document attests to Palaic, a related
language. We believe that the people who spoke that language lived here and we have Luwian, attested in both cuneiform tablets, Hittite is written in cuneiform
and in indigenous hieroglyphic script. This shows the distribution of
hieroglyphic Luwian monuments throughout Turkey; as you can see, complete, widely
distributed. So, going back, Hittite is spoken here, Palaic was once spoken,
preserved in the Hittite archives, and Luwian is very, it's very possible
that that is actually a language of the majority of the population, so very
widely distributed. Art, I won't talk a lot or hardly any, I think, I will
hardly say anything about Hittite art, but I wanted to show you some pictures
of their beautiful metalwork. This is the lion gate in Hattusa and that
ivory plaque is in a museum. So if you have time, find it, it's beautiful. Let's start with a legend. So we saw that
th Hittites and the Luwians and the Palains, they were all over Turkey. But
this is not where they started, of course. So I want to go back in time and see
what do our oldest documents say about where the Hittites are from? And for that
we have to look at Kültepe-Kaneš. Kültepe is the
Turkish name, Kaneš is the name they use it themselves. It's kind of central.
I've marked it in blue and that's an image of the excavation of the mound. And
they are mentioned for the first time, Kaneš is mentioned in the documents
from the old Assyrian merchant period, 2000-1720 BCE. So this is a period where
the Assyrians had spread out through Anatolia and had set up a network of
posts in, you know, Anatolian cities. And in Kültepe, in Kültepe, I think, alone
they excavated 22,000 tablets. And in those tablets, it's written in old
Assyrian, but there's a lot of mention of Anatolians. So we know based on the names that the people who lived there already spoke Hittite and Luwian. So very early
on, this is early evidence of the presence of Anatolians in Kaneš. But we
also have legends. And this is a legend that talks about, I believe is a
foundation myth about where the Hittites think they come from.
We need to, it's the, it's the legend of the Queen of Kaneš, who gave birth to
30 sons and thirty daughters, which is a lot. And those thirty sons, she puts in
the baskets. We have heard of basket children before. The Queen of Kaneš
gave birth to 30 sons in one year. She said what is this horde or terror or
something we don't know the exact meaning of the word, that I have given
birth to? She filled baskets with grease and put her sons in them. She released
them to the river, the river carried into the sea to Zalpa. I want to go back, I'm
Zalpa is over there to the north, I mean top. And the gods picked them up and
raised them. Now, of course, kids in a basket, babies in a basket, down a river.
Think of Moses. Think of Sargon of Akkad. Think of
Romulus and Remus. These are founder myths. These are people who
become leaders. And the fact that we find this type of tapas in this high tide
legend means that we're talking about a founding myths this is how the Hittites
see themselves the years went by and the Queen gave birth again to $30 she raises
those she raises herself when the sons travel to neisha garnished the gods gave
them a different character so no one they didn't care that they were the
sisters presumably the mother didn't recognize them so the Queen gave her
dollars to her sons the oldest sons did not acknowledge them as sisters but the
youngest once said we're marrying our sisters do not approach them it's not
right and they slept with them and then of course the text breaks off at the
most crucial moment in hittite history it seems so we don't know what happens
so we can only speculate I think of course they were not really to blame I
think the youngest son did not marry his sister and I think that brother and
sister were therefore rewarded with kingship ruling brother and sister and I
believe that this till not only talks about the merger of the northern
tradition of zappa which is hotter and we will get there with the southern
Hittites it is also a tale that explains how brother-sister couples could rule as
king and queen without of course these are not Egyptian pharaohs or something
so there's no incest involved they have other spouses and the son and not the
son of the King becomes the next king but the son of the sister of the king
the nephew becomes the next king the important for today is dead it talks
basically about a merger of the northern tradition and the southern cotton
and the Hittites and they are basically depicted as family so to the north the
red is is where we find the Hutton's initially and to the south the blue is
where we find the Hittites so before the Hittites basically took over the
Hutton's ruled in the center of Anatolia they didn't leave writing so all we know
about them is what is preserved in the Hittites archives it is a language that
is very difficult it's a difficult language we have about 300 tablets we
have a few bilingual texts which is great so we can at least understand some
of the texts but of the monolingual texts I find it extremely hard still to
