On Jupiter - Destroyer of Comets

for five billion years an icy juggernaut had roamed the back streets of the solar system flaring only as it swept close to the heat of the Sun but Comet shoemaker-levy number nine hadn't reckoned on the mighty power of the planet Jupiter Jupiter king of the planets destroyer of comets the broken fragments of shoemaker-levy 9 were big enough to remodel life on earth each was being sucked in by the largest planet in the Solar System each of their fiery descents was another chance to find out what it's really like the most amazing thing about Jupiter for us Earthlings is that there's no place to stand we see clouds we've seen nothing but clouds we don't see the ground because there is no ground if I can take a spacecraft and fly through the upper parts of the atmosphere there'd be swirls there'd be powerful thunderstorms I personally wouldn't take an airplane to fly into a hurricane well the Hurricanes on Jupiter are the size of the earth there it's so powerful some people called you before a failed star of people say no it's a very successful planet if Jupiter was maybe 30 times more massive it would the heat in the sent will be so intense that nuclear reactions could start and it would be like a second Sun in the solar system long after the shockwaves from Comet shoemaker-levy 9 had dissipated in Jupiter's stormy skies the impacts were still being felt on earth we'd been jolted by a powerful reminder that the solar system can be a very dangerous place to live no one is more aware of Earth's vulnerability in the cosmic shooting gallery than gene shoemaker one of the Comets discoverers he began carving out his scientific career here at Arizona's Meteor Crater in the 1950s I've been studying craters all these years so I've sort of had a fantasy wouldn't it be fun to actually see an impact I sort of had in mind something that would land in the middle of the outback of Australia where no one would be hurt a small thing and make a small crater and we'd rush over a map it I'd never dreamt about actually being able to witness an impact on another planet but I was thrilled you know we're going to see an impact Carolyn's reaction was oh no not my comet Carolyn and gene shoemaker have scoured the world chronicling a pockmarked history of planet Earth as a team their formidable having now discovered more impact sites on earth and more comets in space than anyone in history in fact right over there you can see where it's turned up filled up and passes right out into the debris so that's the hinge line right over there it's such a thrill to actually discover something that probably no one else has ever seen before and to find a comet that was going to actually hit a planet something that we an event that we could actually see that sort of left us all just thrilled we had a real high and we and we knew that we were going to learn things that we would never have a chance to learn otherwise for millennia the bright beacon of Jupiter has caught the human gaze as it has traveled the heavens but we had to wait for the invention of the telescope and a Renaissance Italian for the planet to begin giving up its secrets on the night of January the 7th 1610 Galileo Galilei made a discovery that was to challenge Earth's claim to sovereignty of the solar system focusing his telescope on Jupiter Galileo saw bright points of light in close attendance little stars that shifted position the logic was inescapable Jupiter had at least four moons of its own aisle a festering boil of sulfur and rock Europa with a silver surface of pure ice ganymede a world of grooves and frozen slush and kalisto with its catalogue of craters here circling mighty Jupiter is an entire planetary system in miniature Jupiter's dominance of the solar system is complete 1,300 times the size of the earth it's a world so enormous it could swallow every planet and moon in the solar system and still have room to spare looking back from Jupiter the earth is a feeble speck circling a faint and distant Sun today the descendants of Galileo's telescope populate mountaintops around the world and his dreams inspire a new generation of astronomers what we see in the sky is the same thing that Galileo saw and the reasons that we look the reasons astronomers look in the sky are the same reasons that Galileo looked he was trying to find out what was happening out there this same quest also said amateur astronomer David levy on the path to comet discovery and his eventual meeting with the shoemaker's I've been fascinated with Jupiter since the summer of 1960 that summer I had my first telescope and with my parents I went outside set it up and looked up at the sky and saw the brightest star in the whole sky saw had four little moons little bands across it and I said hey that's too bitter it's the first thing I ever looked at through a telescope and I think of that particular night if my dad had said you know in 35 years from now I'll comment with your name on it it's gonna go smashing into that planet I would have been pretty surprised if four centuries ago someone had told Galileo that a spacecraft bearing his name was going to follow in the comics footsteps he too would have been on the 7th of December 1995 Galileo in a skirt reached out to touch Jupiter itself Galileo the spacecraft is three tons of rocket and robot that will spend at least two years in the cult of the king of the planets locked in orbit is Jupiter's first artificial satellite spacecraft first took shape in the early 1980s at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena it was a team effort the main sections came from JPL and NASA's Ames Research Center the rocket motor came from Germany and the fine wire mesh of the main antenna had to be spun by a stocking Factory the end result the largest and most ambitious unmanned planetary Explorer and NASA has ever put together in overall mission command JPL's bill O'Neil it's a total commitment a total commitment for the team at large we are going to make this work so we're gonna do just a bang-up job on the Jupiter system we're gonna assault the two pa'dar system with the most fantastic array of instrumentation you'd want to imagine NASA has assaulted the Jupiter system before back in 1979 two unmanned Voyager spacecraft made the long haul to Jupiter in 16 moons as they passed through this Jovian Kingdom they encountered a realm of alien worlds the like of which we had never expected here were the four large moons of Galileo and close up the cracked shell of Europa the strange grooved surface of Ganymede heavily cratered Callisto and the volcanic landscape of Io these images left a powerful impression I can't get IO out of my mind it's one of the first things we saw we saw many beautiful things after that but I always so unexpected nobody had thought of any place having active volcanism on an oven from the earth it was a feeling of almost seeing a new world every day when we were going through one of these encounters strangest of all was Jupiter here an intricate detail was the fearsome beauty of the Great Red Spot a hurricane three times the size of Earth for some unfathomable reason it's been raging for more than 300 years there was great being part of Voyager a scientist really lives for surprises discoveries and Voyager just constantly provided them I had known about the red spot and the 300 year old storms and but then when I saw everything churning and bubbling and very active it became harder to understand how these large storms could coexist with all this chaos the voyagers brought home to earth images of a majestic world that had tantalized astronomers for centuries where strange spots glided across the surface and the clouds swirled like liquid marble but for every mystery the Voyager spacecraft solved they uncovered a thousand mole Voyager was if you will just a reconnaissance in force but when you realize that for instance the very best pictures we have of the satellites of Jupiter from Voyager beautiful as they are are no better than what Galileo saw when he turned his telescope to the moon and think about how much we've learned about the moon since then gives you some feeling for why we want to go back but the Galileo spacecraft hasn't returned simply to take pictures it also released a small automated probe to sample Jupiter's atmosphere directly I stood next to the probe once it hughes aircraft and to stand next to this this object which you know is going into the atmosphere of Jupiter it may become actually part of Jupiter there's quite an interesting feeling quite an exciting field this part of the Galileo mission lasted only 75 minutes but every minute brought precious discoveries we could make no other way we hit the atmosphere about 106 thousand miles an hour that's roughly fast enough to go from San Francisco to New York in less than 90 seconds this is the most difficult atmospheric entry we've ever done we have to get the atmosphere at exactly the right angle if we hit a degree and a half to shallow the probe will skip out of the atmosphere if we hit a degree in half to steam the probe will burn up these difficulties of mission designed though soon paled with the problem as simply getting Galileo off the ground Galileo was to be the first planetary mission to be launched by a space shuttle and so all of the problems with that development were also problems for us first scheduled for a 1982 liftoff Galileo missed one appointment with Jupiter after another each time the mission was sent back to the drawing board and the years slipped by then four months before a May 1986 liftoff the Challenger disaster brought the shuttle program to a standstill we have a report from the flight dynamics officer that the vehicle has exploded my director confirms that we're Jupiter had time to wait out here it takes 12 earth years for the planet to orbit the Sun yet it spins so fast that a day on Jupiter lasts less than 10 hours but what really sets Jupiter apart from the earth is that beneath its colorful clouds there are no mountains to view and no solid surface to tread unlike the earth which is made of solid rock Jupiter is made of hydrogen gas it doesn't even have a solid surface at all we know that it's made of hydrogen because we can weigh it by its gravity its effect on the moons that go around its spacecraft that fly past and it just doesn't weigh enough to be made of something solid rock if Jupiter were made of solid rock it would weigh four times as much and it's gravity will be even more stupendous but being made of gas means that even astronomers are reduced to making best guesses about a world so alien it's beyond our experience if we could make the impossible journey to the center of Jupiter we would pass quickly through the turbulent clouds of the atmosphere but instead of hitting the bra we would probably dive into a dense mile strim of hydrogen gas thousands of miles deep as we descend and the pressure builds the thickening gas is squashed into an ocean of liquid and deed was still in Jamaica here in the middle of Jupiter is a churning sea of metallic hydrogen generating an immense