Paul Merton's Birth Of Hollywood episode 1

here we go good luck everyone this is Hollywood [Music] one of the most famous places on the Planet Hollywood one word with a million cinematic associations but if you and I were standing on exactly the same spot a hundred years ago we would be looking out on hundreds and thousands of orange groves growing a million oranges thank you and amidst that budding fruit a small town so how and why did the American film industry end up here in this rural Hamlet and who were the Geniuses The Visionaries the eccentrics who created this weird Alchemy of Art and Industry this is the Epic story of the birth of Hollywood and how it's at the blueprint for today's Cinema industry [Music] everything film began a simple silent images trapped inside a wooden box viewed by one person at a time at fun fairs yet within 20 years film would become both a legitimate art form and the dominant entertainment medium of its age silent films transcended language and visual jokes could be appreciated throughout the world [Music] hugely popular films transformed previously Anonymous stage actors into the most famous people on the planet just a few short years they became movie stars the DNA of Hollywood was established in two tumultuous decades from 1910 to 1930. by the end of the silent era every aspect of movie maker had been conquered the big studios the big stars documentaries animation sound color and yes even 3D an extraordinary Spurt of creative growth but the American film industry did not begin here in Hollywood it began here in New York three thousand miles away New York the 20th century scrapers millions of people traffic noise but of course back in the beginning of the 20th century it didn't sound like this it sounded more like this as the film industry took its first four twin steps America was a very different place industrialization was changing the country [Music] millions of immigrants sailed to this new land of opportunity Ellis Island the newcomers first experience of America [Music] in the first decade of the 20th century approximately 10 million immigrants arrived in America many of them Escape in poverty or persecution in Europe after sailing 3 000 miles across the ocean they were processed here in the main hall on Ellis Island on a busy day to be thousands of people in here their various languages bouncing off each other [Music] oh scattered amongst the millions pouring into America were several penniless young men who would one day run the American film industry they would become the movie Moguls behind the most celebrated film studios in the world [Music] [Applause] thank you but the first big character in our story is Thomas Edison the prolific american-born inventor personified the spirit of the age a tireless pursuit of new ideas Thomas Edison's most famous invention the phonograph was the world's first device for recording and playing back sound he was based here in West Orange New Jersey in these buildings behind me he headed a creative team of inventors a juggernaut of creative output these buildings now are the Edison Museum [Music] yeah another Edison Company invention was the kinetoscope this is the pattern shop where the prototype for the kinetoscope was first developed the kinetoscope worked rather like a what the butler saw Peep Show machine viewed by one individual at a time the viewer would have to crank their own handle the kinetoscope was all the rage in 1893 people would watch moving images of strong men cop fights and exotic dancers for the first time ever people could witness events they weren't present at foreign boxing matches were illegal in many states but now you can watch a boxing match anytime you liked to Simply put your eyes at a viewfinder and there it was the kinetoscope was like a primitive version of YouTube both inventions exhibited a taste for the brutal the entertaining and the downright daft the kinetoscope used 35 millimeter film with a line of sprocket holes either side this is still the industry standard today [Music] [Music] these early films were made inside the world's first purpose-built movie studio and this is the replica of it behind me here the whole thing is mounted on a turntable so you can follow the sun with a hole in the roof allowing the sunshine to flow inside to illuminate the action this is inside the replica of the world's first film studio Edison claimed the credit but the real driving force behind the kinetoscope in fact he invented it was one of Edison's employees William Dixon it was he who produced and directed these early films this is William Dixon playing the violin this experimental film was made before the invention of women [Music] [Applause] William Dixon the true inventor of the kinetoscope left the Edison Company in 1895 to set up his own Studio the American mutascope and biograph company here in Manhattan and her Studio was up on the roof up there because the kinetoscope only allowed one person to view the contents at any one time it was destined to remain a Fairground novelty the final step into Cinema was taken by The Lumiere Brothers in Paris in 1895 when they successfully projected images onto a big screen film no longer exclusively a solitary experience now had an audience [Music] the first classic of the American Screen The Great Train Robbery wasn't made until 1903. foreign [Music] this colorful effect was achieved by hand painting the individual frames the film