The third phase of the Hundred Years’ War
started just as decisively as the first had, with a decisive and shocking victory for the
English over France’s army on the field of Agincourt. However, this undeniable triumph was just
the beginning of war rather than the end of one, and King Henry V had a lot of work to
do if he was to make his conquest of France the permanent one he now sought. Welcome to our fifth video on the climactic
medieval conflict between England and France, and witness how the tide began to turn once
again under the standard of a single young woman - Joan of Arc. Joan of Arc saved France from the foreign
occupation, while the sponsor of this and our most loyal partner – MagellanTV can
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to claim your discounted annual membership today. Support our channel and do that at try.magellantv.com/kingsandgenerals. Start your free trial today! As Henry V sailed from Calais in late 1415,
he left a deeply shocked France behind him. With the royal army destroyed and much of
the Armagnac faction leadership with it, the civil war appeared as though it was only going
to get worse. Back in England, the jubilant king didn’t
bask in his success for long and immediately began raising funds, mustering troops, and
assembling a great navy for a follow-up attack on France, while at the same time depriving
the divided enemy kingdom of its allies. Aiming to heal the Western Schism, Holy Roman
Emperor Sigismund arrived in England in early 1416 but ended up forming an alliance1 with
Henry and denouncing France instead. At sea, the king’s commanders crushed the
Franco-Genoese fleet in 14164 and 14175, leaving the channel open for another crossing. By the middle of that year, Henry had his
army together and sailed to Normandy, this time going to conquer it entirely. On September 20th the dominos began to topple
as Caen surrendered after a short siege. No relief was anywhere close because any royal
force which might have assisted was busy facing off against the Burgundians2. Next to fall was the great Norman capital
at Rouen. Henry put France’s second city to siege
at the end of July 1418 and, after a brutal siege lasting over half a year, its garrison
finally surrendered. With that, almost every other castle in the
duchy surrendered and, by the turn of the decade, Normandy was under English control
for the first time in two centuries. This frighteningly quick conquest horrified
both the Armagnacs and Burgundians. Despite the latter’s covert talks with Henry
V, they realised such a full conquest wouldn’t benefit them at all. Realising something had to be done, both John
the Fearless and France’s new dauphin - the future Charles VII, agreed to negotiate. However, when the Duke of Burgundy knelt before
his Valois prince, Armagnac retainers accompanying Charles suddenly came forward and hacked John
the Fearless to death - revenge for Louis of Orléans’ death over a decade before. Whatever the motive, it was a disaster for
France. As Francis I stated a century later when shown
the mutilated skull of the dead duke - “This is the hole through which the English entered
France.” Wide swathes of the kingdom burst into uproar
or panic at the Armagnacs’ brutal murder of John, but when the news reached his son
and heir Philip in Flanders, he is said to have thrown himself on his bed, teeth grinding
in grief and rage. Seething and eager for revenge, the new Duke
of Burgundy formed an alliance with Henry V. The former would recognise the English
king’s claim to the throne of France, while the latter ensured Philip’s territories
were enlarged and secure. This was the last straw. Battered by the English invasion and tired
of civil war, the barely lucid Charles VI signed the Treaty of Troyes3 on May 21st,
1420. Henry V would be heir and regent of France,
he would marry the mad king’s daughter - Catherine of Valois, and their child would be king as
well. After capturing a few more towns loyal to
the dauphin, Henry spent Christmas in Paris before going back to England and crowning
Catherine his queen. While this was happening, Thomas - Duke of
Clarence was defeated and killed at Baugé during March 1421, a defeat which convinced
Brittany to defect to the dauphin’s reduced kingdom. In October however, Henry returned to France
and took a few castles at Dreux, Vendome, and Beaugency before putting Meaux to siege. It was there that King Henry fell ill with
his army but insisted on staying with the troops, which he did until the city fell in
May 1422. Though he returned to Paris, the king fell
deeper into sickness and began to take measures for the succession - naming Humphrey, Duke
of Gloucester regent in England while his brother - the Duke of Bedford would lead in
France in the name of the newborn Henry VI. England’s great Lancastrian king, perhaps
the greatest in the country’s history died at Vincennes on August 31st, 1422 at the age
of just 35. The mad king Charles VI finally died only
two months later, and his son declared himself the king. Nevertheless, all of France north of the Loire
came under Anglo-Burgundian rule, while his son only retained the loyalty of the south
with a moving court. After an indecisive campaign of sieges, Bedford
and his second-in-command Salisbury won a victory in 1424 at the Battle of Verneuil,
widely seen as a ‘second Agincourt’, and this greatly increased the regent’s prestige. Unfortunately, Gloucester’s blundering6
meant that Bedford was forced to return to England for two years to put things straight,
and only sailed back to France in March 1427. He and Salisbury now started planning a campaign
to capture Orléans - the ‘Key to the Loire’. If this great riverine lynchpin was conquered,
