Perspectives of Development & Sustainable Development - Development Class 10 SST (Economics) Boards

I joined Akasha 9th standard so I joined early I gave Anthony an 8th standard pretty much a game changing moment for me now I'm competing all across India [Music] hello my Achievers how are all of you doing I hope you all are as fantastic as I am so welcome to yet another session of social science for grade 10 now today what we're going to be doing in detail is the chapter of development which is Economics chapter one now for all of you who attended my live session uh or even if you haven't attended my live session you know that I've done a concept capsule for you on this particular chapter which means that I explained this chapter the macron concepts of this chapter in brief today as promised we will be going a little bit more into detail so along with the live session that I've done for you plus the exam prep session that I've done for you plus today's session I think you'll be more than covered for this particular chapter so are you ready to start because I definitely am all right now let us understand how we're going to be proceeding with this particular chapter so this over here is our road map okay so in this particular chapter we are going to be studying these subtopics which is the perspectives of development which is basically viewpoints of development then we're going to be talking about the idea of Economic Development which will be related more to the nation then we will be going ahead and talking about various indicators of development it's very interesting and then at the end we will close this chapter with sustainable development now this is a very easy chapter like I explained to you even in the live session right so let's move head on into our topic which is perspectives of development now what is the meaning of the word perspective the meaning of the word perspective basically means Viewpoint right Viewpoint or maybe even you could take it as ideas of development so what do different people think about development what is uh what are the different ideas uh of development okay let me explain this better supposing I was to give you the term development now what is the first word that comes to your mind there are many words right that could be associated with the term development and I think some of the most common ones that would be thrown out uh if we were to take development if we were to hear the word development the first things that would come to mind would be words like growth or achievement or progress or Improvement or Evolution right so basically what we are talking about is the Improvement of the quality of life as well as the well-being of an economy as well as its people right we're talking about Improvement and this is what development means so for example if people were to take some examples of what could be considered as development we stop we see some very nice pictures over here so take the first picture of that girl holding the cup in her hand wow she's just probably a faced her exams right now that to her would be development which means that she's moving forward she's improving it is growth right or for example taking you know you take the woman she's just got a promotion that for her also would be developmental growth right or for example if we take the case of the farmer now the farmer probably the way that he's looking so happy we can assume that he's had a really good sale of crops this year he's probably you know his crops have been have grown really well he's received a whole lot of high yielding variety seeds whatever it is so here also for him in his profession this would be development right or for example if you take this young boy over here he just landed himself with a job that too could be considered or termed as development right now taking a look at the pictures and even if you don't take a look at the pictures I think we can definitely say that all these situations over here have bought the in have brought the individual people happiness right so can we say that development brings happiness well yes of course development definitely brings happiness but can can it be a situation where apart from happiness development can cause conflict also okay let's take another example and understand this let's say that we have a group of industrialists who want to create uh you know industries and factories in a particular area now two setup industries and factories in this particular area they need to cut down the forest so that they can have their Industries over here now this uh Forest is normally accessed by a group of tribals who you know probably live there or go to collect their firewood or collect fruit fruit or food or whatever now if this forest was to be destroyed would the tribals be happy with it no right so for example for the for the industrialists it would be more money and so development but for the tribals could this be considered as development no it would not be considered as development right because for them they were losing their home so when you're talking about development the idea of development we said that the industrialists uh wanted more money and which is why they wanted to set up their Industries over here so can we say that development is only about money well no it's not only about money right because if it was only about money the tribals would not have a problem at all right but the tribals then the tribals just wanted to sort of live there peacefully they didn't want to lose their home right so development is not just about money there are so many other factors that come into it there would be factors like probably you know security or which is probably what the tribals wanted or dignity right or equality or even Concepts like Freedom right Freedom or respect so these could also be taken as attributes or goals of development right so just to summarize what we have what we're talking about over here we are saying that yes development is about money but money is not the only thing right money is a material goal but apart from these material goals there are a whole lot of other non-material goals like we spoke about security or equality of Freedom these are non-material goals so development is always a mix of material as well as non-material goals and development is not limited to just the growth of one's income alone right okay now what have we learned so far would be speaking about perspectives of development I'm just summing the whole thing up number one let me put this over here number one we said that different people have different ideas of development right this is point number one point number two we said that uh what is development for one may not be a development for another in fact the their goals may be conflicting right so we are saying