Radio Navigation

one of the most difficult subjects are private pilots to understand is definitely radio navigation it is quite important though to learn how to navigate by use of instruments rather than landmarks in the case you get lost and also and most importantly in our case to pass the test there are many questions during the written that go over radio navigation so let us show you how we transform these complicated instruments into something we promise you will want to use right away on your next flight very high frequency omnidirectional ranges vo ours now the primary means of radio navigation they operate in the frequency range of 108 point zero megahertz to one one seven point nine five megahertz because they operate in such a high frequency they are susceptible to line-of-sight so for example if there is a large obstacle between you and the vor say a mountain you will not be able to receive that vor by identifying the signal of the vor it will send out a three-letter Morse code identifier if you're able to identify it then that vor is working properly if you cannot identify it it's probably not usable how does a vor do what it does well a vor sends out two signals one is continuous and the other one is modulated let's finca rim as waves and on the 360 degree radio these waves are right on top of each other as you move to the 90 degree radial these waves are 90 degrees offset from each other at the 180 there are a hundred and eighty degrees off your receiver works kind of like an oscilloscope and sees how much in phase or out of phase these two signals are and by seeing the phase or out of phase it can tell you exactly what your position is from this view our vor receiver checks of your needs to be checked every thirty days there are multiple ways of checking of you are there's an airborne checks ground checks vo teaser and made-up checks but the test for the private only deals with one type of check so that's the only one that we're going to discuss so I don't go and confuse you the test deals with the VOT check a vo t is a short range view are located at some of the nation's airports and no matter where you are on that Airport surface when you tune to it the needle will center with a to indication on the one eight zero degree radial and with a from indication obviously with the opposite the three six zero degree radial now the way to remember this is remember a Cessna 182 180 is true the station and the maximum allowable error is plus minus four degrees okay how exactly do we figure out our position relative to a vor as I said at the beginning I'm going to have to ask you to forget everything you know about if you are trust me this system is so much simpler than what you're used to think about it the needle points the right you go to the right then you know goes to left you go to the left oh wait but you might be in Reverse sensing that's if the flag has a from instead of a - come on this is complete nonsense how does view our work it's very simple let's say that I ask you what is your position relative to me and let's say I'm in Texas and you're in Maine well your simplest answer would be to say that you are north east of me well that's exactly what a vor does for example this vor is telling me that it is located to the north east of me how do I know it it's incredibly simple a vor like you before giving me two cardinal directions to get to you is giving me a couple of cardinal directions telling me where it's located in this case the view R is telling me that it's north and east of me how do I know this well first of all that little to from flag let's just call it a flag and forget that there is a - from on it it's just a flag it's one of the indicators that directs you towards the vor in this case as you see it is pointing down so I look at a cardinal direction on the same side that that flag is pointing to if I go straight down from that flag I can see that it's saying hey go north that is one of the two cardinal directions that we must use to go to that station the second cardinal direction is shown by the needle the needle will swing to one side you must find a number on that side and in this case it's evident that East is on that side so I found one cardinal direction for the flag north the other one for the needle East this vor is telling me it's north east of me it is that simple now I'm going to give you another thorough explanation on how we use this method so everything gets clear remember you need to forget what you know first of all do you see that - front flag you know do you see the the - and the from on that instrument no you don't that - and front does not exist okay that's the first step you need to do realize that there is no - from second we look at what side the flag is pointing to as you see the flag is pointing straight up this pretty much means that the cardinal direction it's pointing to will be on the top side of the instrument the bottom 180-degree of the instrument you can black out because our carnal direction cannot belong in the bottom side of the instrument now straight from the top if we look for a cardinal direction the closest cardinal direction to the top of the instrument is what we have west on that side and south on that side but the closest cardinal direction to me is south that's one of the cardinal directions we need to go south to get to the station guys South