was produced by the Edison Company and directed by Edwin s Porter Edwin Porter was heavily influenced by the European pioneers and particularly the Englishman James Williamson born in Brighton here is Williamson's fire in 1901. and here is Edwin s Porter's Life of an American fireman released two years later [Music] by the mid-1900s millions of blue-collar Americans were flocking to rudimentary Cinemas called Nickelodeon's these were mostly converted shop fronts cramped stifling smelly places filled with enthusiastic audiences captivated by the light shining in the dark foreign not all Nickelodeons were in converted shop fronts other empty buildings were used as well the sunshine behind me used to be a Dutch Reformed Church the audiences who attended these early Nickelodeons were largely immigrants Russian Jews Germans Italians polish although they had very little grasp of the English language they were able to enjoy this new visual medium the first Nickelodeons opened up in 1905 and the audiences tended to get very involved in the on-screen happenings [Music] oh [Music] [Music] the American film industry grew to meet the demands of the Nickelodeon audience I'm in the New Jersey town of Fort Lee just across the Hudson River for Manhattan a lot of the very early film companies made their home here in Fort Lee Fort Lee had great scenery and plenty of it [Music] the term Cliffhanger was first coined to describe films made here literally on the edge of a cliff this is the poem of Pauline starring pearl white these early films were the same character appearing every week with a forerunner of today's soap operas [Music] the films may have had hides but they lack distinction stage actors look down on the so-called flickers and if you were caught working in a film this could be considered detrimental to your professional stage reputation no The Prestige lay in legitimate theater Shakespeare not in showing mute black and white images on a dirty bed sheet designed to entertain lower classes but that attitude would change into D.W Griffith an unsuccessful stage actor and playwright who found himself in Fort Lee One Summer looking for acting work in films D.W Griffith was born in Kentucky in 1875 his father a casualty of the Civil War had fought on the side of the South his love of Storytelling began as a young boy Griffith would listen transfixed as his father told battle stories about his experiences in the American Civil War [Music] these were highly partisan accounts but DW worshiped his father Jacob and believed every word as an adult D.W Griffith's love of Storytelling played a hugely significant part in establishing the American movie as an art form but by 1907 artistic immortality was still a lewd in DW he thought of himself as a man of the theater a man of great Destiny unfortunately Destiny wasn't impressed in that same year 1907 he became a movie actor working for the Edison Company here in Fort Lee making a film called rescued from the Eagle's Nest intended as a melodrama it has many unintentional comic moments foreign [Music] here is DW Griffith attempting to rescue the baby stand amazed as he fights a battle to the death of an eagle that's clearly been dead for some time [Music] in 1908 Griffith found acting work at the Biograph film company in New York one of the directors didn't turn up one day and DW was offered a chance to direct his first movie The Adventures of Dolly the film a fast-paced kidnapping melodrama was greeted enthusiastically by audiences [Applause] [Music] the director's job at biograph in 1908 was really quite simple because the camera never moved somebody had to make sure that the actors wouldn't suddenly walk out of the frame and disappear entirely from the film someone had to tell them to walk back into the shot in fact the most important person on the set was not the director but the cameraman in this case Billy bitzer Billy had to hand crank the camera at a constant rate ensure in the film didn't suddenly speed up or slow down the DW Griffith was a great organizer and a great believer in himself which helped him quickly become a prolific director in 1908 he made 60 films if you think that's going some in 1909 he made over a hundred most of the film has been around 15 minutes long [Music] often the films were improvised with very little script worked out in advance Griffith rapidly gained a reputation as a director who was good with actors they trusted him as the films were silent Griffith could coach his cast through the performances he wanted here is Mary Pickford in the New York Hat Griffith saw himself as a great artist a sensitive poet his Repertory company was deeply in awe of him a reverential hush would settle on the set whenever DW was ready to direct you ready pizza ready sir great camera action you're having a bad dream [Music] now wake up are you thinking of the Hat again you realize it will never be yours [Applause] [Music] now the minister comes in [Music] you're taking the hat out of the box [Music] I feel faint [Music] [Applause] remembering your mother's last wishes mixed emotions mixed emotions [Music] beautiful although biograph Studios were in New York DW very rarely used New York exteriors one notable exception was the Musketeers of pig alley the film was praised with its bold framing [Music] thank you foreign [Music] New York gangsters on screen were Pussycats in comparison to the real life Crooks who were proving to be a