Richard Smoley: The Strange Identity of Jesus Christ

the strange identity of Jesus Christ this is in some ways kind of weird material I certainly found this striking and I've never seen this information pull together very well and it seems to be very little understood some of you may have come to a talk of mine a year or so ago here on the quest for the historical Jesus which I talked about who Jesus was or was likely to have been historically this is not that lecture this lecture is about who the early Christians specifically the ones who wrote the New Testament thought Jesus was now the one thing that you need to understand first is there are a lot of different faith communities as they are called almost immediately after Jesus's time who understood Jesus's teachings in all sorts of different ways and who thought he was all sorts of different things ranging from nothing more to a man - you know almost a phantom who materialized but didn't really exist in this you know corrupt physical world we only know most of these groups through the writings of their enemies and astray texture - that has survived why because their writings were destroyed and there's very very little known about them comparatively so what we have is the what one could call mainstream Christianity or what became such and this was far less unified than everybody believed believes or at least believed until recently but it did create what we now know is Christianity and so part of this is the New Testament the text in the New Testament so what I'm going to say here about all of this is to greater other base on the authors of the New Testament the books in the New Testament thought Jesus was which is I say fairly consistent and it's not quite quite identical to what people were told later so who is Jesus that's yet another example of my inability to find high resolution free art on the internet but okay but who's historically he was yeah he did live he was not invented out of some kind of concoction of foreign gods by some unknown group as as you sometimes hear argued he was a historical figure and what scholars will say although they agree about not a great deal else they will agree that he was born probably between 8 & 5 BC in the reign of Herod the Great the king who slaughtered the innocence if you remember that story although scholars don't believe he Herod did anything like that and Jesus died around eighty thirty was crucified under Pontius Pilate who was governor Judea between 26 and 36 ad now those all sources you know pretty much say that and that is what is known and can be reasonably said to be you know certain as one wants to be about the past beyond that the details become rather vague and I'm going to start here what the early Christians thought as I say this group of early Christians this the part that later became what we know is Christianity thought and I might as well start with Mark which is the oldest canonical gospel there are four Gospels in the New Testament as you know and although Matthew comes first nobody believes or sky i'm talking about scholar you know mainstream scholarly opinion when I say everybody and most people I'm talking about mainstream scholarly opinion the sort of thing you were likely to learn you know if you go to a you know reputable in 80 school and take a course in New Testament 101 mark is the oldest gospel and it's so it's considered to be the most historically reliable that is to say it has the fewest legends and accretions and insertions by the later authors or the opinions of later believers that by the way is a mark of the lion of st. mark in the plaza in Venice mark st. mark is the symbol as the lion and he's the patron saint of Venice so who does mark say Jesus was well here's one thing Jesus is going out and he's accosted by this blind man and the blind man says Jesus thou son of David have mercy on me so according to this it was fairly well known that Jesus was or was believed to be descended from King David this this is also in basically all the earliest sources including most of the many of the books of the New Testament if not all in one way or another so he was believed to be the descendant of King David and he himself here uh is alluding to this by saying how say the scribes of the Christ that means the Messiah is the son of David so jesus is the son of david and this he's considered at least in the context of the new testament to be the Messiah The Anointed One now what does this mean well it isn't wildly clear well here's here's a here's a verse from Jeremiah 9 our know very early in the sixth century AD and this is a prophecy hold the days come saith the Lord that I were raisin to David a righteous branch and a king shall reign and prosper and shall execute judgment and justice in the earth now the historical context of this time um wasn't looking too good because the little tiny kingdom of Judah made the big mistake of revolting against Babylon which wasn't the superpower of its time and as a result the Babylonians came destroyed Jerusalem and they took the last king in the line of David name was Zedekiah and they stood made it stand there and wash while his sons were killed and then they put out his eyes and put him in prison for the rest of his life that was the last king of a line of David and this was the way things were going when this verse was uttered there was never again another Davidic King on the throne ever period notice there's a prophecy that he will come back a king in the line of David will come back and execute judgment and justice in the earth it's even starting to sound a bit universal so this there was some expectation that eventually somebody from the line of David come back and come back and and rule that was a prophecy I mean that was in Sacred Scripture so it was believed and Takens seriously so this King had to be of the line of David now this Messiah was not discussed as widely in Jesus's