to get even one step further I will give a nice example of how much we do not
understand later come but these were cities complex societies we know that
the deities were incorporated India tide pen scene we see all those names show up
so it was a complete merger of cultures Hittites and haughty and stay merged and
that is going to say tell us something about what what happened in we're going
a little bit further back in time what happened in prehistory when languages
are in contacts when people's people emigrate the languages that are involved
will change so think of immigrants when an immigrant like me a Dutch person when
I speak English I'm not going to use Dutch I'm not going to insert my Dutch
words in my language when I talk with you but what will happen is what I
cannot control is the way I sound I will not sound like an American unless
I was born here but bilingual and what may happen is that I change word order I
make mistakes these are very difficult to control so a contact situation with
immigrants in large numbers for example moving in
they will influence the language that they learn to speak not with the words
but with the way it sounds and the word order changes for example if the
languages are different enough the social politically dominant people
conquerors or maybe natives they may borrow words from the income and culture
maybe foodstuff but what will not happen so much is influence on my way of
speaking English is not going to influence your way of speaking English
so the point is we see different types of influence language changes in
different ways depending who is speaking the language the immigrant or the native
the conquered person or the Conqueror now you can apply this to what happened
with high tide and haddock or hot Ian if you make an inventory you will I will
own you will find 30 words that are borrowed in high tide not very much it's
really not much but they are related to restricted cultural domains words like
district palace throne singer priest so and that's it that's all the influence
of haddock or Hutton on Hittites if you now look it's more important that
you see the gray and the white then exactly what I put up there but my claim
is that hat Ian changed a lot Hutton had different word order from Hittites it's
called a vo language Hittite is an avi language and with that means that the
verb is at the end of a sentence in hittite and the verb is at the beginning
of a sentence in Hutton and that correlates with a lot of word order
phenomena and if you look at what an avi language should look like
that's the ovie correlate column and you compare what Hittite does as an
avi language it's completely consistent with what we know with what we know
about avi languages if you look at hot ik or hot e'en in the right column you
see the vo correlate but if you look at what happened in Hutton it started
looking more like Hittites and Louie n' in word order and there are quite a few
slots that are now gray and not white so what happened is Hutton underwent what
we call typological disruption something was changing the language structure and
if you remember immigrants who speak another language they may cause changes
in word order so my claim is well hit I'd borrowed a few words only hit I'd is
not new Hittites were just speaking Hittites
but hat Ian they didn't borrow Hittite words but there were major word order
changes that were not expected to happen unless it was caused by other people who
spoken other type of language so hot Ian had become the new language for a large
subordinate group of speakers of either he died of Lou Ian I argue that it is
Lou Ian but it goes too far to explain why that is the case now and that group
of that group is large enough to influence even the language of native
speakers is everyone around you starts speaking differently you yourself as a
native speaker might do that to start doing it too so there were two
migrations there's a migration in large numbers of
speakers of luwian painter Hattie and society in a social politically
subordinate position fully merging with Hattie and people the date of the merger
unfortunately is unknown but this of course has major consequences for DNA
you will not find indo-european DNA is my claim you will find a very strong at
mixture and much later Hittites do concur historically we know when it
happened in 70/50 they do concur start conquering the area to the north
so we have this picture around mm I mean this is an estimate that maybe Louis
much further to the west I don't know the point is is that Hutton was spoken
by people from Hutton and playground in the Northmen remember that I mentioned
Paulo and a little bit in the core in the core area probably Hutton & luwian
so this is a mix of people from different backgrounds who live in one
society ruled by Hudgens and to the south east a little bit we find the
Hittites who then soon move in to take over you keep this in mind because this
is going to show up again so by the way we had this hittite legend which talks
about Hudgens and Hittites being family linguistically we really can support