is one of the two collections we are required to fly to to get to that station now we're going to look at the needle okay now we're looking at the needle and the needle is on the left side this eliminates the right 180-degree side of the instrument meaning our cardinal direction the second direction that we're looking for cannot be on that side there and that's why it's gone the cardinal direction is on the left side if I go straight to the middle of that and find the closest cardinal direction to the middle as you see East is on that side if we want to fly to the station we need to fly south and east putting us north west of the station okay let's look at for example question to see how this method actually helps us let's say given the following vor you're asked to identify what your position is and possible answers are 812 or two okay again I'm going to look at my view R as we see the flag points towards the south meaning I must be Noir for the station and the needle points towards the west so I'm east of the station so for me to fly to this station I would have to fly south west oh well then I have to be north-east of the station if i have to be northeast of the station and look at the three answers the only answer that matches is answer number eight now let's see if you got the point tap on the correct answer okay this one here is incredibly easy it says refer to figure 27 there he has four and two and figure 29 the VR is tuned to Jamestown vor and the aircraft is positioned over Cooper towns Airport which VR indication is correct one four or six well you can see from the figure the Cooperstown Airport is obviously to the north north east of the vor now it's shown by this line you would have to fly south west to get to it but let's not even put the West part we know that we have to fly south so look if you are number one and VR number four you see those flags they're pointing straight up if we look for that cardinal direction it's Norv in both cases well if you're flying north from Cooperstown if you have enough gas to circle the world eventually you'll get to the vo here going for the North Pole then we are probably not a good idea so you have to fly south see number six if you look at that flag now that flag is actually pointing down what's down there south so instrument number six is your correct instrument this one might seem a little more complicated but in reality it's just as easy it says refer to figure 21 area three and figure 29 the VR is tuned to Elizabeth City vor and the aircraft is positioned over show borough which for your indication is correct to five or nine show borough is just a city and we see that if we have to fly from show borough to the vor which is located at the airport we need to again fly south south south west okay if we look at vor number two it's showing if we look at the flag flag is pointing down down it shows exactly two and zero which by the way if I extend another line from the airport same as the first line that had a flight to the airport you can see it it points exactly two one zero so - when zero is our heading to the station so VR number two is definitely correct now if we look at that or to view ours by looking at the flags they're pointing towards the north in both cases again we need to fly south southwest not north look at those two other and they're pointing north so again vor number two must be our correct answer and let's go over some other test questions for example this one here says refer to figure 24 what is the appropriate position of the aircraft if the view our receivers indicate the three to zero radial from Savannah Vortech area three and the 180 for radio of Elendil view our area one they give you these three answers this is very simple what we're going to do is we're going to draw a line from the Savannah vortac extending out from the center of the Vortech all the way to intersecting the three to zero line of that radial and you will extend it all the way to a certain point and do the same with the second vor from the Allendale vor when extend a line from that goes in down in from 184 from the center of the vor down to the radio 184 until it intersects the first line that we drew that point there is where we are located as you can see when the answers the town of Springfield is the closest to where we found our point to be so we are over the town of Springfield okay for this question here there's a complicated version and an easy version for the answer I just wanted to give you a little bit of information more then I'll tell you the easy way to solve this but anyway as you can see there is no two front flag so we only have one indicator in this case only a needle what's happening is you are in the zone of ambiguity it means that you are 90 degrees your position is 90 degrees from the selected radial and in this area here as you can see between the two yellow lines the viewer gets confused because if you go a little bit south of the yellow line then it will show an indication to go north on the two front flag if you go a little bit north the opposite would be true this is called the zone of ambiguity now if you look at the needle itself for the easy solution to this question if you let's say before I told you to use the flag for one of the indications and the needle for the second since we don't have a flag this time we can just use the needle if you