Physiological Adaptation on the NCLEX - Part 1

hey guys have you ever wondered what the heck is included in the NCLEX did you know that there's a handy test ban with a pie chart that breaks down the categories of what you'll be tested over on the NCLEX are you guys ready to go let's get started hi my name is Marie I've been working as a nurse for over a decade as a telemetry and a medical surgical nurse and in addition to working at the hospital I also write NCLEX style questions here at NRS ng along with this job comes an appreciation for the NCLEX maybe even an obsession okay if the NCLEX could issue a restraining order it would hand one to me I am always going to the NCLEX plan and I'm looking through it and I'm making sure that we are following the NCLEX plan when we write our questions for you guys to practice today we're going to talk about physiological adaptation so the physiological adaptation portion of the NCLEX is 14% of the tests give or take a percentage so what exactly does the test plan say about this section of the test I have broken down the wordy explanation on the test plan into five main points okay number one fluid and electrolyte imbalances to identify signs and symptoms of these imbalances number two alterations in body systems we're going to talk about what that means exactly because they're very specific on the test plan about what you need to know number three pathophysiology number four hemodynamics and number five illness management and unexpected response to treatments okay guys this is going to be a two-part video and today we're going to focus on the most important part of physiological adaptation and that is fluid and electrolytes there are four main fluid and electrolytes that you need to know for the unclicks you also need to know what causes imbalances and finally signs and symptoms of imbalance electrolytes let's briefly review what causes imbalanced electrolytes here you can see on the chart we have organ failure and specifically renal failure and then cardiovascular failure we have illness which comes from infections diabetic ketoacidosis and diarrhea we have medications which there's plenty of medications that cause electrolyte imbalances and then there's diet so diet also causes imbalances in your four main electrolytes as well as others here are the four main electrolytes that I want you guys to know potassium sodium magnesium and calcium let's start with potassium alright guys what are some of the things that cause imbalances in your potassium level the main organ that is responsible for potassium imbalances is your kidneys so if that those fail then you're gonna have an imbalance in potassium in your body illnesses can cause potassium imbalances as well specifically Cushing's syndrome vomiting diarrhea and Addison's disease medications can also cause imbalances in potassium we have diuretics as the main culprit and then corticosteroids as well finally diet of course would affect your potassium level you can either be taking in too little or too much potassium and of course that's going to affect the level in your blood all right guys so what is potassium responsible for potassium is responsible for cardiac conduction it lives inside the cells mostly and it goes outside the cells when the cardiac muscle contracts potassium is also responsible for skeletal muscle contraction as well as the body's acid-base balance so the normal potassium level is between 3.5 and 5 mil equivalents per liter here are some signs and symptoms of a low potassium level this is called hypokalemia the patient will have a week in irregular pulse week respirations weak skeletal muscles and decreased GI motility and here's what happens when there's too much potassium in the body again a patient will have a weak and irregular pulse but they will have muscle twitching cramps and increased GI motility okay guys we covered potassium now we're going to move on to sodium balances so when you think of sodium imbalances in the body you'll also want to think of fluid volume imbalances because if you go all the way back to your pathophysiology courses you'll remember that water goes where salt is if there's too much or too little sodium in the body there's also going to be an imbalance of fluid okay some of the organs that are responsible for sodium balance in the body are your heart in your kidney so if these two organs fail or if either one of these organs fail you are going to have a sodium imbalance some illnesses that cause imbalances of sodium in the body are syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone or SIADH Cushing's vomiting or diarrhea and wound drainage some of the medications that cause a sodium imbalance include diuretics and corticosteroids and finally diet again like potassium with a diet if you are taking in too much or too little sodium it is going to affect the amount that is available in your body all right the normal