this for the prehistoric period 2000 Sorek because we do not have written
Hittites around 2000 only four names we do not have two texts so let's now make
a jump further back in time we kind of we had the Hittite Empire we kind of
reduced its to carnage that blue region could have a carnage we had to miss that
talked about that we went a little bit further back in time and claimed that
Lou Ian had merged with hat Ian let's make a real jump back to where the
Hittites potentially come from and how do you find this out what is the method
well there are general assumptions dispersal of language is connected with
migration of population groups so you can look at DNA distinct population
groups have distinct material culture and habits so you look at archeology
burial customs pottery types innovative technology think of the wheel and the
wagon for in the Europeans and distinct population
groups also may share a language or a dialect so you look at linguistics and
languages are spoken by people with a certain culture if languages are related
then expressions of culture may be related so if you find a certain word
for wheel in German and viel in Dutch it's going to be related because the way
they look or sound I should say and affected both had to be of course for
modern societies that is not a good example but for very ancient societies
having the wheel is a good example to check whether societies are cockney
culture can be reconstructed based on lexicon words because if you have a word
for it you have the concept and that's called linguistic paleontology and
cultures have unique concepts and artifacts so this cluster we're going to
use think of words nice example food baby very typical American expression
these are under well they're not untranslatable when you eat so much that
your stomach looks pregnant in Dutch we have the word izella height which is
kind of coziness turtle the act of hesitating while introducing someone
because you've forgotten a name somehow the Scots have it word for this and then
my favorite always is Tingo the act of taking objects one desires from the
house of a friend by gradually borrowing all of them so we have culturally
specific words that say something about the culture no and if you see me wear
those I don't have to say where I come from those clogs so this is a typical
expression of Dutch culture traditional clothing some older traditional clothing
so we had some words that are specific to societies we have artifacts that are
specific to societies so with linguistic paleontology you know reconstructing
words you can use the reconstructed lexicon to reconstruct concepts if you
have the word for a dog you will have dogs in your society if you have the
word for wagon you will have the wagon in your society so you can recreate the
environment by looking at the words that you can reconstruct and then archaeology
can come in to try to find those artifacts so if you have an assemblage
of a certain you know if York you know that there is a culture and that's the
only culture that uses wagons and yokes and axles you have words for that you
are going to look for the culture you are going to look for the area where it
is attested for the first time the first appearance of those artifacts and
provides a temporal horizon in a place of origin and this is exactly what those
who supported the Buddhist model did they reconstructed in the European
Society and they said well this society the proto-indo-europeans they they had
the horse and they had the wheel and there were many other words but these
are the best examples and where do we find that well we find that north of the
Black Sea there's archaeological evidence that this is where the wheel
was invented this is where the wagon was invented and this is where the horse was
domesticated and doshu needed this was needed to spread out so linguistic
paleontology was completely proven valid as a method to find homelands when the
ancient DNA material in the last couple of years showed up improved at this
indeed this culture spread out over Europe and Asia so but if that's the
case we can do this for Hittite as well we can do this for the Anatolian
languages if it worked for finally homeland of the proto-indo-europeans we
can use those words to look at what happened but the Anatolians were they
there too or were they somewhere else okay the horse was domesticated around
4000 BC in the Ukraine and together with wagons as I said they transfer
the local societies Eurasian societies the archaeological term for the culture
of the in European system nyah well in in Hittite we we the word is not
attested in Hittite we have a low in word and you can reconstruct heck you
but the word for horse in all the other languages is heck war
it looks alike but it's not the same so somehow well we know of we we we believe
that hey tight or Anatolian was the first to split off so that could explain
the difference that that all the other languages developed their word for horse
a little bit differently more important I find is in many in the European
societies horses were very important they were buried with leaders for
example nothing like that in Hittites society it might imply that the horse
