Strange Isotopes in Supernovae, External Gravitational Lenses, Existence of The Present | Q&A 228

what can gravitational waves tell us about the universe that light can't is there any update on the search for planet nine and is there any such thing as the present or is everything in the past all this and more in this week's question show it's time for the question show your questions my answers as always wherever you are across my channel the question Pops in your brain just write it down I will gather a bunch of them up and I will answer them here now this is just a part of the question show we also do this live every Monday at 5 00 PM Pacific time so if you want to have your question answered Live come join the show it's a lot of fun all right let's get into the questions love metal rocks what can gravitational wave astronomy tell us about the universe that light can't given that both light and gravitational waves travel at the same speed what are some examples of things that we expect to find out so astronomers have known about the presence of gravitational waves now for a few years like ligo finally came online detected its first colliding black holes and we got this direct observational evidence that gravitational waves exist as predicted by Einstein correct again but to be able to actually measure them and then ligo had a bunch of refits and came back online and was even more powerful and just in the last couple of weeks ligo has come back online once again to do more observations now being able to reach about twice as far to be able to detect more sensitive uh collisions between various exotic objects and so we should find out about multiple gravitational wave events every single week in fact they're like they're going to happen so often now they'll just be routine and it'll just be the special events that are happening but theoretically like what can we use gravitational waves for that maybe we can't use regular electromagnetic radiation astronomy for and you know we talked about this idea of multi-messenger astronomy that you've got light electromagnetic radiation and that can be radio through visible light through x-rays gamma rays but then we also now have gravitational waves which are a completely different form of transmission of information and then like the third one might be neutrinos so we're getting to this place where we've got multiple ways to see the same event happening and so there's a couple of advantages for gravitational waves and like they have huge disadvantages the biggest one being that they are incredibly weak like when any time mass is moving around it's emitting gravitational waves like you're walking around you wave to your friends you're throwing gravitational waves at them but they can't see it they can see the light being reflected off of your hand no problem but they can't see the gravitational waves and so it's only the most extreme events that we could see when you've got black holes with dozens of times the mass of the Sun crashing into each other only then do we get this tiny detection of gravitational wave so the first thing is that gravitational waves will pass through things that are obscured by matter and so when you think about say a supernova when the Supernova goes off you've got inside the envelope of the star you've got these layers that are crashing down inside and then you've got the black hole forming and you've got the outermost layers bounce out and then Ripple off out into space and in fact when we observe a supernova going off we will actually detect the neutrinos before the light coming from the Supernova and neutrinos move slower than the speed of light and yet we see them first because they're able to escape through the material of the star while the radiation has to sort of make its way out through all of the layers and start to finally Escape out into space and then move the speed of light well gravitational waves are going to be moving at the speed of light but they'll be able to pass right through the star and so theoretically if we were watching a star that we knew was going to go supernova we knew it had like some kind of unbalance where when it exploded as a supernova it would give off like some kind of quick wobble in space and theoretically ligo can do this then you would see the gravitational waves first and then you would see the neutrinos come by and then you would see the light and so in theory if we had like a really well tuned gravitational wave astronomy system you would have this early warning you would see the gravitational waves from a supernova trying to go oh there's going to be a supernova in that star over there quick let's observe the star and then a minute later they actually get a chance to see the Supernova so like that would be amazing um of course we always talk about the early Universe before the cosmic microwave background radiation so like the first 380 000 years of the universe are obscured because light couldn't escape out into the universe even though it was there it was trapped inside what was the early Universe well gravitational waves could pass through that and so we could look right back to the very beginning times of the universe in theory there are primordial gravitational waves that were released during the big bang and they are moving out in the universe they're all around us all the time like the cmbs around us all the time and they would allow us to see just milliseconds after nanoseconds after the big bang itself and so just imagine all of the answers that you could get by being able to measure into the area of the universe and then the last thing that I can think of off the top of my head um that gravitational waves are going to be really useful for is measuring the expansion rate of the universe because they provide a truly independent way of measuring the universe I'm not going to go into all the details but the gist is that you know if you detect two black holes colliding with each other the mass of the two black holes