nightmare for many filmmakers and that was largely down to Thomas Edison this is Edison's office he asserted the movies were his invention alone for every single foot of film run for a camera or a projector then you owed Edison money in 1908 he established a cartel or a trust as he preferred to call it who insisted to exhibitors that only their films could be shown the Biograph film company was one that joined and paid Edison for the right to make films the trust enforced its will by employing thugs or hired goons to destroy the camera equipment of companies not belonging to the trust these smaller companies couldn't afford to pay Edison and so they decided many of them to make the 3 000 mile rail journey from New York to Southern California thank you in California they were beyond the reach of Edison's Thugs and when they came here they realized the sun Shone 300 days of the year land was cheap to rent and there was enough space to stretch out an experiment they sent word back to Fort Lee we have discovered filmmaking heaven and it's called Los Angeles thank you [Music] in this Frio environment many directors became directors for the very first time [Music] Alan dwan was one of them they got me a little megaphone and then they carefully taught me what to say first you say camera and the camera starts to turn then you say action and when we get through acting you say cut now you learn that camera action cut so I studied all day and learned it and the director was away on a bench he was a alcoholic and they were waiting for him to come back and put them to work so I wired the company in Chicago and said you have no director I suggest you to spam the company and they wired back you direct so I told the company I got them together and I said no either I am a director or you're out of work and they said you're the best damn director we ever saw D.W Griffith was one of the first directors to move to California in January 1910 D.W Griffith put his biograph actors to this hotel here the Hotel Alexandria in Los Angeles as an employee of one of the trust companies he had no need to fear Edison's thugs but he wanted to avoid the short days and weak sunlight of the East and winter the plan was to make a dozen films around these streets here and up on the hills and then eventually return East this early Griffith film called faithful shows Hollywood as it was a hundred years ago among the performers that DW brought to Hollywood was Mary Pickford Mary Pickford first appeared on stage at the age of eight years old by 1909 at the age of 17 she was looking for a job like all stage actors at that time she looked down on the movies this was rather ironic as stage actors themselves were considered the lowest of the low so it was a bit of a novelty for them to be able to look down on somebody else she'd heard that the Biograph Film Studio in New Jersey were hiring young actresses so as you went along she met D.W Griffith she wasn't particularly impressed by him he on the other hand was mightily impressed by her he liked her fieriness a sense of self-esteem her insistence on being called Miss Pickford and also that she was a proper actress who appeared on the proper stage DW Griffith Hyder moved her to Hollywood and together in their first year they made 42 films from these simple Beginnings with biograph and griffith Mary would go on to become the most powerful woman Hollywood has ever known foreign although she was immensely popular Cinema audiences didn't know her name she was simply the Biograph girl Mary was also a tough and shrewd businesswoman Pickford was walking down the street one day which he noticed a large crowd gathered outside a cinema she went over she saw they were advertising the film starring the Biograph girl with huge photographs of her to Mary's mind this meant the Biograph should be paying her a hell of a lot more money biograph didn't agree to them the actor was the most Expendable part of any film [Music] thank you [Music] thank you [Music] Mary Pickford had no intention of either being Expendable or Anonymous she was tempted away from biograph by Carl lemley's company independent moving pictures which would later become part of Universal Pictures as well as substantially more money Pickford was also promised that her name would be placed above the title of all her films and in all Cinema advertising during 1911 Mary Pickford appeared in 34 films with Lemley in the dream we vividly witnessed two acting Styles the berserk against Mary's naturalism Carl Lemley was born into a German Jewish Family following the death of his mother he emigrated to America when he was 17 years old he was part of a new breed of entrepreneur businessmen who had grasped the huge potential of the movies a business so new it had no established anti-semitism it was my Father Joseph who traveled to America First that was sometimes in the 1880s then the next one was Carl carlibley he was only 17 when he came to America and of course he did not speak the language and it was going to be a tough goal because they only had 50 dollars a piece on them and uh so they were headed for an adventure he bought a theater yes and it they had the Nickelodeon I think it was five cents yeah something like that and um I he ended up buying another theater he liked the picture business he liked that showing films and of course he ended up with universal and I I believe there was a zoo was there a zoo there was a fabulous