that what is development for one may even be destructive for the other and thus development could lead to conflict right so this was Point number two point number three that we spoke about is that development is a mix of material as well as non-material goals it is not limited to one's income alone but has a mix of a whole lot of other uh goals such as security Freedom autonomy respect Etc so it is always a mix of material and non-material goals and this would be Point number three now these three points are very important for you to understand the concept of development right development means different things for different people development can cause conflict and development is always a mix of material and non-material goals right now that we understood the ideas or the different viewpoints about uh development the perspectives of development as they are called let's talk about the idea of Economic Development let's move on to the country now when we were talking about individuals we spoke about the fact that development means different things for different people now if different people have different ideas of development for themselves right would they also have different ideas of development for their country yes of course they would their ID their idea of what is development for a nation would also differ from one to the other right so for example if you're talking about development of a Nation what could you say development for a nation could be like what are some common things that you would talk about when you say that you know um this is what developer development would mean for a country well again there would be some common things that we could talk about we would probably say more income for everyone means more development for the country true we could also say uh if everyone has equality there's equality for all in the country then that means development for a country that is also true or we could say you know having a clean and green country that means being developed which is also true and if we talk about technological advancement we could easily also say that if a country is technologically advanced then that country is uh developed now the thing that I'm trying to tell you over here is all of these things are true but if we wanted to compare the development of two countries how could we say that one country is more developed than the other for example if you take the example of um Denmark okay now Denmark let's say okay is the cleanest country right but Denmark doesn't have as much money or is not as rich as China right Japan on the other hand is very technologically advanced but again it doesn't have as much money as China it's not as rich as China so how can we say that one country is more developed than the other well this is where we come to our next subtopic which is various indicators to measure development we have to have certain indicators which can measure development and then help us to compare the development of countries right so one very important uh indicator of development would be national income now we've already established that income is important right so national income is one such criteria and countries can be compared in terms of development based on their national income now what exactly is national income the income okay let me give you the definition basically national income is the total income of all the residents of the country which means if you were to take the income of each and every single person in that country okay and the total up that income that would give you the national income right but uh basically and again why have we said that uh what income is important well income gives us more of a capacity to buy things that we need and basically you know further our development so in that sense income is very very important and national income is the total income of all the residents of the country but the point is can national income be a good indicator for development is it an accurate indicator for development or is there some sort of limitation of national income well there definitely is a there is a limitation of national income and this would be that national income does not indicate whether this total income is enough for all the residents of the of that particular country right supposing you have X number of people in that particular population is that why amount of income that we have okay is there y amount of income enough for all all the people in that country no we cannot say that so we also have to talk about standard of living of people in that country right so the wellness of the people in the country will also depend on the population of that particular country right how many people does that particular country have and is this total income or national income enough for all the people who are living in the country right okay so if national income is not a good indicator then what is the alternative to national income is there some other sort of indicator that can help us uh you know indicate uh development in a better way well yes there is such an indicator let's understand this with an example let's say that we have two families over here right now let's say that both these families have a total income of 12 lakhs per year okay but if you take a look at the first picture the first picture you see that the family has only four people in the family whereas the other pictures as you can see they have six people in the family but the total income is the same so how would you decide which family is more well-off than the other which family is doing better than the other in terms of income well for that what would you need to do you would have to figure out the average income of the family right and whoever the average whatever who whichever family has the the higher average income you would say that that family is more well off right so how would you find the average income you would divide 12 by 4 in the first case and second case you would do probably 12 by six right so this is how you would figure out the average income and you would say that the family that has average income that is higher that uh family is doing very well so similarly taking the example of the family forward we can definitely move on to say that when we are talking about national income a country with a higher average income would be considered more developed in the country with a lower average income right so this is where average income comes in as an indicator right because the average income will talk about the standard of living of the residents of that particular Country Now the average income is also called per capita income and this is a very important concept right because it is a very strong indicator of development of a country now how would you calculate the average