own time as you think there's a widespread belief that there was a widespread expectation that a messiah was coming but there aren't too many references to the Messiah in the other literature you know from survived from Jesus's time like what like this a lot of this is a literature from Jesus aside this is the Old Testament pseudepigrapha of which this is one out of two volumes and it has all kinds of things that never made it in the Bible the treatise of Shem the Greek apocalypse the desert Baruch twelve Testaments of the twelve patriarchs and well actually quote from a couple of these books later on these were the texts that were written at these texts were written in that time and they just don't mention the Messiah too much it wasn't really a part of it now was Jesus descended from David well Matthew and Luke say he was but their genealogies don't agree Matthew says Jesus descended from saving through Solomon and Luke said that Jesus ascended from David through David's son Nathan and this has puzzled all right these are these Gospels got these Gospels right or eventually accepted both a sake as Sacred Scripture both texts right there in both in the New Testament so how how could he have these two genealogies and this has never been satisfactorily answered assuming you take the genealogies is correct the best people can do is say well actually maybe what it really means is that the line that Matthew is talking about is his father and the loop that line from Nathan was through his mother of course if Jesus was a born of a virgin birth being descended for his father kind of didn't really entirely count um that's the best anyone has been able to do scholars today just don't think either don't put a great deal of faith in even one in short Jesus was believed to be descended from David and whether he really was is impossible to say that is to say biologically was Jesus descended from King David well we're never going to really know this because we have neither any anything like even remotely resembling DNA from either David or Jesus and David David is a fairly shadowy figure himself by the way which is you know would be another lecture so but it you know it is possible I think to say that at the time he was believed to be is this possible well I think so I mean the Jews lived basically had been living continuously they've gone to come back from the Babylonian exile and they lived pretty much continuously in Judea from that time under Jesus's time so there was a lot of continuity there were genealogies there's one story that said that Herod burned all the genealogies because um he wanted to obscure his own rather um humble background but even if that's true even if he got every last one people have memories and their family traditions and particularly in a society that was much more oriented toward the past than ours is they would if they thought they were descended from David they would probably keep that tradition alive so that much is plausible how genuine this tradition is well who knows well hey if Jesus was if Jesus was like for this royal line hey I mean it wasn't like a carpenter's I think you know it's kind of a you know kind of a crummy job for like a royal um sian to have well supposedly but you know as you know there's nothing more common in the world than aristocratic families who've fallen on hard times so that doesn't hardly contradicts one so I think that can be said safely um and this messianic status was kind of vague I do not believe that he himself understood this in political terms although you will see arguments um even in fairly recent books that are the thing is if he was if he was going around making his political statements well where are they well he was actually talk much about politics of any sort so if you want to believe he was kind of leading a rebellion against Rome well you have to make up a lot of data that for some reason by your own theory must have been lost or suppressed and throw away all the data you actually have which is very very poor historical practice and it's just you know it's a file under special pleading nonetheless you can read best-selling works um to this day who argue this you know somebody is reading this stuff now here's where it gets interesting here's the other side of it and another aspect of it the son of man Jesus was referred to as the son of man here in this verse the son of man indeed goeth as is written in him but woe to that man by whom the Son of Man is betrayed now that's at the Last Supper and um it's pretty clear that he has Judas in mind so he's thinking of himself as the Son of Man if these verses are genuine I have to back up and say the four oldest Gospels Moute according to most scholars are the ones in the New Testament they were all written between 70 and 100 AD I think you could make an argument that there's another one called the Gospel of Thomas that maybe is old or older but that is not universally accepted so these are the these are the best historical sources we have for Jesus at the same time every scholar admits that a certain amount of legendary material must have got in at some point they do not agree the slightest bit about how much there is most scholars would say for example the Gospel of John has very very little historical backing and a typical scholar would very likely say you know none of that happened the changing of water to wine and all the other Jesus all of Jesus's claims and you know I am the way truth in life there were theory the widespread belief is that he never said that that's why I'm focusing on mark because that's the one that's considered to be the oldest and may have the most connection to what actually what happened so if but anyway so here according to Mark and uh you know he's the Son of Man which is an extremely weird expression so weird that I mean if you read Theologica present theological interpret to them like they're almost