Zoo what sort of animals they had just about every animal you can imagine one in particular a camel that would frequently get loose and travel the mile up to the front lot where we lived and there was a huge lawn there that was very tasty for camels and uh he would graze there and I would wake up sometimes in the morning and there he would be and so I'd get a little dish of oatmeal and I'd lure him into one of the garages and he seemed to be comfortable there with the oatmeal and then I'd come back and fold down to the zoo and tell him that I had their camel you know when they come up and pick him up but it was so much fun it was wonderful I loved it another European immigrant was the hungarian-born adult Zoo Corps he would become head of Paramount Pictures he was 16 years old when he arrived in America he got a job in the fur trade which taught him that the public were happy to pay more for extra quality out of zuka wanted to appeal to the burgeoning middle classes he reasoned they had more money and will be prepared to spend it to watch good quality theatrical Productions he bought the film rights to a French movie about Queen Elizabeth starring the celebrated stage actress of a generation Sarah Bernhardt Sarah bernhardt's acting technique was formed on stage in a latter half of the 19th century Can you spot the moment she discovers there's a dead man in the room [Music] but the film achieved what Adolf Zuko wanted a serious actress and a serious play conveyed instant prestige a tract in a middle-class audience to the movies was a key element in the development of film as an artistic medium yet another European immigrant Charlie Chaplin was born in London by the age of nine he was appearing on the professional Music Hall at the age of 24 he was torn in America in a stage show when he was spotted by Max in its Studios Max and it was Hollywood's biggest comedy producer he ran Keystone comedies here is Charlie's first day working inside Senate's Keystone lot [Music] Max and it's at one of the more traditional routes into movie making he'd been a mediocre stage actor before becoming a mediocre film actor if you think that's a bit harsh have a look it's the worst comic actor in the history of the movies let's put that spit back where it belongs Max Senate opened up the Keystone Studios the world's first Studios entirely devoted to the making of comedy films it opened here in 1912 the big white building behind me soon they were churning out two to three short films a week Max and it was quite open in admitting that he stole most of his ideas from the early French pathe comedies [Music] this is a pathway comedy featuring hapless policemen falling over and here are Max and it's Keystone Cops initially Keystone comedies were made without a script or much pre-planning when Max Senate heard that the lake here in Echo Park was being drained he sent over a cameraman and a cast of comedians to make a film the drawback of this approach is inherently clear in the movie [Music] once the water is drained from the lake we are left with two stuck boats with little Prospect of the famous Keystone fast-paced action psychological motivation was never a strong concern at the Senate Studios and here the actors for no plausible reason throw themselves off stationary boats and into the Glorious mud this bridge is in exactly the same location as the original Echo Park bridge and that bridge featured in a hell of a lot of Keystone comedies Roscoe Arbuckle Charlie Chaplin they all ran across this bridge and that is my turn [Music] the Keystone philosophy was to always end on a chase and the custard pie fight was also heavily associated with the studio it's one of the things that we know about silent comedies they're full of people throwing custard pies at each other except they're not very few Keystone films feature them occasionally there is the flung pastry here and there but generally speaking the object of choice to be thrown is the simple brick easily found at the side of the road whereas a custard pie fight can only plausibly take place in a bakery [Music] foreign Mabel at the wheel Charlie Chaplin in the distance is given as good as he gets Mabel at the wheel nearly finished Charlie Chaplin's film career he argued with the star and director Mabel Normand that he wasn't being given enough time to develop his gags she threw him off the picture after tempers calmed down it was agreed that Charlie would help Mabel to finish her film providing he was allowed to direct his next this is a pivotal moment in film history one moment Chapman's career was nearly over the next he's directing his own pictures and taking a giant step to becoming the most famous man in the world Max Senate Mabel Norman and Charlie Chaplin later starred together in a keystone comedy just to show them a no hard feelings [Music] Max Senate created the conditions for comedy to thrive the relaxed relationship between Charlie and his employer is glimpsed here much to Charlie's Amusement but at the film's finale we are in no doubt as to who is boss foreign Chaplin needed to direct his own work in this early Keystone film not directed by Charlie the director immediately Cuts away from the legs hooked onto the windowsill under his own Direction in The Rounders Charlie allows the hooked legs to properly register Charlie Chaplin's co-star in The Rounders was Roscoe Arbuckle Roscoe worked under the name of fatty a name he detested his friends