look at where the needle is pointing the needle is pointing to about 300 so Northwest well if the needle is telling you that you need to go Northwest to go to a station you have to be southeast now let's cover ATF's and well before we get into the pulp and to the juice of this instrument we do have to cover some basics and some maybe have terms that you will have to become acquainted with there are three really one is mhm the other one is RB and the last one is mb these three are what constitutes a formula that we will eliminate as soon as you get to know it because there is easier ways than using the formula and that's probably why most pilots find this instrument to be not an easy to go with instrument and prefer not to use it well hun reality this instrument is pretty easy all together what is MH MH is just your magnetic heading to the station if you're tuned into an NDB your ADF is the instrument that you'll be using to fly it and let's say that the needle is centered up straight mhm now your magnetic heading showed by your heading indicator is the heading to the station if the needle was not centered now we're talking relative bearing the relative bearing let's say you're heading three six zero and let's say the needle is sixty degrees to your left your relative bearing would be three zero zero because that's what the needle points to in a fix card ADF the last one is magnetic bearing your magnetic bearing to the station would be three zero zero because we set our heading indicator had North on it you are heading north and your needle points 60 degrees to the left that as we see is three zero zero now if we were transfer that needle inside the heading indicator it would point two three zero zero because both the ADF fixed card and our heading indicator are on north it sounds complicated a I will explain in a little bit navigating with the ADF wah low frequency non-directional beacons and D B's operating the range of frequencies of 190 to five thirty kilo Hertz as you see these are low frequencies they do go around obstacles Celina site is not an issue but they don't radiate the courses and radios like a vor what happens is when you tune to an NDB station the needle inside your ADF points directly to the station the following formula can help you determine a magnetic bearing to or from a station the formula says that if you add your magnetic heading to your relative bearing you can find out the magnetic bearing to this station but I don't know who would want to be doing complex operations it's not compass it's one plus one equals two but still when you're in a blowfly thunderstorm and IFR conditions behind the airplane is probably not a good idea to be working with numbers so I will show you a much better and easier way to figure out what your magnetic bearing is and we will see that in the next slides what is an RMI well radio magnetic indicator is in fact a heading indicator would the ADF needle mounted directly inside of it making the instrument a lot simpler what happens is the head of the needle points directly to the station so for example in this case if we had to fly to the station we be using a heading of about 339 and if we wanted to fly directly away from the station then we would be using a 159 heading just about a 159 heading it makes things a lot simpler once you learn how to use an RMI and understand the concepts of an RMI well the easiest questions on the test regarding ADF will ask you for example refer to figure 31 illustration 3 the relative bearing to the station is well this is a fixed card ADF so if we wanted to find out the relative bearing to the station we just look at where the needle points to and I can see that it's pointing to one eight zero so one eight zero is my relative bearing to the station if the question had asked what is your relative bearing from the station well then I look at the tail and as you can see the tail points to three six zero now for a little bit of a more complicated question the question says refer to figure 31 illustration for on a magnetic heading of 3 to 0 the magnetic bearing to the station is and those are your three answers the easiest way to do this I know they taught you that there is a formula magnetic heading plus relative bearing equals magnetic bearing but nobody wants to do math in an airplane especially if you're using instruments it's probably because you're lost or you're in bad weather so doing math in those conditions are going to set you even more behind the airplane so how do we solve this the first thing you need to do is draw out a heading indicator with a heading of 3 to 0 on top or again you could just use our CD and rotate the CD until you have the correct heading on top the heading given by the question second we're going to move the needle from inside the ADF card into the heading indicator we have created on our my this way so now wherever to your points to inside your heading indicator is your magnetic bearing to the station so in the case here if they were as they are asking the magnetic bearing to the station I can clearly see without doing any math that I have to fly 185 to go to the station so B is my correct answer if they had asked me what is the magnetic bearing from the station well then again I pick the tail and I can see that it's about 0 0 5 some test questions really make no sense whatsoever and let me show you what