Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder, Biliary Tract: A&P Review - Medical-Surgical (GI) | @LevelUpRN

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Hi. I'm Cathy with Level Up RN. In this  video, I am going to continue my anatomy   and physiology review of the gastrointestinal  system. Specifically, I will be talking about   accessory organs of the GI system, which include  the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder. Throughout   this video, I will be following along with our  Level Up RN medical-surgical nursing flashcards.   So if you have those, definitely pull  those out so you can follow along with me.   At the end of the video, I'm going to give  you guys a little quiz to test your knowledge   of some of the key points I'll be covering in  this video. So definitely stay tuned for that.   Let's first talk about the pancreas, which  has both exocrine and endocrine functions.   As an exocrine organ, the acinar cells in  the pancreas will secrete inactivated enzymes   that travel to the small intestine where they  become activated, and then they help to digest   carbohydrates, fats, and protein. Now, later  on in this playlist, we're going to talk about   pancreatitis, which is a disorder that  causes premature activation of those enzymes   before they reach the small intestine and that  causes auto digestion of the pancreas. As an   endocrine organ, the islets of Langerhans are  cells that produce hormones that regulate blood   sugar levels in the body. So examples of hormones  include insulin and glucagon. So if you want   more details about the endocrine function of the  pancreas, definitely go and check out my endocrine   system playlist. So I go in a lot of detail in  that playlist about insulin and diabetes, etc.   Next, we have the liver, which is comprised of  two lobes, and each lobe is made up of lobules,   which are the functional units of the  liver. The liver is responsible for   many things in the body. This includes the  storage of minerals and fat-soluble vitamins,   bile production and secretion, bilirubin  metabolism and secretion, detoxification   of harmful drugs and substances. It's also  responsible for plasma protein synthesis.   For example, albumin and clotting factors.  So albumin is an important protein that   keeps fluid in the bloodstream, and clotting  factors are needed for clotting or hemostasis.   The liver also plays a role with fat metabolism,  including cholesterol synthesis and elimination.   It plays a role in carbohydrate  metabolism as well. For example,   glycogenolysis is the breakdown of glycogen,  which is stored carbohydrate energy in the liver,   and it breaks down that glycogen to glucose as  needed. So you can see that there are a lot of   different functions of the liver. So when we talk  about disorders of the liver, such as cirrhosis,   we're going to see a laundry list of signs  and symptoms associated with those disorders   because of all of these functions. Next, we have the gall bladder,   which is a pear-shaped organ that is located  underneath the liver. So the gallbladder stores   and concentrates bile from the liver. So the  liver makes the bile. The gallbladder stores   that bile, and then it releases bile into  the small intestine where it emulsifies fat.   Let's take a look at the biliary tract. Here's  an illustration from our medical-surgical nursing   flashcard deck. So when I was in nursing school,  I longed for a simplified illustration like this   to better understand the different ducts and the  flow of bile, and I never did find it. So I hope   this illustration is helpful for you along with  my explanation. So here we have the gallbladder,   and that resides underneath the liver, which  is not shown, but we do show the left and   right hepatic ducts, which would be coming off  the liver. So the left and right hepatic ducts   combine to form the common hepatic duct. And so  off of the gallbladder, we have the cystic duct,   which combines with this common hepatic duct to  form the common bile duct. And then the common   bile duct combines with the pancreatic duct, and  then it empties into the small intestine here   at the sphincter of Oddi, which is in the  duodenum. So bile will leave here, go through the   cystic duct, come down here, go through the common  bile duct and then into the small intestine.   So later on in this video playlist,  we're going to talk about cholecystitis,   which is the inflammation of the gallbladder,  and that is typically caused by cholelithiasis,   which is a gallstone. So depending on where that  gallstone is will determine what kinds of signs   and symptoms your patient will have. So often  you will find that gallstone in the cystic duct,   which will cause inflammation of the gallbladder  and symptoms that are specific to the gallbladder.   However, if that gallstone resides in the  common bile duct, then we can end up with   bile backing into the liver, which will cause  liver symptoms as well as gallbladder symptoms.   And we can even have a gallstone that causes  issues with this pancreatic duct, which in turn   can cause pancreatitis. So I just find it helpful  to look at all these ducts and think about:   if a gallstone was here, what would happen, and  if a gallstone was down here, what would happen,   and if it was here, what would happen? It  just makes sense when you see these different   branches and know where each of them go. All right. It's quiz time. I have three   questions for you. First question. Which GI  organ has both exocrine and endocrine functions?   The answer is the pancreas. Question number two.   Which GI organ stores and concentrates bile  from the liver. The answer is the gallbladder.   Question number three. Which GI organ is  responsible for the synthesis of albumin?   That would be the liver. Okay. That concludes our anatomy and physiology   review of the gastrointestinal system. In my  next video, I will be covering diagnostic tests,   and then we will get into disorders.  So definitely stay tuned for that.
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Channel: Level Up RN
Views: 73,279
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Keywords: ati testing, cathy parkes, hesi exam, med surg, med surg ati, med surg nclex review, med surg nursing, med surg review, medical surgical nursing, medical surgical nursing lecture, medical surgical nursing review, nclex comprehensive exam, nclex rn, nursing school, nursing school studying, nursing student, practical nurse, student nurse, studying for ati, studying for nursing school, Biliary Tract Nursing, A&P Gastro, a&p gastrointestinal, gastrointestinal system
Id: WxqQcSMF2os
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Length: 7min 20sec (440 seconds)
Published: Sun Nov 21 2021
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