the English could easily launch further attacks to knock the dauphin out for good. After capturing more than 40 towns and fortresses
along the way, Salisbury approached Orléans in early October 1428 - at the time garrisoned
by 2,400 regular soldiers and a further 3,000 militia. A contingent of the English army under Suffolk
captured both Jargeau and Chateauneuf to isolate the city, while Salisbury encamped opposite
French defences on the southern end of Orléans’ 350-meter-long bridge. He began an initial artillery bombardment
on the 17th, and four days later ordered his men to storm the fortified gatehouse known
as Les Tourelles. This attack was driven away by the defenders
after each side took around 200 losses, with the dauphinist French being constantly resupplied
with food, drink, and arms by the city’s women. When the direct attack failed, Salisbury abandoned
this approach and instead sent sappers to undermine the foundations. Realising this was happening, the guardians
of Les Tourelles retreated deeper into the city on the night of October 23rd, destroying
a small part of the bridge behind them. The fall of this fortification seemed like
Orléans’ doom, but as the aggressive Salisbury climbed atop Les Tourelles to decide where
to attack next, a stray cannonball clattered through the window, killed one of his companions,
and flung an iron bar at the Earl, slicing half his face off. Incapacitated and in agony, he was replaced
by William - Earl of Suffolk, before dying a week later. The more cautious Suffolk decided on a prolonged
siege, and in the next week, the English began constructing siegeworks. At about the same time, Orléans received
some additional reinforcements from the southeast - the city was too large to be entirely cut
off by such a small force. The city’s defenders started bracing for
an extended engagement as well by burning and tearing down the suburbs outside the walls,
depriving the English of cover and winter quarters by doing so. Starting on November 8th, English boats began
ferrying men across the Loire and constructing siege positions to the north and west of the
city. The French responded with a few unsuccessful
sorties, and to compound these failures, by the turn of December the besiegers had been
reinforced. While the northern bank siegeworks were being
constructed, the English launched a failed probing assault across the broken Loire bridge. The defenders responded with massive 26-pound
shots from a new bombard and by completing the levelling of their suburbs. As 1429 began, Orléans’ would-be captors
shifted focus to the now-fortified north bank with a number of easily-repelled assaults
on the Porte Renard in January. The loose nature of the encirclement also
allowed a supply convoy including hundreds of sheep and pigs to reach the city. As gallant resistance continued, 200 men of
the garrison slipped out of Orléans and joined a 3,000 strong French force at Blois. Having received reports of an enemy supply
caravan approaching from Paris to resupply the besiegers, they marched to intercept near
Rouvray. However, when the French and Scots under Clermont
found the 1,500 strong caravan on February 12th, their assault over the open country
was repulsed and counterattacked from behind a ring of supply wagons. 400 of the dauphin’s troops, mainly Scots
were killed, and Clermont subsequently withdrew to Tours along with a number of other commanders,
certain of defeat. At Chinon, Charles was so demoralised by the
grand city’s seemingly inevitable fall that he considered abandoning his kingdom completely. However, events many hundreds of miles to
the east were about to thoroughly rejuvenate the French cause. Three years before, a fifteen-year-old girl
named Joan began hearing voices and by 1428 became convinced she was being granted a task
from God, delivered by the Archangel Michael in addition to Saints Margaret and Catherine. Her task? To lead an army against the English so that
Orléans might be relieved, and to have the dauphin traditionally crowned as Charles VII
in Reims Cathedral, where Louis the Pious had succeeded to the Frankish throne six centuries
earlier. Through aid from Robert de Baudricourt - a
pro-Valois commander in Vaucouleurs, Joan undertook a dangerous journey to Chinon and
then to Poitiers, where her faith was declared true and her virginity assured. To test whether this woman’s extraordinary
claims were true, she would be sent to Orléans in an attempt to break the siege. After being granted armour, horses, a special
banner and supposedly finding a legendary sword, she went to Blois and joined a gathering
relief force. Upon her arrival, the deflated mood among
French soldiers and officers immediately began changing at her holy presence. Leaders who had withdrawn from the siege previously
- such as Clermont, or who had avoided getting involved at all now rallied to the cause,
inspired by Joan’s patriotic mission. While the dauphin’s army mustered, the lull
at Orléans following Rouvray allowed English forces, who were aware that a relief attempting
was incoming, to construct a number of formidable fortifications - the Bastille de Saint-Loup
to the east, the Boulevard de la Pressoir-Ars on April 9th, the Bastille Saint Pouair on
the 15th and Bastille de Saint-Jean-le-Blance five days later. Notably, new English commander Glasdale created
an external earthen rampart outside Les Tourelles, making it into a citadel. Joan and her relief force set out for Orléans
on the 26th and, after a miraculous crossing of the Loire at Checy and bypassing Saint-Loup
without opposition, entered the city through its Burgundian Gate three days after leaving
Blois7. After resting for the night, Joan was eager