always called him Roscoe Roscoe had been a successful Vaudeville act when he first met Max on it who in a few months of working at Keystone Roscoe was directing his own films when Charlie came up with the idea where the [ __ ] character he borrowed a pair of Roscoe's outsized trousers for Comic effect in The Rounders the two of them are chased through this park before eventually they both fall into the lake two young comedians on the brink of world Fame foreign [Music] [Applause] foreign that same year 1914 also saw the film debut of one of Hollywood's most famous directors Cecil B DeMille born in Massachusetts he'd been an actor and a playwright but was still looking for something to do with his life when he was approached to the director film for Adolf Zuko and his partners the film accessible directed The Score man was over 80 minutes long I'm sitting in Cecil B demille's office in 1913 Cecil and producer Jesse Lasky had bought the film rights to an Old Stage hit called the [ __ ] man a western the plan was to film it in Arizona but when they got to Arizona they found it was lying under two feet of snow not very good for a western who's ever heard of Big Chief snow plow so Cecil decided to come on to Los Angeles where we heard about a barn that was available for rent here in Hollywood the very Barn that I'm sitting in now Cecil rented it they shot the score man in about 18 days and it went on to become American Cinemas and first feature limp film foreign [Music] the score man demonstrates a bold approach to cinema king to exploit its possibilities here we see our heroes inner thoughts [Music] thank you the Squall man's status as American Cinema's first speech-lived film no doubt infuriated D.W Griffith who saw himself as the great Pioneer and had Ambitions to make his own feature films Griffith was hugely frustrated by biograph's lack of vision and by the sense that others were Steed in his Thunder he was inspired by the artistic ambition of such Italian epics as kiberia imaginative sets and a cast of hundreds give kabiria a massive sense of scale [Music] while European directors were making feature films over an hour long biograph were restricting DW Griffith to one reelers that's approximately 12 minutes of screen time it made sense for them short films could be made very cheaply in two to three days but also make an enormous profit thank you Griffith decided that if he wanted to make a longer film you'd just have to go ahead without telling biograph foreign [Music] filmed the battle scenes for his first feature due to her pethulia here north of Hollywood in 1913. [Music] Judith was Griffith's response to the Italian epics that he so admired although he didn't have their budget he tried to match their scale [Music] a hundred years ago these Hills were alive with the sound of extras walloping each other across the head with wooden swords D.W Griffith must have been in his element walking around this pretend Battlefield choreographing hand-to-hand combat [Music] Judith or bethulhu is a very difficult film to watch its combination of excessively wordy title cards for example in the 18th year of his Reign Nebuchadnezzar King of the Assyrians sent forth Prince holy furnace with the army of Sir to lay waste all the countries of the West that combined with old-fashioned over-the-top acting makes the film seem ancient and plodded it's quite easy to believe it was filmed before the Old Testament was written making the Bible the book of the film also extremely tedious because there's no sense of humor anywhere in it any laughs there are are purely unintentional [Music] the beheading scene so clumsily staged you would be forgiven for missing it altogether the film looks awkward and bogus in comparison to kiberia which was made the year before [Music] first world war gave Hollywood an enormous Advantage the European film industry was severely hit with the competition gone Hollywood was King and Mary Pickford became its Queen tests of the storm country was the featured limp film that catapulted Mary to World stardom in Tess we see the feisty side of her screen image [Music] as a vivid illustration of how famous film stars had become in 1910 audiences didn't know married pickford's name and here she is just a few years later appearing in front of thousands of fascinated New Yorkers Mary's old boss D.W Griffith was also kicking up a storm at the box office in 1915 D.W Griffith made the hugely successful Blockbuster Birth of a Nation at three hours long it was his most ambitious film to date history judges it as both a masterpiece and arguably the most controversial film ever made the first half of the film deals with a tragedy of the American Civil War The Birth of a Nation was told entirely from the point of view of the South stories that Griffith grew up with as a child were dramatized on the screen D.W Griffith and his cameraman Billy bitser made good use of the Hollywood Hills behind me and would judiciously placed smoke bombs they made the battle scenes gripping and Epic [Music] [Applause] thank you [Music] thank you directorily the film has great flourishes but also long patches of tedium [Music] while we're looking at this letter some of you might want to raise a family or go to Canada and back the tedium is difficult to sit through but Griffith offends more than artistic taste at the end of the Civil War black African Americans briefly attained some political power here