as well as how long it takes for them to come together releases the gravitational waves out into the universe and in fact it's the it's the velocity of the two black holes that gets converted into the gravitational waves that spread out into the universe and astronomers call this the chirp Mass I'm not sure why they do but I guess because they see this chirp of gravitational waves in their sensors and so then if you also know the optical Counterpoint of that and that's like what the kill Anova event was back in 2017. you could see the gravitational wave signal you also can see the electromagnetic radiation if you know the Galaxy that the event happened in you get an independent measurement of the expansion rate of the universe you can essentially measure how fast the Galaxy is moving away from you because of the gravitational waves you get some pieces from the electromagnetic part of the explosion and you can calculate the rest based on the gravitational waves and so suddenly when you are detecting multiple gravitational wave events every week you're able to start really mapping out the expansion rate of the universe and the farther you go in being able to measure out gravitational waves the more you can put out this bubble of certainty about the expansion rate of the universe and so if we can go to a billion years two billion years we're measuring very accurately the expansion rate of the universe and hopefully eventually someday we'll get all the way out to the very edge of the observable universe and get like a really good measurement for the expansion rate and maybe finally solve the crisis in cosmology and really know how fast the universe was expanding at different times along its evolution at this point you've probably noticed the Star Wars planet that appeared above my shoulder and this is a way for you to vote for the question or answer or combination that you thought was the best so just go ahead watch all the questions all of them and then in the comments down below as you are typing your own question just briefly mention the Star Wars planet that you enjoyed the most and then we will count them up and we will celebrate them here so last week we had guess that Kareem talking about both SpaceX and blue origin refueling space and microgravity and then I talked about how excited I was for space refueling so congratulations to yes that Kareem um I hope glad everybody liked your question and my answer so uh again don't forget to vote the end of this week it's time for the book club and I mentioned last week that I am reading through the culture series and I know that I that I have a responsibility to get through these books as quickly as humanly possible so that we can move on to different Series this is of course the problem when someone gives me a series to read I kind of want to read the whole series so uh this week I read the next three books in the series so I read uh state of the art which is a collection of short stories mostly about the culture interacting with various uh groups in the universe um I write accession which is about what happens when the culture meets a civilization that is more powerful than it and you know it's been able to spend all this time um uh I guess being magnanimous and now it has to resort to dirty tricks to get ahead and also get some perspectives of some of some truly alien species in it and so far this has been my favorite like a lot of people really like the use of weapons but accession has been my favorite book in the series so far and the one I'm reading right now is called inversions which is about a sort of I guess how the culture interacts with civilizations that are less technologically advanced than the different philosophies in how do you interact with uh you know if they're they don't have the same kind of technology and maybe different kinds of morals then you want to try and influence them without ruining their civilization what's the best way to go about that and they sort of explore this in the book so hopefully within the next couple of weeks I will have finished the entire culture series by e m Banks and then I will move on but boy I'm so grateful to be reading this series so thank you everybody who has been recommending it to me for a long time and I highly recommend following my footsteps read the culture books by E M Banks you know there are SpaceX drone ships named after them uh they are foundational like the foundation series but we'll have a link to the book club down in the show notes down below and you can go ahead and just recommend books to me in the book club and the way this works is you recommend books I read them but I tell you what I thought so definitely Rec I'm gonna run out of book soon help parashar siddarth if the Big Bang happened 13.8 billion years ago how come we see 46 billion light years away on each side like when I first started to do this I didn't really understand exactly sort of how the size of the universe worked and I made some pretty fundamental mistakes that people slapped my wrist and helped me understand much better and you have to use terminology very carefully and in fact I will often intervene with my writers on Universe today if they aren't expressing this properly because you know it's kind of tricky so when we see a Galaxy say in a picture from jwst and we can calculate that the light has been traveling from that Galaxy for 13 billion years and we know that we are seeing that Galaxy as it looked 800 million years after the big bang that Galaxy is not 13 billion light years away it's only that the light has been traveling for 13 billion years but the universe has been expanding and the Galaxies have been moving and we have been moving and so you get the actual distance to that Galaxy if it's like or the actual distance of the cosmic microwave background radiation for example is that 42 billion light years and what you do is essentially if you add up all of the expansion of all of the parts of the universe between you and that Target