it take you all the way home no there's a certain door which is locked which only if there is this very pure transmission of divine opens through that and so ready Sufis are here for that purpose to give both to the individuals who needed those who are drawn to love and also there is this other interesting phenomena that became aware of recently in the last twenty years I suppose through the popularity of Rumi that there is also a hunger in the collective Rumi became the best-selling poet in America would at least the translations of Rumi witches and why because there is a hunger for divine love as it as simple as that for this crazy crazy thing the Sufis know all about called love and I think in the West it kind of got lost yes there have been great saints likes and Teresa of Avila's likes and John of the Cross like the big wins in the Low Countries in the 13th century Mac Kilduff Magdeburg who who lived this love and you can find traces of it in their writings who understood this ecstasy before God but it is difficult to find the source that nourished them it was kind of kept as a secret and ever since the time of Al Hilal who made this secret known in the marketplace of Baghdad Sufism has celebrated divine love so maybe there is a need in the collective for this quality of love for this knowing of love for this it is so different to the mind it is so different to almost everything else in the Western culture everybody wants love you find me somebody who doesn't want love they may pretend they don't want love because they are wounded or defensive but as I say we project it onto romantic love which that's why I think it's this kind of strange joke that you realize romantic love actually came from the Sufis but was a mistranslation of those Sufi poems in which the beloved was referred to in the beauty of a woman in the mole on her cheek in the shape of her lips in the curl of her hair that was the Sufi symbolism of love and somehow it got taken into the West where it became this fascination this absorption that Hollywood pedals with great gusto so love is very simple there's nothing simpler than laughs I don't think and it can't really be bought and sold though people try it is very beautiful and so I think there is as much as there the souls who are drawn to this love because they need it to go home they need this energy of love to make this journey there is also a hunger in the West to remember this secret of divine love this devotional quality that belongs to our soul that everybody wants this love even if they don't know what it is they want so it's I think that is also contribution Sufism can make even an Arab a actually put it very very beautifully in this well-known poem of his when he says my heart has become capable of every form it is a pasture for gazelles and a convent from I follow the religion of love whatever way loves camels take that is my religion and my faith whatever way loves camels take I love this image of loves camels you know the caravanserai of lovers the caravan of love is stopping from caravanserai to caravanserai going off into the desert of this world the camel bells reminding us of this secret of divine love and it doesn't matter what what outer form it has a pasture for gazelles and a convent for monks it doesn't matter the forms of love everything actually you realize certain mystical state when you realize everything is a form for love every every flower every footstep everything is a form for love even the discarded discarded coke can on the sidewalk is a form of love it is a form love has taken and maybe in our busy minds in our world so caught up in material things there is a longing to remember this love and maybe that is a contribution Sufis can make to follow it's cool to remember this love this it's not a religion you see it's not nobody can put love in a box it just is all you need is love I mean it is true it is Beatle song but it is also true and Sufis understand about love they have a whole knowledge of love that has been hidden in the West there are all these Stations of the heart they understand how the heart works our these different Stations of the heart that leaves from the outer to the innermost to the innermost secret to the in the most chamber of the heart these different qualities of love they know about love you know if you want to have your car fixed you go to a good mechanic if you want to know about love you go to a Sufi because we have been in the business of love for hundreds of years we've written manuals about love we know how the different chambers in the heart works we know how to unlock the doors in the heart so there is a whole science about love it is not just some emotion some feeling it is a divine energy and if you want to know how a divine energy works how a power works you go to the experts you go to people who have been studying it for a thousand years or more and Sufis know about love so they bring with them to the West this whole science of love it is not just an emotion love it is not just a feeling it is something completely completely different and there are ways to work with love that suit each individual and Sufism can help you find the way you need to work with love by masters who understand it who understand the intricacies the subtleties of the human heart so there is this whole heritage of Sufism that is not present in this country now present in the West but it wasn't here well a hundred years ago today 100 years ago this year Hazrat Inayat Khan came to America and bringing the first footsteps of love the first of these teachings of love to come to these shores so that is one of the contribution Sufism makes to the West love both the energy of love and the knowledge of love both the power of love and the science of love because if you're going to work with love you need the science you need the knowledge you need the understanding and that is also actually within the human heart within the knowledge of the human heart and then equally important the central secret of mystical love is oneness this is the primary experience of love I am he whom I love he whom I love is me it is oneness the essence of love is always oneness duality belongs to the mind the heart just knows oneness if you go to the core of the core of a feeling of love there is only one 'less and Sufis have experience of that they have been taken to the source of love to experience the oneness that belongs to love and yes there is the oneness of lover and beloved which is a tremendous experience when you realize everything is is God there is