simply did not play an important cultic role but okay that is not yet enough
evidence to say well the Hittites weren't there when the horse was
domesticated let's look at terminology for wagons and wheels
if the Anatolians were there north of the Black Sea when the wheel was
invented we expect that word also to show up in
Anatolian now the wheel the words for wheel that have been reconstructed for
prota in European are correct law in rotor wheel is little the Senate of
quark law or cook laws in Greek chakra in Sanskrit yet
he tied does not use that word it has a different word for wheel
Corky based on to turn so all the other in European languages use words that
derive from these two quick law relative Hittite does not axles of course are important for wagons
and wheels for all these other indo-european languages we can
reconstruct a word for Axl heck's but Hittite borrowed it from Akkadian now if
linguistic paleontology worked to find a homeland and this was used to if the
assumption is you need to share a word the same word then hit I does not share
you need to share those words you need to if all those languages split off from
a period in a place where the wheel was in existence then and hit I'd would have
been there too you would expect quite low erotic but you don't you have
another word and Anatolian therefore did not share the wagon terminology with the
rest of protein in European and therefore Anatolian split off before the
wheel was invented and when they encountered the wheel many maybe who
knows how long later they took their own word for it they did not participate in
the development that the other languages participated in so Anatolian split off
before 4000 3000 BCE but they could still you know it would still be 4000
then I looked at agriculture remember agriculture was very important for the
rain through theory so he said in the European spread with agriculture with
the spread of Agriculture so I started looking at those words and if you look
well English is difficult I don't think you say do you right blowing this way or
is it with a W or can I say this actually with a GH it's good okay good the hit hard word for plow is terrible
every other language in the European language uses a
different route they use a term that is derived from protein in European era and
the word trap does exist it means simply to turn so if everyone accepts that
Anatolian separated from in the European before the invention of the wheel using
the arguments I just used then this argument has to be used to say that
Anatolian split off from proto-indo-european before the arrival
of Agriculture before the arriving of arrival of farming Anatolian did not
share agricultural terminology with the rest of protein European if they live in
the Pontic caspian step north of the Black Sea that means that they left
before 45 4500 because this is here when we see agriculture show up so archeology
gives us a time frame it gives us time before they would have were supposed to
have left but if they lived in Anatolia say the rent food theory is correct and
he I think he's still tensed towards at least he Anatolians being Anatolian
everyone else moving to north of the Black Sea
if Renfro was correct with them being in Anatolia then the proto-indo-european
people proper I call them peope left before 8000 BC when farming started in
Anatolia so do you follow the arguments the two groups must have split before
farming was invented farming was invented in round started around 8000 BC
in Anatolia and that means that if everyone else moved out that should have
happened in 8000 that's about four thousand years
too soon it doesn't work moreover it actually kills the inner so Leah and I
told you a theory of Renfrew because that is it's crucial that had happened
with the spread of Agriculture I say the two languages split before farming so
this is not the case the Anatolians must have come from north of the Black Sea
it cannot be reconciled with a homeland in Anatolia and how we arrived at that
conclusion is by simply using linguistic paleontology that was also used to show
that the Anatolians splits from the proto in europeans before the invention
of the wheel if you accept that for one part as a method you have to accept it
for the rest as well you cannot choose to use linguistic paleontology for one
part of your model and not for another part of your model so going back ok so
we know that this is the case at one point but they left north of the Black
Sea but how did I arrive in Turkey that way or that way we don't know yet we
just know that they had to come from the north and somehow got in let's take a
look at the words for wine just for your background the word for wine is an
indo-european word again it's beyond and Hittite why not in Greek or Ono's V Nome
in Latin vine in German it's even borrowed in the languages of the
Caucasus and it is borrowed in the Semitic languages so the Anatolians the
in Europeans they knew about wine I said we have to look at haughty and haughty
and he died society a culture merged let's look what kind of words we have in