comical it's like you know the exam you wrote you know when you when you didn't go any any of the courses and didn't know any lectures and didn't do any of the reading it's just like oh Jesus was emphasizes very much his humanity and it's very deep connection with the human race I mean you know it's embarrassing to read some of this stuff by serious theologians all right this is from the Book of Daniel in the Old Testament and this is a reference to this is a vision one like the son of man came with the clouds of heaven and came to the ancient days and they brought him near before him presumably the Ancient of Days okay now if a Christian reads this it seems very very obvious what they're talking about because the son of man you know is the son Jesus the Ancient of Days is God the Father right that's that would be a very very easy step for a contemporary Christian to make but here's a funny question Daniel was written about it was hurting around 165 BC and Daniel so that's 200 years before anyone thought of anything like Christianity so what did Daniel who's a Jew think the Son of Man was there obviously was a son of man and Judaism so who was he now I want to say this if you it's kind of a minor point but in most of the Bible most of the by the Old Testament the son of man simply is just another way of saying man what is man that thou art mindful of him and the son of man that thou cares for him or something like that in the Book of Ezekiel God keeps calling Ezekiel son of man which just means like human it's only in the Book of Daniel which is perhaps not coincidentally the latest probably the last book in the Bible who've actually been written there's this figure called the son of man this is from a text in this book first Enoch which is kind of a complex collection that has material from lots of different dates but here's a description of the son of man son of man is named in the presence of the Lord of spirits in his name before the end of ahead of days before the sons inside the constellations were created before the Astra his name was named before the Lord of spirits so there's hey the Lord is spiritual who's that well it's probably the Ancient of Days that we just saw in the previous verse and the son of man so he is a kind of a pre-existent figure I highlighted name because this theme is going to be important and we'll see where it takes us because that's part of the story all right here's another description of him this is from a Jewish philosopher theologian called Philo who actually lived around the time of Jesus although he didn't know about Jesus but to any appearances but Philo describes a night the word the eldest of his angels a great archangel of many names the name of God and the word and man according to God's image all right the great Archangel of many names well you can already see he's got many names right here are just some of them here are some of the others use the great angel Archangel the Son of Man the Son of God the name of God I think right here you see the word this starting to sound familiar and he was even called the second God which Greek is Delta Ross the Oz which you know this is kind of striking because you know the whole thrust of Judy is monotheism right there's only one God and by some coincidence he happens to be ours but you know talking about a second God this is kind of radical but there are many texts like the one in Enoch and if Philo who that say something very much like this so this this figure was very very important and he was kind of the highest of all angels it was created before all the other angels now the name of God is interesting you know most of you know probably know that modern Jews are forbidden to pronounce the name of God or the proper name of God which is supposedly Yahweh I don't think that's the correct pronunciation you're not supposed to say that because it's too sacred and the reason that so sacred is that the name and the thing in in Semitic thought or very very heavily linked in fact in Hebrew the word for thing and word the word for word and the word for thing are the same so the name is the thing in a way that we don't for us a name is simply a label you can call it a chair you can call it as our Jewish friends that you would call it chopped liver but that was not the way they thought and that's particularly not the way they thought of God so he was the name this is by the way if you want a technical term for it this is a hypostasis which means something like a personification and since this angel was the personification of the name to this day by the way pious Jews will still call God I mean the High God Hashem which means the name and there's a fact there's a little Hasidic song which you know which consists of one lyric repeated over and over again which is God has wanted his name our one and in fact hey it's actually in the Bible in the book of Exodus or my name is in him and that was one of his name's most Metatron still appears in Kabbalah to this day but you know the average Christian the average Jew probably never heard of this name or if they have I certainly had an idea that my name is in him well that's what we just saw right my name is in him this is one theory about where Metatron's name came from one theory well there it is Yahweh this is called the tetragrammaton four letters tetra for Metatron I'm not sure I'm convinced totally convinced by this theory myself I in fact I don't think it's widely understood but it's kind of ingenious here's another one's a little more plausible meta to Toronto and he in um Greek the angel with the throne that makes more sense to me uh uh it's one of those things that there are lots of explanations and none of them is like really quite you know kind of clicked with scholars but this is the one that's probably you know the one that's most accepted and who is hit Metatron well here's something else this is from a similar text fact