income or per capita income for a country the same way that we did it for the family right so what we would do is we would say the per capita income or the average income is nothing but the total population let me put this for you in another color let's put this in red okay it is the total income divided by the total population and that is how you get the average income and the country with the higher average income would be would it would be assumed that it is doing better than the other than the other country right now we've saw we've seen that per capita income is an alternative to national income it's definitely a better indicator because it gives you the standard of living it gives you like the average income of the country but does this mean that per capita income is a completely foolproof indicator does it have no limitations at all is it the only indicator that can be used to talk about development of your country well no there are limitations for this too because while per capita income gives us the average income of that particular country per capita income does not tell us how this income has been divided or distributed amongst the people of the country so some people a few people in that particular country may have all the income that we have all the wealth accumulated with them whereas a large section of the people may not have that much wealth you know with them at all so how can you say that this is a good indicator of development in our cities it is so common for us we see huge sparkling malls and just behind them all you will find a slum which means there is a section of the people who has the money to go to the mall but a large section in the slum that don't even have money that is enough for their uh you know day-to-day needs on the road when you're out of a traffic you know signal you would have seen so often you know you'll find one fancy car standing over there and then just next to that there is a person on a cycle so obviously just having a high average income does not tell us how this income has been distributed amongst the people and even if we were to say that you know the average income of a country has been increasing over a span of years it still does not tell us that all sections of that but you know of that country are getting equal access to that to that income right so this is a very big shortcoming or a very big a limitation of per capita income right so we have seen that both national income and both and per capita income are obviously not foolproof methods of um of measuring development it's not all about money because if money was everything then the richest man would be able to breathe in pure and clean air but is that true no it's not true the richest man also has to breathe the same polluted air as everyone so obviously money is not the only only thing to measure development right we need other indicators of development and this is what we're going to be discussing really really soon let me talk about this in terms of an example let's talk about per capita income which we we know talks about the average income of a country now let's talk forget about the country let's talk about three states in our very own country let's take haryana let's take Kerala and let's take hot now as we can see over here we can see that haryana has the highest per capita income as we can see right then it is followed by Kerala so we have one here two here Kerala and three Bihar which is at the lowest per capita income so on this basis can we go ahead and say that haryana is the most developed of all three states no we can't say that we need other indicators or other attributes of development you know that we talked about the the when we talked about development for individuals we spoke about the fact that development is always a mix of material as well as non-material goals right so now we're going to go ahead and discuss per capita income is a material attribute of development or a material indicator of development right so we've discussed this I'm just putting PCI over here now let's go ahead and discuss some non-material attributes of development and a very good indicator for a non-material attribute of development would be infant mortality rate now what is infant mortality rate infant mortality rate is basically the number of babies who are less than a year old that died for every thousand live births in in a particular year so out of thousand babies born in a particular year the number of babies that die that will give you the infant mortality rate now if you think about it infant mortality rate does indicate the status of health of the country it definitely talks about health status right so what would we say uh let's say that one country has an infant mortality rate let's say country a has an infant mortality rate of um 75 out of 1000 live births and Country B has an infant mortality rate of say 35 out of 1000 live births so we are seeing that in country B less children are dying out of 1000 live births right so which country would you say is more developed well obviously the one that has a lower infant mortality rate is more developed right so what we are saying over here is that infant mortality rate and development have and in are basically inversely proportional inversely proportional which means that the lower the infant mortality rate the more the development right now this tells us about health status how does infant mortality rate indicate health status logically common sense if less babies are dying in a particular Con in a particular place in in you know in a population of thousand live birth it means that that particular region or that particular state or that particular country has more Access to Health Care Services because there are more Healthcare Services less babies are dying maybe there's more nursing staff maybe there's better Medicaid Medical Care maybe um you know so many other factors it could tell us about maybe there's less superstition about boys and girls maybe there are more hospitals in that place over there right so definitely infant mortality rate does indicate a lot about the health status of a particular country right now this is one indicator that talks about the non-material attributes of development let talk about another indicator the other indicator that I'm going to be talking to you are two indicators actually are literacy rate and net attendance ratio and literacy rate and net attendance ratio are indicators that tell us more about education levels in a country right so for example what is uh what is literacy rate literacy we know that literacy basically means the ability to read and write right so literacy rate is the number or the proportion of the literate population in the seven and above age group how many people in that country are in that state who are