magnetic aura it was towards this vast sphere of strangeness but in 1989 Galileo was finally headed five four three two one we have ignition and liftoff of Atlantis being lifted into orbit was just the first stage of the most roundabout route that a spacecraft has ever taken to its destination in the wake of the Challenger disaster Galileo was released with a smaller than planned booster rocket that would only get it as far as Venus in the wrong direction to get all the way out to Jupiter Galileo would have to swoop back past Earth twice each time picking up a gravitational slingshot that would send it a little further out the whole trip would take six years and cover nearly two and a half miles but the journey shoemaker-levy 9 had taken was even longer 1929 was an auspicious year in astronomical circles it was the year Carolyn shoemaker was born and the Year the comet made a critical shift in orbit after five billion years doing lazy circles around the Sun shoemaker-levy 9 was to leave for a new master 21 years before Carolyn and gene shoemaker were to meet the comet they were yet to discover stray too close to Jupiter for comfort and fell under its gravitational spell on March the 22nd 1993 David Levy made a familiar trek to the summit of California's Palomar Mountain to join the shoemaker's in a continuing search for comets and asteroids well we've been having terrible weather the winter of 1993 and we arrived back at Palomar in March and the first night we were on the telescope was one of those gorgeous crystalline dark nights marine air had come in over the coastal cities and blanked out the sky glow and we were all set to go there's a beautiful clear night I'm loading a telescope and exposing one film and then another picture and then a third and then a fourth and then gene shoemaker calls from downstairs he said David somebody has opened the film box and all our film has been exposed to light our heart sank because it took six hours to prepare the next batch so I quickly fished out a couple of films from the middle of the box and tested them in the darkroom and sure enough they were light struck around the outside but they were still usable in the middle so we went on and completed the work well the next night our usual luck started coming back a storm was coming we got halfway through and the cloud stopped us David ever the optimist said ah it isn't that bad maybe we ought to keep going and I said no David each one of these films costs us four dollars a crack we can't afford it and that time he had an idea he says don't we have some of that light struck film left said yes we do I said why don't we use those they're not gonna cost us any think they're ruined anyway we have done it to waste but our time and Jean and Carolyn and I looked at each other and Jean said let's do it the very next film that I took with this telescope was the discovery from comet shoemaker it was another two days before they realized what they had found Carolyn had left the light fog plates until last I said I used to be a person who finds comments and he sort of plays the violin you know feeling sad and so I read ahead and I looked at that film and discovered Jupiter was on it and thought that's a good omen for me I found a comment before we're on the field that had Jupiter on I do this very methodically started across the top went back and forth saw the usual things I expect to see when Jupiter is on a field and then I came to another something toward the middle of the field and there was this most amazing image I had ever seen I turned to the others and said I don't know what I've got but it looks like a squashed comet Carolyn's strange object needed a second opinion with fine weather over Kitt Peak in southern Arizona David Levy called his friend Jin Scotty working with the space watch telescope hello he called me first in the late afternoon and it was a bit early to to do anything about it when I finally was able to point the telescope at at this where this weird object was supposed to be out by Jupiter I took a scan and it was apparent that it wasn't just a normal comet it was a very unique object with a string of nuclei all in a row David Levy finally called me back from Helmer Wow well I think he could tell away my tone voice that something was was a little bit out of the ordinary what had once been a single comet had now become training smaller fragments could it have gotten too close to Jupiter and been broken up by tidal forces in Jupiter's gravity field that seemed like an explanation but we thought nah it's not very probable fat chance he always told me I'd never seen anything like that but that's exactly what they had seen if you're flying along in space you're weightless but if you fly past another object your feet are feeling a little more pulled in your head and that tends to pull you apart but very very gently and the fact that shoemaker-levy 9 got pulled apart by those tidal forces just like the tides means that it really was not held together very well at the start of strongest stuff was Galileo as it swooped towards Earth for its first gravitational slingshot haunting signals swept up from thunderstorms on the planet below Galileo was hearing the sound of lightning bolts rippling into the Earth's magnetic field as it listened in the spacecraft picked up the acceleration it needed and left at 80,000 miles an hour on the way out its cameras sent back the ultimate home video complete with glint of sunlight on water but not every object out here is as well targeted or as well behaved Jim Scottie