I mean this question here says for further figure 30 illustration 1 what is the relative bearing to the station I mean why on earth would you want to know your relative bearing when you have an arm I that points directly to the magnetic Barry and therefore directly to the station at any case this is an actual current test question so let's go at it and see how to solve it keeping in mind that the relative bearing is the number the needle points to in the fix card ADF which always has north on top all we need to do is draw a heading indicator with North on top and then move the needle into it as you can see from the animation the relative bearing to the station in this case would be 2 4 0 and that's how you answer these questions some questions will ask you for a heading to intercept a particular bearing to the station and before we get to an actual question let's cover a basic concept first as you can see from the animation as you keep flying they need a wheel drop on the same side as its song so you will intercept all the magnetic bearings between the head of the needle and the back of the instrument in this case here you will intercept bearings from 300 where the needle started from all the way to about 151 and would never intercept the bearings on the right side of the instrument now to see an actual test question this one says refer to figure 30 illustration to determine the approximate heading to intercept the 1 8 0 magnetic bearing to the station and the answers are 0 4 0 1 6 0 and 2 2 0 now if we just kept maintaining the headings shown on the instrument we will obviously intercept the 1 8 0 bear into the station but that's not one of the answers so what we need to do is turn to the headings given by the answer and see what happens to the needle let's start with 0 4 0 as you can see the needle will never actually drop to 1 8 0 so that can't work if we turn to 1 6 0 we have the same problem with any no dropping on the wrong side finally if we turn to 2 2 0 we can see that the needle will actually drop to 1 8 0 making to 2 0 the correct answer obviously during the test you will not have the software with the animations to help you so what should you do well what you should do is draw out the various heading indicators with the headings given by the answers on top of them then put your pen on the original magnetic bearing in this case here it was one nine zero and drop the pen on the same side of the instrument that saw until you find the correct answer global positioning system or GPS it was developed by the military and intended for use only by the military but obviously something as good as this could not be kept the secret for a long time now GPS is available to pretty much everybody it's opened up to the public and it's available to anybody that has a GPS receiver it is very reliable and probably one of the easiest ways to navigate it's a simple in functionality what it needs it needs pretty much three to four satellites to figure out where you are what your GPS receiver does as it sends out signals to various satellites and based on the time response of these satellites it's able to locate your position where you are in longitude latitude altitude and speed and because of the software that comes with your GPS receiver you are also able to determine ground speed time to destination I mean obviously GPS is the bad system out there but you shouldn't rely blindly on a GPS because again it's really even the FAA doesn't like it too much because it's not directly under their control it's still under military control they're the ones that maintain it they're the ones that own it and at the moment's notice they could shut it down for some reason and if GPS is the only way that you know how to navigate you've got a problem so still use it as a backup use it as a tool don't make a crutch because if you're rely only on GPS and you can fly all the time just using GPS maybe it will never go down but if it does go down you've got a serious problem so keep using your viewers keep getting familiar with the your older instruments and use the GPS tool to aid you in staying ahead of the airplane the GPS constellation is comprised of pretty much 30 satellites and for you to be able to receive we said we need four but you're pretty much guaranteed that any point you are on the world you will be able to receive at least five of them therefore you're able to calculate your position all the time the GPS receiver also verifies the integrity of the signal this verification process called 'rain receiver autonomous integrity monitoring rain pretty much predicts whether the satellite will be working what are your GPS system will be we'll be able to receive satellites and give you accurate information or not we'll go next with the test questions that cover the GPS

Channel: Gian Luca Noia

Views: 152,352

Keywords: FAA PPL, FAA Exams, FAA Tests, Pilot Exams, Pilot Tests, Pilot Knowledge Test, Pilot Written Exam, Radio Navigation, VOR Navigation, ADF Navigation, Ndb Navigation, faa private pilot test, private pilot checkride, private pilots license ground school, Best Pilot Test Prep, best faa exam prep, faa knowledge exam, how to pass faa written exam, private pilot faa knowledge test, private pilot test questions and answers, private pilot knowledge test

Id: h0Z_j9Xy6Cw

Length: 25min 58sec (1558 seconds)

Published: Sat Jul 11 2015