no difference between you and me lover and beloved are one they always were one it is the veils that get lifted and and this is one of the secrets of Sufism is to lift those veils is to reveal that oneness within the heart between lover and beloved and this is if you like the in breathing of oneness loves imbrie the of oneness and then there is the out breathing of that which is the that oneness is also present everything around because when you are taken to that state of oneness when it is given to you as a as a gift you you realize if the eye of the eye of the heart is open in each atom there will be 100 secrets and this is the that the oneness that is all around us in every atom in every cell of creation celebrates the oneness of God and you see it you experience life you experience the world as one I remember it's one of the first powerful experiences I actually had here in California 20 years ago soon after I first came and and I was walking in the hills near where we live and suddenly I saw how every leaf on the tree every flower it was all one I always found it humorous because I expected to have that experience in meditation because I love to meditate and it wasn't given to me a meditation it was given to me in the outer world I saw the oneness of everything that it was all one you can just see it it's one living breathing being and then you close your eyes and it's all separate and all the leaves are different and you close your eyes again and open them again and it's all one and I thought oh maybe this is just in nature so I went to the supermarket and I saw that it was all one yes you could say all those breakfast cereals are all the same anyway and all all the breads in America is all squishy and it may have different labels but it's all one but it wasn't just that there is this oneness in the midst of life that you see it's all part of one living whole it has to be part of a living whole because it's all the beloved but there is a difference between sort of theory and experience and Sufism gives you the experience this is that they are the people of the secret and one of the secrets of Sufism is oneness it is a very fundamental secret of Sufism it is of course even Elaraby whom I mentioned made it one of the central focuses of his work and I will probably pronounce this wrong he called it what that alwa hood the unity of existence the existence of the beggar is his existence and the existence of the sick is his existence now when this is admitted it is acknowledged that this existence is his existence and that the existence of all created things is his existence and when the secret of one atom of the atom is clear the secret of all created things both outward and inward is clear you do not see in this world or the next anything except God it is all God it is all one it is all one living breathing being and we are not separate this is the great illusion as I mentioned a last meeting this is the great illusion of the mind the great trick of the ego that I am a separate individual person isolated from everything else of course not we are all one we're all one living breathing divine being is so much simpler since the whole world is the living mirror of God it is impossible to see anything aside from God everything is just a reflection of God or an embodiment of God there is actually a whole Sufi argument which I won't go into now but whether it's the world is the embodiment of God the unity of existence or the mirror of God what is called the unity of witnessing but for us simple folks it doesn't matter it's enough that it is one whether it's a reflection or an embodiment as one we are that oneness we're not even part of that one this we are that oneness again this is a Sufi secret you have a oneness of life every cell of your being is that oneness is an expression of that oneness you don't and this I think is incredibly important today because there are certain events taking place on the world stage whether its climate change or economic interdependence or global communication that demand that we understand there are certain things happening in the world that need to be seen through the eyes of oneness we are ecologically one living ecosystem we're not separate countries even though we pretend to be we can never be separate countries we are now one financial monstrosity some people would say heading towards certain doom one house of cards that soon will topple over I think I don't know how much the world is in debt and one wonders whose it's in debt too and on the internet or whatever we can see feel this oneness we can touch this one this is global oneness and and you know why not if we are moving into an era of oneness you know learn from the oneness guys learn from the guys who have been studying oneness for a thousand years you know I think that is a really important contribution Sufis because it's not theory I would feel there are enough theoreticians you know people speaking their theories but but Sufism has lived oneness have breathed oneness is oneness it's about oneness at the core of Sufi teachings it is all about oneness oneness with God oneness with life everything is one amongst all is he it is all that and I think or I feel maybe I'm biased but I feel that this contribution Sufism has to make is incredibly important because we know about oneness we know about love yes we know the secrets of love we have written treatises on love all the chambers in the heart all the way love works in a human being the practices of love how to embody love and we know about oneness we know the oneness that is in every Adam the oneness is at the core of creation the oneness that is alive the breathing living oneness and it's not a religious dogma this is the beauty of Sufism that's why I was so wonderful we had these Sufi conferences because people came from all faiths you know like even Elaraby says my heart has become capable of every form it is no Dogma in Sufism there is no Dogma it is said it is truth without form you can't convert somebody into Sufism it's not about right or wrong but it is about oneness it is about the oneness that belongs to love the oneness that belongs to life and I think in the West we need that oneness look other people will make wonderful theories of how to you know the technology of oneness and there is a whole technology of oneness I actually saw it when I wrote this book working with oneness and I was given a whole set of teachings about oneness how oneness works in the world is very beautiful it had kind of had it it's called this Sufi secret of oneness