supposedly by Enoch but Metatron says I am Enoch the son of Jared the Holy One blessed be he took me from their midst via witness against them in the heavenly height so by one theory Enoch was elevated as other human being Oh Enoch what about him another widespread that he was translated that he should not see death that is a Enoch was not believed to have died it simply says that he walked with God and God took him this is in the book of Genesis he's very mysterious figure but because he's so mysterious and because Wow like God didn't even let him die I mean that's kind of impressive so then the legend became that um you know instead of dying he was raised up and made the highest angel another little twist to this is in the Kabbalah sometimes um it said that Enoch was elevated to the place where Lucifer had fallen from Lucifer had been like the top angel in the sense one that as it were vacancy position became vacant um Enoch was kind of promoted hired from outside I guess since he had already been an angel so this is a summary of a lot of what I told you so here's Enoch it gets elevated to the great angel now that is Jewish thought the Christians never associated Enoch with Jesus to my knowledge ever I was being interesting well if Jesus knew of this Jesus thought he was the son of man and he'd heard that the son of man was supposed to Enoch do you think it was the reincarnation you know that it's a fascinating thing but I've never even heard any scholar think about it and there's no evidence for it what the Christians believed was this there was this great angel who's above everything else everything else in creation including all the other angels and he became incarnated in Jesus who was the son of man the Son of God the word all of which he's called in the New Testament and Jesus suffered and died and for some and was resurrected and then became glorified seated at the right hand of God so God I mean this is I mean this is this is he sort of put next to God sounds almost like that second God we're talking about earlier so what happened to Metatron well this is what happened in just in Christianity Jesus is the Son of Man the Son of God the word along us thus he is the incarnation of Metatron the great angel that is that was the belief obviously of Mark wrote the Gospel of Mark it was the belief of Paul because I could cite verses from Paul that say the same thing and it was the yeah here the epistles the author of the Hebrews um no one knows who wrote this this is an anonymous text it was sometimes attributed to Paul but nobody even believe that even in antiquity oh and you know we've seen that that God was um the angel was kind of the creative agent of God who actually made everything but by him all things were made but we open in the beginning of the Gospel of John and without him nothing was made that was made well that's what John was thinking of Philo as we've seen called in the law Gauss which it sort of means word and it sort of doesn't but you know for purposes of our discussion now we can we can take it as meaning that and so John um you know is basically say associating the law goes the great angel with Jesus so that's a lot of the New Testament right there so what happened in the natural so well according to Christianity so you see he got promoted you already started is higher than anybody else but then God made him equal or virtually equal to himself in fact oh yeah here's not um in catholic christian which is a mainstream Christian all Christian sects practically all Christian sets are you know come out of Catholic Christianity by which I mean Catholicism and orthodoxy I mean from the Catholics point of view all Protestant churches or simply heresies of Catholicism of course everyone is a heretic and everyone else's eyes it just adds to the fun so eventually it became that the Sun has always been equal to God the three persons of the Trinity each of the persons is God whole and entire each of the persons has all the divine attributes in their fullness so it wasn't that Jesus was an angel who got promoted which is what the early Christians actually thought but he had always been equal to God right from the very start I realized this is a lot of detail and I hope I'm not going through it too fast but I will say that I've never really seen this material presented in anything like a all comprehensible fashion and you will see you know I can some of these texts they mentioned the son of man right so you know you'll see a scholar right well this presence of the Son of Man may indicate Christian influence although it doesn't indicate Christian influence at all this was a completely Jewish idea that was completely part of the Jewish mainstream all of this thing about the the law goss the word the great angel I once went into a seminar at the Society for biblical literature was kind of the foremost body for studying such things and the debate was this whole thing about this kind of God this law goss the son of man and the the debate was whether as they put it this idea was normative in first century Judaism or was it just a normative means everybody believed it most everybody believed it or only some people believe that so it was definitely there I don't even remember these scholars concluded and as I remember wasn't anything terribly conclusive but um that idea existed in Judaism and Jesus and Jesus understanding theoretically of himself did Jesus believe he was the son of man well that kind of goes back to here's a verse mark Jesus saying he's the son of man but hey typical scholar doesn't believe that even all of mark goes back to what actually happened this is just the closest right you know like the joke about the kid who gets a prize for guessing how many legs the hippopotamus has on anything mother so how many did you guess it's at three so well that's just wrong you know it is before I said yeah that I came the closest and so mark