hot info wine now most of the words we simply don't know we know that fool
asana means bread and usually you have bread you have something to drink I know
that this are you know Paulo means and GRU means man
katia means king and taberna is a royal title and that's the end of our
knowledge about these sentences but having bread and something to drink we
need to look ok Karim what kind of drink is that now what we do know is that the
Hittite word soggy that's not it I did Sumerian is a beverage dispenser serves
wine to officials and that correlates with Hutten win - Karim again our word
Karim and then we have a text where in haughty and they say Shia leg Aram and
we know that Shia means Lord and less his it's wine for the Lord so it is as
little as we know about hot ik and I am very glad a glad that I suppose the
people who have seen how they went from five in the world to I don't know a
minor 100-200 so that there's a major increase of people who know hot in so
and we know the gouramis wine but let's look at where we else where else we find
a word Quran that's Akkadian so hot e'en borrowed the
word for wine from Akkadian and when did that happen
Oh before I go there somewhere to the north where the protein Europeans and
with the Hittites the word for wine came in and landed somewhere there keep this
in mind wine has spread basically from Georgia the cultivation of wine making
of wine spread from Georgia around 6,000 India and and five thousand something
and then to the west and in the mid third millennium we find references to
wine making so presumably around 2500 wine was
made here and this is also where we find a word for wine Carano so what I claim
is around this time the Hudgens must have borrowed the word for wine as well
trade there was a lot of trade going on so of course what will you trade you
were going to trade wine as a luxury good for the elite and when you do that
you may also want to borrow the word so now let's go to the Anatolians are they
in the West or in the East and when so if my claim is that if hot Ian borrowed
the word for wine around 2500 I don't think the hittites or Anatolians in
general were in between who they not have borrowed another word would they
not have been the intermediaries for you know providing the Hutchins with wine no
I think that when the hot Ian's encountered wine for the first time the
Anatolians were not to their south where they later were so I think we can set a
limit to we can set kind of we can say that around 2500 the Anatolians were not
in between northern Syria and the hot Ian's but where were they they were to
the east it turns out that in the 24th century in a bla a bla is right here no in a blur in a 24th century BCE
tablets mentioned people from a state called army to the Norse a bit to their
Norse and now the interesting thing is that that state of army there are names
of people names with unknown origin semitic names but you could say that's
trade with the south and Anatolian names they have names like Duda Washu and
Tarly those are really Anatolian names so we won't find I claim speakers of
Anatolian immediately cells of the Hudgins and we do find them to the east
probably around the same time so the question did they come from the west
over the ball come or from the east over the Caucasus I think there is some
evidence that says yes they came from the east over the Caucasus by like
blocking the center and seeing that there are Anatolian names around this
period in a state called army now here is where we want to bring in DNA ancient
DNA studies and this is a very recent publication so what the articles in this
volume claim is all in European populations as step ancestry as I you
know Renfrew recognizes technologies except for Bronze Age L Antalya they
have Caucasian ancestry that's the East and so the suggestion
that they make is I have not been able to digest this myself I want to look it
into this a little bit more is that the pro rata protein italians we're at home
in a culture called my cup a little bit north of the caucasus and a little bit
south of the steppe to show you how this works how they can say this they
analyzed of course the DNA of certain here step DNA looks like this it's a mixture of this turquoise this is
called Caucasian hunter-gatherer DNA light blue which is called Eastern
hunter-gatherer DNA and a little bit purple which is Neolithic farmer DNA and
this if you compare this DNA from about the same period in Anatolia completely
different picture so what does it look like Neolithic that's farmers the
farmers of Anatolia have this huge amount of purple Neolithic DNA and a
little bit of turquoise that's the Caucasian hunter-gatherer and
then suddenly we see a big change in the Copper Age where there is much more
influx from the Caucasus the DNA does not change so much in this step but in
Anatolia it changes a lot it just doesn't look like this and so the
Neolithic DNA that's this day there is a low amount of Caucasian DNA and suddenly
in the Copper Age a lot so let's put some dates on that unfortunately there's
you know it's like a huge amount of anyway the change is from the Neolithic