above seven years of age can read and write it is as simple as that and this will definitely know that help us to say right if people a can read and write more more number of people can read and write definitely the education systems in that particular country must be doing well right so this way this tells about the it tells us about the education levels in that particular country your state right another indicator of education level would be net attendance ratio like I said now net attendance ratio is basically the total number of children of a certain age group who are attending school as a proportion or a percentage of the total number of children in that same age group now your textbook talks about the age group of 14 to 15 years old so what are they doing they're studying the the population of 14 to 15 year olds in a particular country or in a particular area and out of this total total number of people who are 14 or 15 years old in that particular region what percentage of these people can are attending school that is your net attendance ratio so again you know higher the net attendance ratio higher will be uh the education level in the country so we would say that the higher the literacy rate more the development okay and higher uh let me just put this down for you clearly development and this would be the same case even for net attendance ratio right both would be measured both are good indicators of talking about development of a country right now let's go back to the example that I spoke to you about about the three states in our country we spoke about haryana Kerala and we spoke about Bihar now in that earlier picture or on the earlier side a slide we saw that haryana has the LA has the highest per capita income right but since development is not limited to income alone can we say that haryana has the highest highest development out of the three states no we cannot say that because if you were to take for example infant mortality rate haryana's infant mortality rate is also very high which means that haryana has more money right but it has poor health so in that case can you say that that haryana is developed no now if you talk about Kerala uh if you take haryana and Kerala as comparison we know that as compared to Kerala haryana's uh net attendance ratio is also low so it also has low education levels right so we know that haryana has lots of money but low health status low education level so how can haryana be considered as most developed no and Bihar if you take a look at it Bihar is not only low in terms of per capita income it is also Bihar for example is low in terms of income it is low in terms of health because it has a high infant mortality rate and it is also low in terms of Education levels why how do we know that because they have a lower net attendance ratio so you understand per capita income alone cannot be taken as a you know a really good indicator for the development of a particular region so the point over here is that how can we see that one place is more developed than the other how would you say that well there are two things that would tell us whether a whether a state or a region is more developed than the other number one factor would be Community participation and number two the factor would be efficient Public Services which means Services provided by the government okay let's talk about Community participation what we're talking about Community what we mean by Community participation is that a place or a region can be considered more developed if the citizens of that particular region or that particular state are more aware or more educated right uh and this would increase their responsibility towards the development of that particular Nation or state okay how do I give this to you as an example okay I've got it let's talk about the covid-19 crisis we had in certain places each there were many places that reacted very differently to this particular virus or this epidemic right so we saw the places that had you know where the people were more aware or educated uh in terms of the pandemic you know they they knew how important it was to wear a mask they knew how important it is to wear gloves they knew how important it is to me you know maintain social distancing and here you had Community participation with all these people being more aware we saw that in such cases such places were actually able to control the infection why because of aware and educated citizens right and apart from this you need places that that have good or a robust uh public service system for example lots of hospitals lots of schools right and then we can go ahead and say that that particular place is developed so if you come down to to it okay what does this mean it means that health and education which are non-material uh aspects of Education these are very important for talking about the development of a particular country health is so important the more healthy the people of a particular Nation are or a particular place are the less money they have to spend on um on say Med medical and Healthcare and all of that and that's you could say that they would be more developed plus these healthy people are able to contribute more to the development of the country so health is very very important right apart from this if you were to talk about education the more educated a person is the more that they're able to generate income for the country and that means more development the more they're able to contribute to development of the country so health and status as non-material attributes are very very important for talking about development of a particular place so for example we saw in terms of Kerala we saw that Kerala was doing very well in terms of uh health and education so we would say that out of the three states that we spoke about haryana Bihar and Kerala Kerala seems to be more developed because more important in development is what is happening to the citizens of that particular country or that particular state it is the it is the people there that matter it is the health that matters it is their well-being that matters and well-being is not limited only to income alone right okay so we saw that per capita income on its own is not enough to tell us about the development of a country literacy rate on its own also not enough to tell us about the development of the country because income is also important right health is also important so then is there some indicator that we can use to say that okay if this indicator is there then that country is you know is a well-developed country is there some indicator like that well actually there is there is an index or an indicator that we used called human development index or HDI HDI or human development index is a is an indicator that focuses on the well-being of