is kind of kind of like this he comes the closest so then well the Jesus really say this well your answer if you're a scholar is going to depend very very much on your preconceived kind of idea of who Jesus was there are no external sources against which to test the Gospels in the New Testament except maybe the Gospel of Thomas as I say but that doesn't that's actually almost sometimes even more cryptic than the ones in the Bible so you can exclude some of the things in the Gospels as legend things that was said about him later and you can keep some how do you decide there are no external criteria to judge there's no copy there no copies of you know the Jerusalem Daily Bugle from April 30 the ad say you know Jesus you know the alleged son of David son of man was crucified this afternoon there's nothing just nothing so you're going to exclude this I mean there are other grounds you know like well as this in a lot of sources or is just one is it in early sources well I did send a lot of sources and it's and it's an early sources you have a pretty good chance of bleeding but hey this is in all the sources this is an early source you have to take this seriously so um and by all accounts he seemed have had this idea now you could say well maybe his thought changed maybe he sort of started with the son of David thing and eventually decided he was this the great angel incarnated or something you could say that that is possible but in order to say that you would have to know another thing that nobody knows right Jesus's historical life well he was born he all the sources agree that he was baptized by John after that he started and that he died it was crucified and he between his baptism and his death he did a number of things in between nobody knows the order of these things because even the oldest gospel mark and the oldest testimony of good the Gospel of Mark comes from the second century AD and he says well mark was Peters interpreter you know Peter I guess didn't know Greek or Latin and you know Mark supposedly and his interpreter mark down wrote down what Peter said about Jesus but Pappy Pappy is the name of the source goes on to say well um but mark did not write these things down in order and Peter did not mention them in order he just made a point of you know saying everything Jesus said and did leaving nothing and that was it making sure it was accurate so even the oldest source that's talking about mark you know can't get any kind of explanation or account of you know when the miracles happened when this happened when he did this when he did that they're kind of isolated stories so dude he's thinking about himself changed maybe but you would have to know that you know with what what he said first and what he said later which we do not know and again how can you organize it well you can occur organize it according to your own preconception of what should have happened but that's so total that's totally circular totally circular very very few things about Studies of Jesus my scholars are avoid the circularity and I'm not sure you completely can but I think you should be honest about it which they're usually not possibly even to themselves so that the Sun was always equal to God that this is this happens to be a this happens to be a source I chose more or less at random oh you know Catholicism but it represents mainstream it means it means it represents the doctrine of the Catholic Church let's put it that way Judaism what happened to him there well it actually um yeah literally they they decided they'd had um enough of this um thing alright I'll tell you the story first this heretical rabbi this is from the book third Enoch which is again in this Old Testament pseudepigrapha heretical rabbi sentence he's Metatron entirely saying there are indeed two powers of heaven remember the second God the doubter hasta us then God Himself two Thrones Metatron in that angel and a PL comes and well I'll read the passage let's see I'll read it to you but when O'Hare came to behold the vision of the chariot Metatron is talking but when our hair came to behold the vision of the chariot and set eyes upon me he was afraid and trembled before me his soul was alarmed to the point of leaving him because of his fear dread and terror of me when he saw me seated upon a throne like a king with ministering angels standing beside me as servants and all the princes of kingdoms crowned with crowns surrounding me princes of kingdoms angels not earthly Kings which was another story then he opened his mouth and said there are indeed two powers in heaven immediately a divine voice came out of the presence of the Shekinah the name which means the presence and says come back to me apostate sons apart from our hair then an a pl Yahweh the honored glorified beloved wonderful terrible and dreadful Prince came at the command of the Holy One and struck me with sixty lashes of fire and made me stand to my feet now I mentioned this guy called OCH hare this heretical rabbi and that wasn't really his name because our hair is Hebrew and it simply means the other one and not in a nice way our hair was kind of he was his real name was elijah been a booyah he lived around the turn of the second century AD and he became a heretic of some kind probably a Christian and this text is blaming this idea of Metatron which was in Judaism for making for turning people to heresy so the idea was Metatron better get demoted back to you know be you know he better be um put back in his place no more throne for Metatron and although Metatron is I say still exists you know in the Kabbalah the idea of Metatron still exists in the Kabbalah today he's never had the kind of importance he had in Judaism the first-century because you know that's there's a famous story which in which I hear figures it's in the Talmud and it said four rabbis ascend into heaven one of them dropped dead on the spot another went mad