to the Copper Age where we see a lot of influx of Caucasian DNA from the east
therefore we do not see any changes in these periods and this is the period
when the Hittites live in central Anatolia the middle and the Late Bronze
Age that signal is almost the same so whatever changed happened in Anatolia
it happened in this period so the only thing so this really seems to show that
this in the European the European and Italians have actually half Caucasian
DNA and that they came from the east the only problem I have right now and you
wouldn't need more examples is that these samples there are only about six
samples that's not a lot do you actually have build major draw major conclusions
from my other problem is where do these samples come from from common color hue
that arrow oh and nephew here and as you can see it is in the area where I
claimed there was already heavy admixture
so whatever DNA we find we are not going to find pure hit ID that is the flaw in
the studies they think these are Hittites sites and they think they're
going to find in the European and Italian DNA but I'm going to claim no
you will never find that because for thousands of years the Anatolians had
been mixing with the local population so whatever you find it's going to be very
mixed and it's also going to be very different from the step DNA of the other
in Europeans so my conclusions are based on agricultural terminology the
anatolian separated from protein in European before the arrival of
Agriculture the Neolithic farming arrived in the seventh millennium in
Anatolia but in the sixth millennium in the Caucasus so Anatolia cannot have
been the homeland of the proto-indo-european between proto
Anatolian and the rest must have taken place before the fifth millennium before
5000 the Hudgens borrowed the Akkadian word for wine around 2500 had the
Anatolians been there in between the Hudgens in the Syrians the Hudgens would
have known the word weon but they didn't so why borrow Karim
if your southern neighbors the intermediaries already had their own
words so around 2500 BC I claimed the Italians weren't to the south of the
Hutt Ian's yet but there were Anatolians to the southeast in army and then
finally ancient DNA shows connection with the Caucasus
so I suggests that between 4500 and 2500 the Anatolians lived in the eastern
regions of Anatolia question mark because we need really need more ancient
DNA data and that and this is something that I recently thought of like today I
haven't really ever focused on the kora our axis culture but the timing
coincides and the location of where I think the Hittites or the Anatolians
were coincides and they seem to have been at the periphery of this culture
and then browsing the literature there are indeed people who say that the
indo-europeans that Decorah our axis should be equated with in Europeans I
shouldn't go that far it's probably a mixture of many different societies that
created that but this needs to be restarted this needs to be investigated
if we want to find a trace of the proto Anatolians the Hittites I think we
should look to the east and not to the west thank you we have time for a few questions so of
course the name people some people claim that so the in Acadian or Assyrian
sources it's even called the state of our money and I know there is a certain
amount of scholars who do think that the Armenians derive their name from that
States even though the Armenians of course have a different name for
themselves yeah yes so this that in itself yeah I
know that some Armenians think that their name should be connected with high
Yasha which is apology to the northeast of the Hittites
so highest and right is the name for Armenia in Armenian itself and so a
Minion's who also connects their origins with high Yasha a little bit in the
northeast of Turkey so there are some conflicting IDs doing around about how
the names relate to ancient names hi thank you so much for that wide-ranging
and very erudite talk Thank You Pedro I'm gonna put you in a little bit of a
spot and asked me to talk about that DNA evidence that you just mentioned that
you haven't yet fully assimilated I've always been bothered by the use of
the ancient DNA and linguistic evidence at the same time without knowing whether
the ancient DNA comes from sites from which texts come and how we link the the
languages at this be people would have spoken you could have taken the
DNA from farmers and what we have in the textual evidence is an elite group that
has a very different substance so do you know enough about that that book that
you were referencing and about related literature to talk a little bit more
about the relationship between the DNA studies and linguistics studies and how
those might complement one another and conflict thank you
this is actually my first point of criticism for the articles that discuss
the anatolian DNA is that they call that Hittites right and I claim you cannot
possibly say that because we have what we have in Anatolia is a very strong and
mixture there's nothing pure you can find you cannot say III so I think you
can use ancient DNA if you can find large movements population movements I