Griffith depicts the black Parliament members as racial stereotypes barely civilized in their behavior [Music] foreign Birth of a Nation was released just 50 years after the end of the Civil War its public screenings were spectacular events accompanied by 35 piece orchestras and this is the music the public would have heard Wagner's ride at the Valkyries Griffith's heroes are the Ku Klux Klan remember [Music] William Walker saw the film in 1916. crime you could hear people sing oh God and somebody's right there like you could hear him because the reaction of the people you have the worst feeling in the world you just felt like you were well dude you were not counted you were just out of existence [Music] The Birth of a Nation is a racist film based on a racist novel The klansmen but so much of the film's power must be down to Wagner's stir in music let's take that same music and put it over Max Senate comedy [Music] all the tension and suspense of D.W Griffith without the inherent racism foreign [Music] thank you [Music] foreign film that demonstrates the power of Cinema it's The Birth of a Nation Griffith's divisive film broke box office records the film was so effective that the clan which had been dormant for decades was re-established in 1915 and not just in the Lynch Mob happy South within a few years thousands of clan members from All Over America were marching through Washington DC the film's many opponents tried to get it banned with little success [Music] D.W Griffith with the extraordinary arrogance of a man who is never wrong declared that the critics of him and his film Birth of a Nation were guilty of intolerance Griffith realizes could be a theme for a new epic intolerance through the ages four parallel stories told over the course of three very long hours he was also partly inspired by a visit to San Francisco in 1915 to see the world fair he marveled at the architecture like the Magnificent Palace of Fine Arts behind me he hired the same designers and Craftsmen to build him a massive film set [Music] thank you although impressive in scale as a film it's a mess following the four continuous stories is impossible and there are terrible moments of weak plotting a woman looks out of the window and sees what used to be called a streetwalker so impressed as she she immediately dreams of becoming a street walker herself laughs the beheading which is so badly fumbled in Judah for bethulia is better represented in intolerance [Music] the effect is more comic than DW might have liked although there are some genuinely horrific moments [Music] DW Griffith was a man who created his own myth claiming to have invented techniques such as the close-up truth is he didn't the grammar of Cinema had been invented in Europe Griffith was an important American pioneer but as filming techniques progressed his style of melodramatic filmmaking looked increasingly old-fashioned [Music] a new Urban realism was entering the American Cinema these new films were shot in real locations and featured people that didn't look like film stars well wash a former assistant directed The Griffith rivaled and even surpassed him with his 1915 New York drama regeneration thank you set amongst the tenements it was a gritty riveting realistic portrayal of how the poor lived their lives it brought a new freshness to the American Screen a new realism real people as opposed to the melodramatic heroes and villains of Griffith's era [Music] [Music] foreign also in 1915 Cecil B Demille directed the cheat atmospheric lighting and depiction of physical violation equipped audiences throughout the world [Music] [Music] foreign [Music] [Applause] [Music] 1915 was also a pivotal year for Charlie Chaplin in his short film the [ __ ] he successfully combined comedy with emotion he was now a fully rounded character that audiences cared about [Music] [Applause] thank you film stars Prestige and power reached startling Heights at the end of the decade when D.W Griffith Charlie Chaplin Mary Pickford and her husband to B Douglas Fairbanks stunned Hollywood by forming their own production company United Artists guaranteeing their creative Independence film actors had gone from earning five dollars a day to becoming world famous millionaires in 10 years Hollywood had transformed itself from a rustic Backwater stuffed with oranges into something much more than a place a state of mind power excess Fame wealth ambition Hollywood film is now the dominant entertainment media with Millions going to the cinema every day its stars were young charismatic talented and newly wealthy this confident young industry looked towards the 1920s with a degree of confidence and licked its lips after all what could possibly go wrong foreign the decadence of 1920s Hollywood threatens the industry with Extinction the sunshine behind me used to be a Dutch Reformed Church the audiences that attended these early Nickelodeons were largely immigrants Russian Jews Germans Italian Spanish people hooting car horns to make sure we have to do another take it's okay it's not all right I'm here anyway you know the more acceptable objects of Throne desire Choice thing bang bang pick a word put it in a sentence rearrange that sentence I'll start again okay if I don't get this next time this is definitely voice over [Music]

Channel: Harrison Munford

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Length: 58min 39sec (3519 seconds)

Published: Sat May 07 2016