the third became a heretic this is our hair and only one whose name is a key luck actually came back in good shape and what Akiva said after all that was when you see the come to the place of the shining stones do not say water water for it is written a liar shall not enter the kingdom of heaven that's what it says it's very cryptic but that's what what sort of khiva thought worth was was thought was worth bringing that from shall we say above so I hear obviously had some kind and these visions you know we don't really know how they produced there was a lot of visionary experience um and you know the Book of Ezekiel in the Bible is filled with it the all of these a lot of these pseudepigrapha texts are filled with it the book of Revelation is is one example of the genre it's most famous but how they got this experience how they you know did their they just kind of you know sitting around in the backyard one day and you know all of a suddenly happen do they have meditative contemplative techniques um they probably did but we don't know what they are so but who was Jesus really well really was Jesus the Christ well one could say that the Christ esoterically is the kind of combined human race that is to say all of us are kind of cells in this body that the Catholics call this the mystical body of Christ for example this happens to be from A Course in Miracles which was a text I happen to like but I think it's I think it's a profound thing at least to leave oneself with and finally the commercial this is my next book and you know a lot of this material is in it how God became God um you know it is weird stuff I mean Jesus the Jesus they thought really Jesus with a great angel like that's bizarre um but um there were a lot more bizarre things too in it but that's what this book is about now here's another even visit you know bizarre more bizarre fact this has an article called God and the great angel and if it weren't confusing enough the hope this all happened twice all of this happened with Jesus but something very similar Yahweh was originally not but one high God Yahweh was the angel of Israel it happened the whole thing happened twice which is very very weird Yahweh got promoted to God himself L was the High God in Yahweh was the ruling angel of Israel so you pick up the Bible and it says the Lord is God well that how fascinating I mean it sounds redundant and boring but no that's not what is really saying it's saying Yahweh is L aren't the ruling angel of Israel is the High God if you understand this a lot of things and there are many puzzling verses in the Bible referring to the angel of the Lord and this is like Yahweh being the angel that that happened all over again and why I don't know I mean there are it evokes some reflections and some possibilities Yahweh became identified with L a high God in a sixth-century this certainly happens in the second but second Isaiah the portion of the book of Isaiah that was written in the sixth century BC so it probably happened by then and all of this obviously with Jesus had happened in the first century so who developed this Trinity I mean I know you're kind of alluding to it but it's possibly an arch heretic this is no joke yeah the first reference of the doctrine of the Trinity that we know of is the title of a work by the Gnostic Bishop valentineís considered an arch heretic a title something like I forget the exact title bits on the hypostasis the three persons of the Father Son and Holy Spirit this work is lost we only know its title the only reason we even know its title is that when there's all sorts of this controversy about the doctrine of the Trinity the guy who opposed it said well this is nothing more than the doctrine of valentineís in you know this work so Valentine is the central doctrine of Christian theology was it thought of by an arch heretic well history is full of weirdnesses but I mean uh there was a bishop named Alexander in the fourth century AD who was kind of the spearhead of this idea of the Trinity Council of Nicaea in AD 325 basically created the doctrine that we now know and love or not but Athanasius was kind of his sidekick and Athanasius was very influential in promoting it that's why the church as the Athanasian Creed even probably dragged it nobody really believes Athanasian wrote it but you know he was a very very major figure a 'then aegis another interesting thing about Athanasian is that he may have been as curious kind of way finalised the Canon of the New Testament the text of the New Testament because he once he said an Easter letter in 367 ad saying these are the books you should these are the books that are beneficial for salvation all the others are junk get rid of them and those 27 books that he names are the books in the New Testament that's the first reference to the New Testament canon as we have it so they'll are fascinating stuff so can you explain the logic of the story of the the rabbi that notice there's two powers and all of a sudden God says hmm I'm going to denote this guy where's the logic and that's well it's a mystical vision I mean it you know it's it's a mystical vision and did it happen no not really you know did the guy who wrote it believed it happened maybe maybe not really but what it points to is that Jude that it reflects the fact that Metatron was demoted to a lower status probably in the wake of Christianity and the uses the Christian Christianity made of the great angel and then because it's all challenges God's a monotheistic supremacy you

Channel: Theosophical Society

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Keywords: Jesus Christ (Deity), Richard Smoley, Religion (TV Genre), Christianity (Religion), The Bible (Religious Text), Judaism (Religion), Religious History, Christian (Adherents), Christian History, theosophy, theosophical society

Id: jVx1yNxTlAQ

Length: 49min 19sec (2959 seconds)

Published: Mon Nov 30 2015