that you're looking at that's when you get that full distance to get there um there's some neat idea so yeah like if the universe was not expanding at all then an object if you saw an object there was 13 billion years ago then it would be 13 billion light years away but the universe is expanding and there's an interesting thing like without dark energy in the universe those things that we see right at the edge of the observable universe they would only be 41 billion light years away it's that dark energy has already contributed about 5 billion light years to that distance and so in fact we see them at 46 billion light years away so like I know it's a hard to wrap your mind around this and yet it's a sort of Minefield of of ways to say it wrong and so you'll hear me very carefully say we are seeing this galaxy as it looked 13 billion years ago the light has been traveling from this galaxy for 13 billion years we are seeing it as it looked just 800 million years after the big bang and you know being accurate about this kind of thing is important so I hope that helps cootie 007 is there no present do we live in the past as calculated by an event plus the speed of light even a thought is delayed yeah you could say that we live in the past at all times um you know when you get I don't know if you get shocked on your fingers you know it can take several milliseconds to reach your brain apparently the fastest the brain can react to stimuli is about 1 20th of a second and so everything that you see out there is delayed by some number of milliseconds depending on on you know it's a good thing that the eyes are so close to the brain because it minimizes the lag in between but you know when you are looking at your computer screen the light is taking a couple of nanoseconds to get from the screen to your eyeballs and then a few more milliseconds to get from your eyeballs into your brain and so everything is delayed and then when you are seeing things that are at the end of The Horizon maybe it's taking tens of nanoseconds and when you're seeing the moon you're seeing as it looked like a second ago and when you see the sun it's eight minutes ago and when you see Alpha Centauri it's four years ago and when you see Andromeda in the sky it's a million and a half or two million uh years ago and it just goes on and on on right out to the edge of the observable universe as we said 13.8 billion years ago and so there's like an interesting idea about this like in the book accelerando by Charles dross he proposes that it's this speed of thought for technological civilizations that defines the limit for how big they choose to get with the speed of light being the limit there's no real value to have a civilization that is larger than say about the size of the Earth and they call this like a Jupiter brain or a Matryoshka brain um you've got this this sphere made of computronium that is that is Computing and it's sending signals back and forth and once you get Beyond a certain size the lag just gets ridiculous and you just don't want to be a part of that Civilization anymore you might as well be part of a completely different civilization when you are at another star system like the lag to travel for light years for you to send signals back and forth through your Galactic Empire it's just it's too much and so future civilizations just will only choose to live in their home system because that's where the lag is low and I you know I'm not sure whether I I buy it but it's a great explanation for the Fermi Paradox and so if you haven't already read the book accelerando by Charles sort of goes into this so I highly recommend it recommended as part of a previous book club Mark scales hey Fraser is there any update on the search for planet nine in the solar system and do you think it actually exists so there are no real updates to the search for planet nine you know the the idea of this planet nine was based on Research by Mark Brown and Constantine batigan a couple years ago where they were measuring the movements of various objects in the Kuiper belt and they found that you could only explain the weird clustering that they saw if there was a more massive object out in the Kuiper belt that is influencing them and we have certain constraints like we know the maximum size this could be because of the Y survey this is a Space Telescope by NASA an infrared telescope that scanned the outer solar system looking for large cool objects like do we have a brown dwarf companion to the sun and the answer is no and so they're able to constrain down the size of the objects that could be out there but you could definitely have a Uranus neptune-sized object that is orbiting within the Kuiper belt and or an earth-sized object that's closer and they would be beyond the limit of what the wise telescope could have found and yet they could still be out there and so at this point nobody has found this object that is influencing them um you know searches have been made but no one has been able to turn it up and so it really feels like we're waiting on the Vera Rubin Observatory which is going to come online later on this year it's going to be doing full scans of the entire southern hemisphere every few days it will detect any object moving in this region to ridiculously faint magnitudes like it's going to find all the asteroids all the comments all the Supernova and in theory it's going to be the machine that's going to find planet nine so don't anticipate any updates on Planet nine until the Vera Reuben telescope comes online and data has been gathered and then either someone's going to go oh there it is right and they're gonna do follow-on observations with jwst or it's gonna go weeks and months and years and nobody's going to be able to find it and then they're going to have to go back to the drawing board to try and figure out why are these objects clustering out there in the Kuiper belt if you like my answers to your questions as well as the other things that we do at Universe