level of sodium in the body is between 135 and 145 millivolts per liter so what is sodium responsible for we have nerve impulses muscle contraction cardiac conduction where in its natural form the sodium lives outside the cells when the sodium travels inside the cells this is cardiac contraction and again sodium is responsible for fluid shifts inside and out of the cells okay what happens when there's not enough sodium in the body the patient is hyponatremic and they will have a rapid pulse thready or bounding depending on their fluid status they're gonna have weak respirations they're gonna have skeletal muscle weakness diminished deep tendon reflexes confusion headache and increased GI motility so hyponatremia causes increased GI motility if a patient is hypernatremia or has too much sodium you're gonna find that they have muscle which is altered cerebral function agitation and dry hot flushed skin okay so we've covered potassium and sodium we're going to move on to magnesium some of the main organs that are responsible for magnesium balance in the body are the liver and the kidneys so you can imagine that if these two organs fail then you are going to have imbalances in your magnesium level the main illnesses that cause imbalances in magnesium are celiac disease Crohn's vomiting and diarrhea there are a few medications that cause magnesium imbalances the main ones are diuretics insulin and antacids finally if a person is malnourished or they're an alcoholic which leads to malnourished they're gonna have a low magnesium level all right you guys a normal magnesium level is between 1.6 and 2.6 milligrams per deciliter so what does magnesium do in the body there's a few things again going back to your anatomy and physiology magnesium is partially responsible for ATP formation cell growth skeletal muscle contraction and carbohydrate metabolism what are we gonna see in a patient who has hypomagnesemia it's hard to say it's a mouthful we're gonna see tachycardia hypertension shallow respirations muscle twitching tetany and irritability so that's hypomagnesemia and what are we gonna see when the patient has too much magnesium in their body or hypermagnesemia we're gonna see bradycardia hypotension diminished deep tendon reflexes skeletal muscle weakness and the patient will be drowsy all right you guys there's one more electrolyte that we're gonna cover today and that is calcium so some of the organs that are responsible for balancing out calcium in your body is the kidneys and the pancreas as you can imagine if these organs fail you are going to have imbalance calcium levels a few illnesses you may see in your patients that lead to calcium imbalances include any illness regarding the parathyroid or a dream Glantz any malignancies and diarrhea some main medications that can affect calcium levels are thiazide diuretics glucocorticoids and lithium again like with the other electrolytes in your diet if you're taking in too much calcium or not getting enough you're going to see that it follows that your calcium levels will be higher or lower in addition vitamin D intake affects your calcium level so if you're not getting enough vitamin D your calcium level will actually be lower the normal range of calcium is between 8.4 and 10.2 milligrams per deciliter you are going to see calcium levels closely linked to the parathyroid gland calcium is also responsible for nerve and muscle contractions and coagulation so what are we gonna see in the patient with hypocalcemia we're gonna see a decreased heart rate hypotension diminished pulses twitching cramps and a hyper active deep tendon reflex numbness in their face and increased gastric motility what we're gonna find in a patient with hypercalcemia is exactly the opposite of a patient with hypocalcemia we're gonna see an increased heart rate hypertension and bounding pulses we're also gonna see skeletal muscle weakness diminished deep tendon reflexes and decreased GI motility that's it I hope this helps take the stress out of nursing school if you would like to learn more about the for electrolyte imbalances and physiological adaptation head on over to NR SMG comm and sign up for a trial stop struggling through nursing school alone we are here to help thanks for spending time with me today and as always happy nursing

Channel: NURSINGcom w/Jon Haws, RN

Views: 12,493

Keywords: nclex, nursing, nursing school, med-surg, nrsng, academy, physiological adaptation, tips for taking the nclex, taking the nclex, fluid and electrolyte balance, fluid and electrolytes, fluid and electrolyte imbalance, pathophysiology, Hemodynamics, illness management, signs of imbalanced electrolytes, symptoms imbalanced electrolytes, Organ failure, illness, medications, diet, kidney failure, organ failure, normal sodium level in body, magnesium imbalance, potassium, nursing.com

Id: CWPGmopFm4k

Length: 10min 37sec (637 seconds)

Published: Fri Dec 13 2019