to go on the attack. Because one wasn’t planned for that day,
she walked across the Loire bridge to the Belle Croix stronghold and asked the English
to lift the siege. Glasdale shouted back that she was a mere
cowherd and they would burn her if she was captured. Nevertheless, Joan’s threat to kill all
prisoners their forces had taken if her heralds were not released worked, and they were indeed
set free. Also, on that day, a lengthy skirmish was
fought when French commander La Hire sortied out against the northern English fortification
at Saint-Pouair, but was eventually forced back inside. This inability led the overall defending leader
Jean de Dunois - the Bastard of Orléans, to slip out of the city on May 1st and return
to Blois, where he sought reinforcements. While he was gone, Joan didn’t remain inactive. She rejuvenated the morale of Orléans’
long-besieged citizens who crowded to meet her and give their Maid gifts, whilst also
performing military reconnaissance against Glasdale’s positions to see which were weak
and which were strong. Dunois returned on May 4th with much-needed
reinforcements, and shortly after an attack began spontaneously on England’s eastern
fort at Saint-Loup by 1,500 troops. Joan was resting at the time, but when informed
either by an angel’s voice or any of the other mortal voices in the city, rode out
as swiftly and eagerly as possible to join the attack. For three grueling hours, Joan inspired her
warriors to fight. Despite fierce resistance by the English garrison,
the French soldiers managed to finally capture and raze Saint-Loup to the joy of Orléans
people. Despite her jubilation at the victory, Joan
of Arc wept for the 140 slain English soldiers, who had died without confession. Still, the officers remained cautious, but
this was shattered when news came from Paris of a large incoming Anglo-Burgundian relief
army - led by John Fastolf. It was now clear that the siege had to be
broken before it got to Orléans, or all their bravery would be for nothing. On the 5th, French forces crossed the Loire
in order to attack Saint-Jean le Blance - an earthen fortification protecting Les Tourelles,
but when the English withdrew to the gatehouse itself, the defenders managed to occupy the
outlying position. The next day, Joan crossed the Loire again,
pushing the troops forward against the Bastille des Augustins. After a ferocious clash in which the French
had to use a cannon to take down a particularly big Englishman, they overran the fortress. Glasdale’s remaining fortresses retreated
behind the boulevard protecting Les Tourelles. With divine favour seemingly on their side
and momentum at their back, the French attacked Les Tourelles’ outer defences on the 7th
by escalade, but were repelled at first with heavy losses. During the fighting, Joan herself was even
struck between the shoulder and neck by an English arrow, but fought on nonetheless. After going off to pray in a nearby vineyard
for guidance, Joan of Arc returned with her banner in hand, motivating the French to a
final attack in which they managed to drive the besiegers from the fortification in front
of the Les Tourelles gate. The Maid of Orléans called on Glasdale to
surrender but he refused. When he subsequently attempted to lead his
remaining troops across the drawbridge and to the inner gatehouse, the timber cracked
under the weight of so many soldiers and dropped many into the Loire. Glasdale himself, clad in heavy armour along
with many of his men, drowned. Morale inside the inner fortress crumbled
after this loss and the surviving English inside quickly surrendered. On the northern Loire bank, the remaining
English troops abandoned their siege lines and formed up in two large battle formations,
challenging the French to open battle. When Joan and the other commanders lined up
in front of them and prepared for battle, however, the besiegers lost their nerve and
turned to march away. Their army split, one group moving to garrison
Jargeau8, while another went to man Meung9, all the way being harried by French troops
who disobeyed orders to ride them down. After 210 days, the Siege of Orleans was over,
the dauphin’s loyal, the capable army had held firm and Joan of Arc was enshrined forever
in history as the Maid of Orleans. Joan pushed for an immediate advance to crown
Charles, but the French commanders that with the English still holding castles on the Loire,
they weren’t yet in a position to do that. So, in mid-June, the army, with an enthusiastic
Joan of Arc in tow, began retaking them one by one. Jargeau fell on the 12th, Beaugency on the
eve of the 17th, and then finally Meung at dawn on the 18th. The remaining English forces retreated north
and united with Talbot’s southward marching relief army, bringing their strength up to
around 5,000. Hotly pursued by Joan and the 6,000 French
troops, the English field army was decisively defeated in the Battle of Patay, dispelling
the myth of invincibility of England’s armies in the field for good. Such a great victory in the open field finally
encouraged the dauphin to accompany Joan of Arc and his newly enlarged 12,000 strong army
in a march towards Reims. There, on July 17th, 1429, the long-beleaguered
son of Charles the Mad was crowned as Charles VII in the city’s grand cathedral as the
Maid of Orleans stood at his side, holy banner in hand. This was militarily insignificant, but a propaganda
triumph. As the Burgundian supporter Enguerrand de
Monstrelet stated soon after this seminal moment - “The French now believed that god
was against the English.” The story of Joan of Arc and the continued
French resurgence will continue, so make sure you are subscribed and have pressed the bell
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