today consider joining our patreon club this allows us to keep a minimum ads for everybody and as a patron you will get an ad free experience on universeto.com for life even if you unsubscribe you can add free videos Early Access to interviews as well as other perks that are exclusive to our patreon community thanks to everyone who has already subscribed and welcome to the recent newcomers just Paul Davis current control Trevor ritmiller e Brent Hall Michael kazielinski Henry Whitehead Frank malafant Josh wail alrify void Tomas vicer join the club at patreon.com universetoday Starman 67 is our solar system formed from the same nebula there would be great chances that some of the rare elements found here would also be found on Mars when the tharsis region be a great place to mine so with the larger planets the more massive planets like the Earth Mercury Venus Mars you had them separate out into the lighter elements on the surface and then the heavier elements would sink down inside the planet and so all of the really interesting heavy elements that are present in the solar system in the periodic table of elements they're underneath your feet they were gathered together as part of the earth and then they sunk down into the planet now we do still see deposits of of iron and other elements in some cases they're left over from meteorite strikes that hit the surface of the Earth but the vast majority of the precious heavier elements are thousands of kilometers beneath our feet Mars is less massive and so it probably didn't form into layers in the as well as the Earth did but really the best places to find these elements are in the asteroids in the asteroids they didn't layer at all you could go to a fairly interesting asteroid and you could find deposits of gold and silver and platinum and iridium and all these things just sitting around on the surface of the asteroid waiting to be picked up and stuck in a bag by a hearty asteroid Miner so really I mean Mars would be fine but like Mars would be really tough to try and land on you know go into the gravity well mine from there no you want to go to the asteroids that's where all of the interesting materials can be found Samuel doke is there enough water on the moon to sustain a permanent colony depends on what you mean by a permanent Colony but yes like if you go to the permanently shadowed craters at the South Pole of the Moon the place where water ice has been seen from space has been blasted out of the surface with the L cross Mission we know that there is vast reserves of water there It's tricky to get to because it is in the shadow and so you need to figure out a way to get some kind of mining equipment that is solar powered or maybe nuclear powered into the shadowed crater down the side of the crater gather up the the water and you chip it away do you haul it by big lunar trucks bring it back to your station but yes in theory like it's all there and it would last for a long long time for a reasonably sized station the oxygen that you need is present everywhere on the surface of the Moon like you just have to crunch any Rock and it will release oxygen and put the Right Heating and in fact there is water just present in in every cubic meter of lunar regolith across the surface of the entire Moon you just have to be willing to heat up like one cubic meter of lunar regolith to give you one water bottle's worth of water but theoretically it's worth doing uh if we want to sustain a lunar Colony but it's always going to be expensive and it's always going to be complicated like we're not going to have this wonderful City on the moon for a long long time until our technology has advanced to the point that we can trivialize our existence on the moon Mitchell alchuler could we use other stars besides ours as a gravitational lens and if yes what are the downsides besides using a star farther away which I assume would have some limitations so you're basing this idea on the concept of the solar gravitational lens which we've talked about quite a bit and I've got an interview with Dr salvators have about the solar gravitational lens and then a follow-on interview with him about how to get out to the solar gravitational lens so it's a fascinating idea that that the sun will act as a natural lens and if you can get out to about 650 astronomical units away from the Sun and then just keep traveling outward then you will be able to see exoplanets with a resolution of like one megapixel would be amazing but the key is that you need to align the Sun and your spacecraft and the target perfectly there's this observation cone that is moving away from the Star it's like a tunnel that you need to keep your spacecraft perfectly oriented inside this cone and you it'll go on forever as long as you stay perfectly aligned and actually the farther you get from the Sun the better the lens becomes for you because thus the sun becomes less and less of a a blob of light in your image and you get more and more of the image around it but the key is that you have to keep this aligned perfectly across 1 000 astronomical units like you if you're off by a nanometer things aren't lined up and so finding a star that is going to be perfectly between us and something that we want to look at will happen from time to time but it's not going to remain lined up we're moving the Stars moving the target's moving and within minutes things don't work and in fact astronomers detect planets using gravitational lenses all the time you look out into space you look at all the stars out there and every now and then one of the Stars brightens because some object is passing in front of it or we're seeing some star for the first time because the star was normally hidden but now another star is passing in front of the two lineup perfectly you the gravitational lens and in fact planets are found because as those two stars move in front of each other you get the lens kind of warping and wobbling and you can detect the existence of the planets around