think you can use it for that but using six so it was based on six accountants
and I wanted more I assumed there was more evidence but what I have found this
far is every claim about DNA from Anatolia is based on six bone fragments
from a hit right side that's correct but I don't think they are Hittites I think
they are Hudgens and Louie ins if you can even say that at that time so the
DNA we're going to find is going to look it's always going to look very different
from the DNA that we find in the steppe so how do I think you can use it I think
you can use it because there's such a large Caucasian components the DNA comes
from the east and so whatever happens whether they are Hittites or Hudgins
or louie ins they came from the east what we really need is much more DNA
samples from a much wider area we would need DNA from West Anatolia or the East
well everywhere basically not from it just from a few Hittite sites and then
we would have to for example exclude the presence of hot Ian's so it's going to
be complicated but what we need is much more I do think that the eastern signal
is going to be important what was the the Czech word again that you had up on
the screen the closest definition is a state of
agony in torment created by the sudden sight of one's own misery so that was it first thank you and question from
another immigrant to an accent of course how does the hypothesis of gum collodion
you wanna fit into that they claim that the homeland of the indo-europeans
is in the east of Turkey also in Anatolia out of Anatolia theory but then
I will use my claim about agricultural terminology I only used one word where
there are more words you can use to show that there is no consistent vocabulary
to express terms for agriculture this is what you would expect as I said if you
use it for one if you use it for one homeland you should use it for another
trying to find the other homeland and the fact that the terminology for
agriculture in the Anatolian languages is different from the terminology for
agriculture in the other in European languages tells me that they were not in
an area with agriculture when they split but this Eastern Anatolia it's
surrounded by societies that had agriculture already around 9,000 10,000
like 9,000 BC so either you say they are extremely early but that's not welcome
credits and even off say to be honest I do not know
exactly when they posit the splits but you run into serious time issues with
this so that would be my argument against that we do have more question and thanks Petra I do have questions
about agriculture you probably are not surprised about that I'm glad to hear
that there are more than one word for agriculture to that you basing your
theory on could you do you remember what kind of words these are that you trace
for agriculture so for example the word for grain very crucial it's kind of
ground on grain that's all over the place corn is derived from there so if
you look at all the in other indo-european languages they have all
words that are based on something that is similar to grain hey titus hulky no
resemblance an other word is shepherds I still have to read the article fully
that also has to do with is a type of grain barley perhaps that seems to be
shared with Semitic to me I did not look at what a word is in the other branches
oh the word for milk even even the word from milk milk is quite the same
throughout all the non Anatolia in the European languages so milk of course has
to do with domestication of animals unless you think of trying to milk a
wild mare or something but no don't do that so milk is also a symbol it's also
a sign that you have agriculture the word from milk is presumably we don't
even know for sure is men wha Manoah doesn't look I mean it starts with man
but you know that's not enough to say that they are alike so the word for milk
is dear friends the word for grain is different for another type of grain the act of ploughing is different so no I the reason I ask is because if
you're going to look at Neolithic diffusion which is what Renfrew with
your yes this is early agriculture and this is before the secondary product
revolution of the fourth millennium BC yes and so terms like milk or or plowing
which are connected to animal traction and animal secondary products are
posterior to the spread that renfrew looked at in most of these Neolithic
spread so the terms for grains names of turell's are going to be crucial but I'd
be I'd be worried to use terms that are connected to a secondary production
stage in ancient agriculture that would have evolved after that spread that ran
through theorized I'm not I'm not saying that he is right but I would be cautious
to use these terms because these we know are connected to a change in production
that dates to the 4th millennium BC and not earlier so I think it is a Renfrew
completely rejects linguistic paleontology by the way so he would
never use terminology thank you I will think about that well thank you for
joining us and please join me in thanking Petra for this and please join us for a reception in
our museum thank you very much
The lecture itself starts at 30:40