but it was a whole technology of oneness and how oneness couldn't work financially and oneness can work from an energy point of view and it can work on all levels it's the really the next step in human evolution is how to live from a place of oneness that's how every human being is actually part of an organic structure and organic wholeness all our individual consciousness are actually part of a of a whole of one single consciousness that is the world or it used to be called the anima Mundi the soul of the world and how we made a great mistake can we cut ourselves off from that and how we need to reconnect ourselves to this single consciousness that is the consciousness of this world and and then you will see how everything works like is meant to work there is a blueprint for oneness we are actually hardwired for oneness and then a lot of the problems that we think we have will just disappear because there one there problems that have been created by this image of separation by this image of duality by this image of you and me rather than we and as I say the the beauty of Sufism is that it it comes from an experience of oneness it carries that secret Alumnus I think it is very important contribution love and oneness whoever can't see the whole in every part plays a blind man's bluff a wise man tastes the entire tigress in every sip if you can't see the whole in every part you know you can get lost the whole is present in every part every sip of the tigress you taste the entire tigress and the mystic knows this and this is I think the time for the mystic and the scientists to come together they can each make a contribution to the other but the scientist can help put into form the understanding of the mystic this mystical knowledge that really belongs to life and life that is divine life that is part of God life that comes from God and then we will understand how this world works how it is supposed to work how it is meant to work because it is one living being and then we will grow up as human beings and stop squabbling over and who has what because that just makes less for everybody so Sufism gives both to the individual who follows the path yes you are taken into the arena of oneness you are taken to the arena of love you are given those experiences and and something in you opens when you taste that oneness and you can play of course your part in life much more fully from a place of oneness you know what you need to do because you are part of life and you realize life is not a problem life was never a problem this is just an illusion created by the mind and also oneness I feel has a part to play in the in the collective just as the collective hungers for this divine love hungers for this real love that can't be bought and sold that it's not a a fantasy not an image you have to look for or compare yourself to think the collective hungers for this very feminine also this quality of divine love because you are loved something in you opens your heart opens and you receive love so it's very feminine qualities lover and beloved something in you is love beyond anything you can imagine and we long for love we work far too hard in this culture always busy doing things that are usually a waste of time and and if we could stop for a moment and just to be present in love and so love and oneness are these for me these two central threads of Sufism whatever way it comes it doesn't matter that are given both to the individual and also to the whole because the beauty of oneness if you understood how oneness works is that if it comes into your heart if it comes into your consciousness it comes into the whole you know once you mainline something it's mainland if you realize that you are the whole nothing is separate from you you know we have this whole image of networking it's kind of popular I'm an incredible introvert and I can't network luckily I've discovered that there is a kind of inner network where you don't actually have to talk to anybody you can just be present in yourself and you are part of the network you are the network you don't have to tell anybody about it it's present in your cells it's present in your consciousness and then it's part of the consciousness of life that's how oneness works and this is really how human beings really are and how the whole is so so there are those two threads of Sufism that I think make a real contribution and then the last thing I want to talk about is much more esoteric and it belongs to Sufism but is not so understood and certainly not so popularized in the West and this is the tradition of the Aliyah the Friends of God and very simply there is a spiritual hierarchy called the hourly or the friends of God the fixed number of human beings without whom the existence and spiritual well-being of the world cannot be maintained this is an ancient Sufi tradition it was first written about in my knowledge by al Hakim at Dermody in the ninth century he was actually and of a forerunner of the next band is he wrote also about dreams and his wife used to have dreams for him which I find beautiful anyway he wrote about the hourly and the Friends of God this spiritual hierarchy which is kind of the belongs to Sufism and as much as there are sheiks and teachers who look after the well-being of their disciples there are also spiritual beings who look after the well-being of the world and there is a kind of hierarchy in sufi terminology just so you know at the top of the hierarchy is the pole the ketubah and he as though as I mentioned before is the one human being he or she is the one human being that has realized the full potential of what it means to be a human being so there is in the planet at any one time one human being who knows what it is to be a human being in all of its levels and all who was awake on all of the different levels of consciousness of human being can be awakened only one in the world at any one time but he is the he or she is the Kitab of the pole and this of course has the whole Sufi symbolism of the tent which you will see and under the pole are the four pegs who look after the four corners of the world and then there are seven other alia who each control one of the seven continents of the world and they are called the AL Abdul because when one of them dies another takes his place and below this come the forty successes and through the Abdul's allah causes it to rain through them the earth remains in existence through them health is granted through them punishment is averted there's actually a very similar tradition in esoteric judaism they're