takes more than a passing interest in things moving fast through space as a space watch astronomer he commutes regularly to the summit of Arizona's Kitt Peak to look for comets and asteroids which might be heading in our direction Jim is one of the small dedicated band of sky watchers looking out for the doomsday asteroid objects bigger than a kilometer which we think are really the ones that we should really most be worried about that can do the most damage given enough time sooner or later one of them will hit us there are something like 1,500 to 2,000 of those objects on earth crossing orbits and we now know something like a hundred of them certainly a lot of things out there to run into us we want to find them all the odds are that somewhere out there is another big lump of leftover solar system like shoemaker-levy nothing a mile or more across and heading not for Jupiter but for us it's happened before the comet that is thought to have wiped out the dinosaurs was probably about six miles in diameter and history has shown that at the speed these things travel even a small object is dangerous the asteroid that crashed at meteor crater was no bigger than a 747 fifty thousand years ago this place was a featureless plain probably with a pigmy forest of juniper and pinyon and maybe a few larger pine trees out here the scene that you see behind me but with trees on it and then out of the southeast came a brilliant meteor growing brighter and brighter and brighter and finally till it was vastly brighter than the Sun and then it plunged into the earth creating a shockwave then that threw out the rock making this hole that you can see behind me and then of course material will still carry it up in a very large mushroom cloud and came showering back down making a thin layer fine material that's scattered over the landscape back at Mission Control bill O'Neil had a more immediate problem to worry about Galileo's main link with earth the high-gain antenna had been stowed for years longer than planned now it had failed to open properly on command we saw that the motors were drawing more current than they should have and they kept running beyond the point where the antenna should clearly be open and were cut off only by the backup computer sequence so we knew we had a problem for a while we were really afraid that we would be very limited in the type of mission we can perform so we started asking questions and realized that the low gain antenna actually provided us a lot of opportunity since we could actually reprogram the spacecraft in flight if you will do brain surgery on it and at the same time utilize our capabilities to improve the systems we have here on earth at the receiving antennas and the end result is that we'll be able to do a fantastic amount at Jupiter my personal interest is in the satellites of Jupiter and getting a chance to go back and visit these friends again after having seen them for the first time with Voyager is a tremendous opportunity and we're bound to get surprises after three years in space Galileo had made it as far as Earth for the second and last time as it picked up acceleration for the final fling to Jupiter it was within a fraction of a second and half a mile of where it was expected to be but where was the comet two months after its Discoverer no one knew either its exact whereabouts or its final destination at the Central Bureau of astronomical telegrams in Boston Brian Marsden was busy calculating the trajectory of an object that was by now flying out of control having been near Jupiter once of course it could go near Jupiter again and it was on the 22nd of May in 1993 Saturday afternoon actually that I felt confident that I knew that it would collide with Jupiter in July 1994 just 14 months later we can never be too burnt there whatever astronomical conjunctions are conspired to entrap the comet in Jupiter's powerful spell the timing could not have been much better after a daring repair mission to the Hubble Space Telescope the earth now had a telescope with unsurpassed clarity it was amazing that we had warning so that all of the telescopes around the world could be ready to watch this happen there were just so many things that just all were happening at the right place at the right time and all the right people were were there to watch it happen it was really very very fortunate this was the most eagerly awaited astronomical event since the return of Halley's Comet in 1986 but that was a non-event we were all a bit cagey because of comet Halley so we thought well you know we don't want to overhype this but we knew there was going to be a lot of very high-energy explosions no one could agree how big the comet fragments were I didn't really expect much at all to be honest but since we used the biggest telescope in the world we thought well maybe we'll get something perhaps these so-called pearls on a string were only loose bundles of cosmic crushed ice which Jupiter would either vaporize or swallow there is this terrible possibility that shoemaker-levy 9 would sink like a rock with nary a ripple on the week of reckoning the world's arsenal of telescopes prepared for impact on mountaintops in space and in the air more lenses were trained on the same part of the sky than ever before in history like bombers in formation shoemaker-levy now he made its final approach for most people back on earth the 16th of July started just as it always did here in the foothills of the Sierra Nevada mountains in southern Spain another sunny day slowly Abdo way most of the locals