the star as they contribute to the lensing effect and then the star moves away and then you've lost the lens and so you can detect the planet but the downside is that you can never make any follow-on observations it's a one-time detection of a planet but some of the faintest smallest planets that have ever been seen have been done using this gravitational lens method so the gravitational lens only works when you can perfectly control the position of the star the position of the spacecraft and the position of the Target and we can only do that by launching a spacecraft from Earth using the Sun as a gravitational lens Nathan Way what are the chances of a strange isotope and rare mineral created by supernova supernova are the most extreme events in the universe like they are the mass of a star many times the mass of the Sun coming together in a moment creating a black hole the energy is involved here are extreme and yet this is how particle accelerators work like we take a a stream of protons we smash them it some heavy element and we try to mash additional protons onto that element to create heavier elements when you look at the periodic table of elements like all the heaviest stuff was created in particle accelerators and they only exist for moments until they are unstable and they break apart and so you could theorize that there are elements out there in the universe created in Supernova that are thousands of protons tens of thousands of protons like really big elements are created for a moment but then they fall apart they are unstable and we know that they're unstable because we don't find them like every element that we have here on Earth was created by the death of a star Except for hydrogen but everything else was created through the death of a star so we concede we know that gold is stable we know that iron is stable we know these are stable they last for long periods of time and there are other things that we know Decay uranium other elements higher on the periodic table so yeah in Supernova they are creating the heaviest possible elements but we also know that they are falling apart immediately people wonder like are we eventually going to find some island of stability where there are more elements higher up on the periodic table of elements but if there were then we would find them because Supernova would create them and we we can't do anything close we can't hold a candle to a supernov over and so uh what exists out there we can safely assume is what's stable Richard Price what space related film annoyed you the most regarding its portrayal of physics if you can get annoyed by the portrayal of physics in a science fiction movie then it is just a Target Rich environment and you will just be grumpy and sad all the time so the part of my brain that is critical of portrayals of space and astronomy I just set it aside I try to turn that part of my brain off and go yeah you get in that warp drive spacecraft and fly across the universe and and catch falling people with your robot arms and have artificial gravity and everybody speaks the same language and I like I just don't care like tell me a good story and that's all I really care about um there are definitely some shows that do a great job and so that part kicks in again like when I watched The Martian um that was it last week someone was like saying oh you should watch The Martian and so we just did oh no that's right I did interview with John Michael Gautier um which will come out on the channel in a few days and I and I was sort of we're getting hyped about the Martian I went and watched it again totally holds up there's a bunch of problems but you you are willing to overlook them because it's it's so accurate and or you watch uh For All Mankind and it's just so great it's so accurate that then when there are hiccups you kind of go oh oh 99 of the way there but for most science fiction that I watch I just shut that part of my brain off it has no place it cannot help me enjoy or not enjoy Avatar the way of water it is it is it is not welcome here Jesus Solis do gas giants have a molten core and layers of rock like the Earth yeah it's believed that at the center of Jupiter there are many times the mass of Earth in just pure Earth stuff so you've got rock and metal down at the core of Jupiter and then that's surrounded by an enormous volume of hydrogen and helium and then you've got this at different levels of density and so at the very near the core you've got metallic hydrogen and then you've got hydrogen that's acting like ice and there's all kinds of different layers inside Jupiter and the farthest outside you got the atmosphere which you've got uh ammonia and methane and other gases in the outer layer of Jupiter and in fact you've got something similar inside the Sun like people always worry like oh no what if we crash uranium into the sun the sun has dozens of times the mass of the Earth in rock and metal and radioactive elements and all kinds of stuff inside of it the vast majority of the material the rocky material in the solar system is down inside the Sun so if you need more of it you're going to have to dig for it Jerome what would you do if you met aliens like when we think about the search for UFOs we think about how people are skeptical of the evidence that has been provided by people who have made observations about UFOs it's anecdotal evidence like I was flying in an airplane and I looked out the window and I saw something moving that I couldn't understand and then I came back and I reported it and it's unexplained we don't know what it was or I was abducted or I was at work and I looked up and I saw this thing fly by and it moved too fast for and it moved strangely that I don't understand so you've got this eyewitness testimony but you don't have good evidence and so like if I met aliens and I wanted to prove to people that I met aliens I would be thinking hard about how am I going to gather evidence about this interaction that would be accepted by my skeptical