people focuses more on the well-being of people and not just on uh income generation or accumulation of wealth right so it focuses on well-being now what exactly is the criteria or the dimensions that the HDI consider how can you say that the well-being of a particular you know or the well-being of the people of a particular place is good when thinking about well-being well-being has various aspects right you would say that the people of the country or a people of a state are doing well how we spoke about health and education so you would say that if the people of that particular Nation have long and healthy lives which means they have well-being they're healthy if you see the people of the uh of that particular place being more educated having more knowledge having more skills having more capabilities right then also you would say that uh you know that place has more well-being because you know that the people of that particular uh city or state or country whatever region they are more educated they are more aware they have more knowledge right so you're talking about education levels and of course we would also have to take in standard of living because money is very important in terms of you know being able to give you more of the things that you want that are considered important for development so human develop index talks about three aspects which is number one a long and healthy life number two knowledge or capabilities of the people and number three the standard of living of the people now how can we find out whether the people in that particular state or region or city have a long and healthy life whether they have you know the capabilities and the knowledge and they have a good standard of living are there indicators for this well yes there are we would use life expectancy at Birth to tell us whether people in that particular region have long and healthy lives life expectancy I will come to what life expectancy is but basically it's an indicator of the health status of a country right we would use education levels to measure the capabilities of the people to see how much knowledge they have right and we would use per capita income to measure the standard of living of the people of that particular place now let me go ahead and explain what these three indicators are so let's talk about life expectancy at Birth life expectancy at Birth is basically the average expected length of a life of the life of a person from the time of birth so for example life expectancy in country a could be maybe 75 years right but in country B it might be 90 years so naturally we would say that the you know the place where we have a higher life expectancy or higher average expected life over there those people have You Know Better Health Care Systems Better Health levels in that particular country so where the life expectancy is high you would say that the health status is good and thus the country would be more developed or the people are more well off in terms of well-being then how do we measure education levels education levels are measured by the average years of schooling of adults how many years in that particular Nation how many years do the children go to school 10 years 15 years higher the average number of years more the education level in the country obviously as well as the expected level of also expected years of schooling for the children from the time that they enter school so once the child is in school how many years is that child expected to go to school in this particular region someplace it and it may be five years maybe because maybe people are dropping out of you know their schools or colleges maybe for in some cases it's like a full 15 years so this gives us a good picture about the education levels in the country right so we've spoken about life expectancy at Birth for health we've spoken about uh education levels in terms of averages of schooling and expected years of schooling and we speak about per capita income in terms of standard of living we know that per capita income is basically the average income of a country and here per capita income to to give us HDI is basically compared in terms of dollars so that that all countries can be compared now how is HDI calculated HDI is calculated by taking an average of all of these three indicators and this gives a country its human development index or its HDI right once again just summing up human development index is an indicator that focuses on the well-being of people as opposed to just the accumulation of wealth so it takes into into account three dimensions which is long and healthy life knowledge and standard of living and the indicators of a long and healthy life are life expectancy at Birth the indicator of knowledge would be the expected years of schooling and the mean years of schooling which means the averages of schooling and the indicator for standard of living would be per K after income which we know is calculated in dollars and this is how we calculate the HDI we take an average of all three which gives us the HDI score for a particular country now HDI score is calculated by whom is HDI score of a country calculated by one particular country no it is calculated and published by the undp undp is the United Nations development program and they calculate the HDI by taking the average of the indicators that I spoke to you about and they publish it in a report called the human development report or the HDR so basically the HDI is published or put into the HDR by the undp right so uh all these facts all these various HDI are put into the HDR and then you have countries that are compared on the basis of their HDI value the higher the HDI value the more development developed is the country and these count let me tell you that the countries that are compared are 189 countries and all so your the country's rank or the country's HDI amongst these 189 countries would tell us the score or the the accurate picture of development in that particular country right and how is this helpful this is helpful because HDI helps us to understand the areas of develop Improvement for a country right okay let me show this to you let's take a look at the HDI as published in the human development report in 2020. according to this report we can see that Norway is number one in terms of its HDI score which means it is 5 are ahead in terms of development of you know of the countries this is the most developed according to the uh undp right so what does this tell us about Norway that Norway is doing well in terms of per capita income it is doing well in terms of life expectancy it is doing well in terms of Education levels now if you take a country like USA USA is supposed to be a very powerful country but if you take a look at the rank of USA USA is number 17 it is less than