oblivious to the drama unfolding in the heavens above but high on the summit of cala Alto the telescopes were waiting first in line for the view of the millennium 400 million miles away the pre-dawn cloud tops waited it took six minutes for the rising plume to rotate into the Sun and interview from Earth it took another half an hour for the light from jupiter to reach the telescope's waiting at Colorado in southern Spain forty minutes after the impact the mighty Flair of a Titanic collision was seen for the first time by human hands we had heard over the email network that a flash had been seen in the infrared but we were observing invisible wavelengths so we had no idea if we would see anything and the very first picture that scrolled on the screen there was this amazing impact site and at the same time there was that little press conference going on and we could see gene shoemaker saying well we really don't know if we're going to see anything surprise in hand Heidi Hammel interrupted the press conference see these things at all and I think we may have some up to date it this was the start of a week of spectacular impacts on the volcanic summit for why is lorna care many of the world's finest telescopes swung into action at the world's largest telescope the multifaceted kick in Kedah patent waiting one eye on the monitors the other on the weather well the weather was absolutely horrible the first few nights during the gee impact which was the biggest impact it was all the weather was really bad and so at the time of the predicted impacts I called it to the IRT I said well I mean that's it we won't see it and they certainly said sorry we have to hang up you're opening up so he ran outside then there was a big hole in the cloud so we opened up and we were pointed at Jupiter and as soon as the opened we looked at Jupiter took one image and Jupiter was right there and it was this huge fireball the edge of the rim of Jupiter at siding spring and Australia the weather was more kind we would clear eight nights in a row and so we actually got to see eighth of the impacts we were actually choosing to observe with an infrared spectrometer and the spectrometer is an instrument that takes light from Jupiter and then breaks it up into its constituent wavelengths and you can think of them as colors even though the human body can't see infrared it can only feel it as heat so the beauty of the infrared spectra we were taking was the in that wavelength range in all those colors we were able to pick up many many molecules that are visible in comments and in Jupiter so we were able to see initially material from Jupiter come up things like methane and ammonia we saw first and then after that we saw something which was very amazing to us which was a lot of carbon monoxide and water theory had suggested these compounds existed on Jupiter now we could see for sure waves spread out from that impact just like ripples in a pond the speed of the waves depends on how much water you have and so we were hoping that by us measuring the speed of the ripples we could figure out how much water was on Jupiter we were surprised because the ways were going faster than we thought and that meant there was 10 times more water than we expected from earth we saw only the after-effects of each collision but still a year and a half from Jupiter one camera had a clear line sight Galileo's observations of impacts provided the critical link to the sequence of events each fragment punched a hole deep into Jupiter's clouds perhaps 50 miles below the fireballs sending a bullet projector rocketing back up through year this flute seen by the hubble space telescope Rose more than two thousand miles into space when it crashed back down that left a bruise the size of the earth we were able to see happening in the Jovian atmosphere right in front of our eyes the kind of events that we had only speculated about in the past history of the earth if you had been in the atmosphere of Jupiter near the point of one of those impacts you first would have been buffeted by a tremendous blast minutes later he would have been roasted from the heat of the in falling debris in the case of the earth we believe that this falling material which fell back over the whole planet was the primary agent responsible for the death of the dinosaurs that most of the dinosaurs on the surface would have been roasted within that first hour of the impact a year later with the dust settled on Jupiter the Galileo team prepared for an impact of their own making instructions for the orbiter to release the atmosphere probe were all pre-programmed all Mission Control could do was wait for Galileo to signal success or failure if the probes could not be separated it didn't just mean that we didn't have a probe mission it also meant we didn't have an orbiter mission because there's no way we could get the orbiter into orbit with the probe attached so it was the whole enchilada the probe had to separate or it was all over so it it was nervous to the max nothing could stop the Galileo mission reaching Jupiter now for earthbound scientists such as John Spencer the postcards Galileo is sending back from the moons of Jupiter will be the next best thing to be first iron Jupiter's gravity exacts a heavy price for such close proximity the site of Io that faces Jupiter bulges about six miles into the air and the surface goes up and down by tens of meters every day that's an enormous amount of distortion of the interior and it's like taking a paperclip and bending it backwards and forwards and