known as the 36 just men and I won't pronounce this correctly but it is called the lammott valve tsadikim and they are concealed ones they're often hidden and again once one of them dies another takes his place so it's a similar tradition in Sufism and Judaism but it is understood in the East it was kind of hidden part of the culture you don't talk about it but it was present there's actually a beautiful story in this little book called the Sufis of Andalusia when even though Arabi met the pole of his time and it Elaraby of course had amazing spiritual perception and he was shown he may came to a Sufi gathering and and there was one person who was kind of shunned by the others because he wasn't a local and he also have a withered withered arm he was called al Alawi and in the night even Elaraby was shown that this man was the pole of his time and when they gathered the next time somehow the conversation came around to the pole and even Elaraby said that he was shown in a vision who the pole of the time was and this man al Allah we said yes but you won't say who it is and it will neither be never saw him again so it's a kind of nice story because it's not you know we are so caught up in our world divisions of power structures and people with business suits and expensive cars and private aeroplanes and all of that which is so silly because really if you have to do real spiritual work you have time for all of that is an incredible encumbrance and it is something very secretive but not in a not in the way we understand secrets because it's too ordinary really but there are these people in the world to look after the spiritual well-being of the world and this is really part of the Sufi tradition and I think it's important because what I discovered coming to America which I hadn't realized before it's this I was called the shadow side of this Puritan culture which is that everybody has to do things for themselves and stand on their own feet and yes that's fine but you know Rumi was very clear you can't even get to the first weigh station on your own you need help we all need help and yes there is the help that comes through the teacher the help of the path and the help of God grace I don't think you can do anything without grace and this is one of the most precious things of these Sufi silsila these threads of love is they are deliverers of grace you know if you want grace go to places where grace comes directly that's what Sufis do they bring love into the world they have this relationship with the beloved you know and if we are going to take responsibility for the planet and it does seem about time or if we don't you know it doesn't look so good I think we had need to have an awareness even in the back back back of our consciousness that there is a group of mystics or friends of God who actually take responsibility for the spiritual well-being of this planet and also not just the spiritual well-being because for example they look after the light of the planet just as every human being has a light the planet also has a light if that light starts to go out and something begins to die within the planet just like if the light and the human being goes out the human being cannot evolve the hope is gone you can sometimes see people like that people have taken a lot of drugs for example the light isn't in them anymore something has changed or other people who've done things they shouldn't have done in this world the light is gone and something is lost in them you can call it a simple humanity if you like but it has an effect and the I will you look after the spiritual well-being of the world and they also the Sufi sail you know the grass can't grow the rains can't come without the hourly they also intercede between humanity and God and I think we are coming to a time when we need a bit of intercession because we haven't done such a good job as we should have done he doesn't look very good if you take a long-term view at the moment or even a short term of you and so you don't have to do anything we're always caught up in the West in doing we always want to do it we want to fix things it's very masculine attitude but I just think the awareness of this spiritual brotherhood or sisterhood is important it's like respecting something within the world that we can't control maybe we're not the Lords of the world like we thought we are maybe it is not really the politicians who rule the world or the people with big guns or expensive airplanes whoever you like to see it that there has been this other tradition that in different times in different places was completely accepted and understood of the hourly are the Friends of God say in Judaism they call it the just man who have an understanding of real power not the power that plays out in our world which is really like if you look at it from a certain places like children playing with toys they get a bit dangerous children playing with toxic toys and it will be helpful to recognize this other dimension this other spiritual dimension and say it's not much talked about in the West because it goes really counter to our whole notion of democracy and that we should elect our leaders and which is I understand that of course spiritually it doesn't quite work like that it has to do with degrees of servanthood and the idea are people who have accepted a level of servanthood that will be too terrifying for most people a complete complete servanthood in which every cell of your being every breath you take belongs to another is here in service to another and maybe a little bit of respect is due to us it is like the Kogi's who call us the younger brothers and they are the older brothers a little bit of respect is due to a certain tradition of the Friends of God so that's really all I wanted to say it has been wonderful to share a little bit of this tradition of lovers that I was drawn into when I was 19 which is just a way to be with God it is a way of life that touches some hearts and calls some Souls it is this fragrance of laughs that we long for that takes us back to God where we belong and then we realize of course we were always with God there isn't anything else how could there be anything else how could there be anything else than the beloved you

Channel: LlewellynVaughanLee

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Keywords: awliyâ, friends of god, Llewellyn Vaughan-Lee, Sufism, Sufi, mysticism, mystic, oneness, divine, mystical love, western civilization, moorish Spain

Id: TKNK-0VLIaY

Length: 51min 40sec (3100 seconds)

Published: Sun Dec 04 2016