colleagues right like what would they need to see and and when you think in this Modern Age with deep fakes with artificial intelligence with photoshop with our ability to make things it would be really tricky to create something that or you know ask the aliens for an interview I guess I would ask the aliens for some piece of information about the universe some piece of knowledge that that would make a very specific prediction they'd say oh well if you just open your eyes and close your eyes one thousand times when you have your back to the Moon you will see the entire universe change color from black to Pink and you're like huh okay you do this thousand times you look at suddenly the universe you know the the night sky turns pink and then you do it a thousand times more and it goes back to black and so you could tell other people like whoa I met aliens and they told me this thing about the universe and everybody tested out and they agree that yes indeed this is true and there's a little bit of this if you read the three body problem book in the first one um the aliens prove that they're real by adding a signal into the cosmic microwave background radiation that is seen independently by different observers and so everyone can be sure that this thing really happened and so I think I would have a lot of questions for the aliens about the universe and about their civilization and all this kind of stuff but I would also really be looking for some kind of concrete evidence that I could use to prove to other people that I actually met them that they are real that we know that we are not alone in the universe because I think knowing that we're not alone in the universe would provide people with a lot of comfort like you know it's it would be scary if we are the only intelligent civilization in the entire universe because like if we mess this up then the future of life in the universe was lost with us future of intelligence to the universe was lost with us so so I hope there are only out there and uh I can't wait to meet them that'd be great I would love to meet Aliens I mean that's like what sci-fi is about is partly trying to just wrap your mind around what it would be like to meet an alien civilization something that is that didn't even evolve here on planet Earth doesn't have the same kind of society as us what would that be like be amazing essay figpen what radical changes would you make if you were given the job of NASA chief for me the the thing the role that NASA plays the one that I find the most exciting is to remove risk to de-risk space flight so there are all these new technologies that are required faster propulsion systems new ways of providing resources in space of gathering up material you know there's just a lot of stuff that is theoretically possible but it's too risky for any commercial entity to take on and try and figure out how to do but if those things could be figured out then it would unlock the next step of space exploration and you know I do all these interviews with the people who've won these Nyack grants the Innovative Advanced concept awards from NASA and these are the stuff that are at the very bleeding edge of what is possible what could be done what cool ideas are in the works now that could help us solve problems in the future and I personally would just throw all my resources into that into some Advanced version of that which is like show me all of the ideas that have anything to do with space flight that have anything to do with science that are too extreme for the commercial standard commercial industry to take on let's remove the risk let's solve the problems one at a time let's figure out how to make Photon squeezing work let's figure out how to make a quantum computer work let's figure out how to uh make a nuclear rocket work can we make metallic hydrogen you know and then oh solved it great here you go World here's the patent here's the technology commercialize it if you want and we're going to move on but now this is known and understood and we've made value of it let's move on to the next thing and so I think that's that's the role that I'm most excited about by NASA is its ability to take the impossible and make it possible and then move on to new impossible they should always be working on the stuff that nobody has any idea how to do but would be excited if that stuff could be done and that's the that's the role that I think NASA plays the best and I think any time they do anything that isn't turning the impossible into the possible is you know time that could be spent working on turning the impossible into the possible so that's what I think all right those are all the questions that we had today thank you everyone who asked them in the YouTube comments as well as everybody who showed up for the live show remember we do this every Monday at 5 00 PM Pacific time so come on by ask your questions ask follow-on questions talk to the community it's a lot of fun and this show is like three times as long as the one that you're seeing here so definitely come and check it out and don't forget to vote we'll count them up next week thanks everyone we'll see you next week if you want to see on top of all of the important space news join my weekly email newsletter I send it out every Friday to more than 60 000 people I write every word there are no ads and it's absolutely free subscribe at university.com newsletter you can also subscribe to the universe Today podcast there you can find an audio version of all of our news interviews and Q and A's as well as exclusive content subscribe at university.com podcast or search for universetoday on Apple podcast Spotify or wherever you get your podcasts a huge thanks to everyone who supports us on patreon and helps us stay 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Channel: Fraser Cain

Views: 42,230

Keywords: universe today, fraser cain, space, astronomy, big bang, cmb

Id: GwXi4F7xnJU

Length: 37min 26sec (2246 seconds)

Published: Tue Jun 20 2023