you generate heat in the place where it's bending in that exact same process is producing prodigious amounts of heat inside this is a world monstrous volcanoes and rivers of sulfur there's a hundred times as much heat coming out of every square foot of iOS or is coming out of here the surface is covered in weird patterns of yellow and brown different kinds of sulphur we think it's an unbelievable place is only the size of the Earth's moon yet its largest volcano is twice as big as Texas if IO is unbelievable then Europa is enigmatic there have really strange things on top of the ice there are curving ridges that have almost perfect geometrical shapes we can't imagine how those could have formed when you look at it from a distance it looks like a cracked egg shell the surface suddenly looks like broken up sea ice on the earth that may actually be quite a good analogy because a lot of people think that there is actually a liquid ocean beneath the ice on Europa the core of Europa should be being kept warm by the same tidal forces that heat higher underneath the frozen surface may be a warm saltwater ocean perhaps 60 miles day it's just possible that strange creatures they swim sub dark seas some people draw an analogy to black smokers on the Earth's ocean floor where volcanic heat from the Earth's interior is able to support communities have life deep down on the ocean floor two miles down the animals of the Earth's deep sea vents live an alien lifestyle surviving on sulphur and heat rather than sunlight in plants if there's anywhere in the solar system where there might still be life other than the earth then euroval would be the place to bet Ganymede is different again a two-toned world with stretchmarks Ganymede is a very interesting place it's the largest moon in the solar system in fact it's larger than the planet Mercury some of the parallel ridges that we see are gonna mean might be similar to some of the parallel ridges we see on a glacier and the earth some areas are covered in strange trenches that snake for thousands of miles across the surface there's been a lot of activity a long time ago most similar to our own is Callisto Callisto is an interesting place because it's not interesting there's no sign that it's ever done anything it's hit in its history except we get hit by asteroids and comets see things and so it's totally covered in craters and this is weird because it's not too far away from Ganymede which is a similar size a similar composition and Ganymede has a lot of activity on its surface Callisto is just completely dead when the probes streaked into Jupiter's atmosphere it went where no spacecraft had gone before one of the surprising findings has been that Jupiter appears to be depleted in water and we're really gonna have to understand whether that's a global phenomena or just the fact that we went down near the equator and that's depleted water either way it's a fundamental discovery that we're gonna have to understand the discoveries the winds are much larger than we had anticipated then appears that the winds increase as the probe was going down deeper into the atmosphere we wanted to know how many cloud layers there were we expected to find three we only found one and we still have not yet identified the composition of that cloud layer that's also been a major surprise what it's telling us is that Jupiter is different than we've anticipated and we're gonna have to revise some of our theories about how planets form what the early solar system was like and eventually that feeds back to understanding how the earth evolved informed also some 75 minutes after it entered the atmosphere the probes mission was over having reached a depth of more than a hundred miles like the comet before but without the fireworks the probe became just another old piece of solar system sucked up by the gas giant Jupiter is the solar systems vacuum cleaner if Jupiter weren't there those comets would still be running around smashing into all of the inner core planets including the earth the earth would be being hit by comets instead of once every hundred thousand years might be being hit every hundred years or every thousand years and we couldn't be here we couldn't live on an earth that was being smashed by a comet every thousand years for far longer than we've been aware Jupiter has been playing the cosmic Hoover its massive gravitational power safeguarding our planet long enough for the human race to arise and for people like Galileo to ask questions of the heavens above the Galileo orbiter will end its days here in endless circles of the King planet telegraphing answers for as long as its power supplies last for five billion years Jupiter has kept its secrets to itself now in the closing years of the 20th century we are finally discovering what our most important neighbor is really like you

Channel: Naked Science

Views: 1,472,645

Rating: 4.5883923 out of 5

Keywords: jupiter, destroyer, comets, shoemaker, levy, cataclysm, cosmic, enormous, science, documentary, thunderstorm, meteor, crater, impact, eugene, carolyn, astronomy, space, universe, hurricane, asteroid, ascending, site, event, telescope, observation, atmosphere, collision, io, europa, ganymede, callisto, galilean, moons, gravitational, origin, nasa, hydrogen, gas, giant, realm, alien, world, great, red, spot, eye, raging, storm, majestic, beauty, mystery, robotic, spacecraft, probe, famous, mission, orbit, immense, david, spacewatch, gravity, debris

Id: jvx1R9Ac1oY

Length: 52min 1sec (3121 seconds)

Published: Wed Mar 04 2015