Norway right if you take a look at where India is India is 131 right so we know that India has a long way to go to catch up to improve its HDI score which means some indicators are not very good for us maybe the income is increasing but are the health levels increasing you know is that is the average span of yours increasing is the education level increasing so this way we can compare how a country needs to improve and what specific areas it needs to improve in to become more developed and this is how the HDI helps us isn't that really cool economics is so easy if you understand it right okay so so far we've spoken about the perspectives of development we spoke about three perspectives of development perspective number one is that development means different things to different people perspective number two is that development can bring conflict between different sets of people what may be in the interest of one may be devastating for the other perspective number three is that development is always a mix of material and non-material goals right then we moved on to talk about the idea of economic development for a nation right then we went ahead and understood certain indicators as to how to measure development we spoke about per capita income we spoke about infant mortality rate and we spoke about uh net attendance ratio right now we are going to move on to our last topic which is sustainable development now what is sustainable development I'm sure all of you know this this is very easy peasy we know that development the way that it is happening right now is exhausting our natural resources see to be more developed we need to use or consume the resources of the nation right but the point over here is that as the population of countries start increasing you have more number of people and you have limited resources so there is a huge pressure on the resources of that Country and this leads to the depletion of resources naturally more people using a lesser amount of resources which means that the resources are getting over right so depletion of resources happens not just because of need but also because of our greed it's sometimes not only because of need we just want more and more and more of everything so we want to exploit our resources is this sustainable no it's not also over consumption or over exploitation of resources uh will basically exhaust talk the depletes the natural resources and will not be enough for the future Generations right so for example if you're talking about petroleum and coal we know petroleum and coal are non-renewable resources they're natural resources that are not uh renewable and if we have so many people you know riding so many cars and you know coal or whatever it is we're using Petroleum in so many different ways eventually that petroleum is going to get over right and will the future Generations have enough of it no they will not groundwater water what are we doing to it I've always said there may be a time tomorrow where we exhaust our water resources to such an extent that tomorrow all of them they maybe was fought about water right so we are depleting our resources and not just depleting our resources we're also you know over exploiting our resources to such an extent that they are it's Landing up in ecological crisis what do we mean by ecological crisis we are not taking care of our environment you know we've got our our ozone layer has a hole in it our groundwater is contaminated our air is polluted it's throwing the ecological balance completely out of gear we cannot sustain like this life cannot sustain like this so you see if life cannot sustain like this then how can development sustain like this right so what do we need we need sustainable development what is sustainable development sustainable development is economic development of a country without compromising all the needs of the future General variations this is sustainable development we are saying that development is necessary we need to we need to develop economic development is very necessary but should that Economic Development come at the cost of the future generations and at the cost of ecological crisis No it should not and this is why we need to practice sustainable development in fact according to the World Bank sustainable development is actually an attribute of uh you know good development so how many countries are actually practicing sustainable development this also tells us more about the developmental levels of that particular country right okay so with that we have finished all our subtopics we have discussed perspectives of development which was the three points that I told you about we spoke about the idea of economic development for a nation we spoke about the indicators to measure development in terms of um Health as well as education as well as income and then we went ahead and in this section we also spoke about the HDI which is the human development index as well as the HDR which is where the HDI is published and the fact that the undp does this right and we spoke about the dimensions that are taken into account to publish the HDI uh to to calculate the HDI I'm sorry and then we went ahead and we discussed our last subtopic which is sustainable development that is we need to practice sustainable development in such a way that our future Generations are taken care of with that I have completed in detail Economics chapter number one development for you now before I move away I want to ask you how many of you have registered for anything exam register now registration is free so many benefits please do it what are you waiting for apart from this uh by just mini learning program we know is free for the first 500 users every week so please click on the link and type in the code YT first to Avail of this offer an opportunity absolutely free you will find that it is very helpful for you right and with that I say keep attending our sessions on the 9 to 10 Channel and don't just attend and watch our videos I'm saying even like our videos share our videos and subscribe to our channel right and that is me Tarana signing off for today I'm gonna see you very soon bye bye

Channel: BYJU'S - Class 9 & 10

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Keywords: perspectives of development, development perspective, perspectives of developmental psychology, sustainable development, sustainable development class 10, sustainable development goals, sustainable development meaning, economic sustainability, environment development and sustainability, how is economic development measured, development class 10 economics, development class 10 sst, class 10 sst, class 10 ecoomics, cbse class 10, class 10 boards, cbse boards, cbse board exams

Id: BJTqkemoIPI

Length: 47min 23sec (2843 seconds)

Published: Fri Oct 21 2022