An Epic History TV / HistoryMarche collaboration,
supported by our sponsor, the Great Courses Plus. In December 1804, in the Cathedral of Notre-Dame
in Paris, Napoleon Bonaparte crowned himself Emperor of the French. Europe had never seen such a sudden and dramatic
rise to power – a son of impoverished Corsican nobility, to military dictator of France,
in little more than 10 years. Revolution and war had cleared Napoleon’s
path to the throne. War would dominate his ten-year reign: a conflict
unprecedented in history, that would leave millions dead, and a continent in turmoil. Eight months after Napoleon’s coronation. The French Empire, and its Spanish ally were
at war with Britain, and Napoleon had assembled an army of 180,000 men along the Channel coast. But as long as the British Royal Navy ruled
the seas, invasion was impossible… But nor could Britain challenge France on
land. And so British Prime Minister William Pitt
tried to build a European coalition against Napoleon, using diplomacy and gold. Britain would prove Napoleon’s most steadfast
enemy… and its press delighted in relentless mockery of the French emperor. Britain and France were old rivals, in Europe
and overseas. But now Pitt feared Napoleon’s conquests
had made France too powerful – the French Emperor had to be defeated, and Europe’s
‘balance of power’ restored, if there was ever to be lasting peace. Pitt found willing allies in Europe: among
monarchs who despised Napoleon as a product of the French Revolution, and a dangerous
threat to the existing order. Austria harboured the deepest grievances,
having seen her influence in Germany and Italy steadily eroded by French victories. The final straw came in May 1804, when Napoleon
had also crowned himself King of Italy in Milan. Austria, Russia, Sweden, and Naples joined
Britain in an alliance known as the Third Coalition... And devised an ambitious plan for a series
of joint offensives against France. The main attack would be made by a combined
Austro-Russian army, advancing across the Rhine into France. But Napoleon got word of their plans, and
reacted with typical speed and decision. He was determined to strike first, before
the Allies could join forces, and ordered his army, now renamed ‘La Grande Armée’,
to march to the River Rhine. His target was the Austrian army of General
Mack, which had made a premature advance against Bavaria, a French ally, and was now dangerously
isolated from the other Allied armies. Napoleon ordered Marshal Murat, his famously
flamboyant cavalry commander, to make feint attacks through the Black Forest – while
the rest of his army, advancing at speed, enveloped Mack’s army from the north. That summer, Napoleon’s Grande Armée was
at its most formidable – well trained, highly motivated - its regiments at full strength. What’s more, it had been newly reorganised
according to the ‘corps’ system, later imitated by virtually every army in the world. Each corps, commanded by a Marshal, was a
mini-army of 15 to 30 thousand soldiers, with its own infantry, cavalry, artillery and supporting
arms, such as reconnaissance, engineers and transport. This meant each corps could march and fight,
for a limited time, independently … allowing Napoleon to break with the old
doctrine, of keeping his army concentrated, and advance with his corps widely dispersed… This helped to disguise his real objective,
and increased movement speed, because the army could advance along multiple roads, and
‘live off the land’ – taking its supplies from scattered villages, rather than relying
on slow-moving supply wagons. When the enemy’s main force was located,
the army could quickly concentrate for battle. This is how Napoleon’s army was able to
move at a speed that often surprised and disorientated his enemies. Mack didn’t realise the danger he was in
until it was too late. Napoleon’s fast-moving corps crossed the
Danube behind him, and surrounded his army. Mack launched a series of poorly co-ordinated
counterattacks… but despite some desperate fighting, the Austrians couldn’t break out
of the trap. Mack hoped that Kutuzov’s Russian army could
arrive in time to save him, but the Russians were still 160 miles away. And so at Ulm, on 19th October, just 6 weeks
into the war, Mack surrendered his army to Napoleon. The French took nearly 60,000 Austrian prisoners,
and Napoleon had struck his first devastating blow against the Coalition. Russian General Mikhail Kutuzov was an experienced
and wary commander, more cautious than Mack. His army was exhausted after its 900-mile
march from Russia. But hearing of the Austrian surrender at Ulm,
and knowing he wasn’t strong enough to face Napoleon alone, he immediately ordered a retreat. Napoleon pursued. The Russians fought several sharp rearguard
actions… but could not save the Austrian capital Vienna, which the French occupied
on 12th November. Kutuzov slipped away to Olmütz, in today’s
Czech Republic… where he was joined by reinforcements, as well as Emperor Alexander of Russia, and
Emperor Francis of Austria, in person. Napoleon was furious that Kutuzov had escaped. By now his army was also exhausted, and far
from home, with winter approaching. He needed to force a decisive battle, quickly. Fortunately for him, the overconfident, 27-year-old
Russian Emperor sought the glory of battle, overriding the concerns of his veteran commander,
General Kutuzov. With the Allied army closing in, Napoleon
ordered his corps to rapidly concentrate on a battlefield he’d carefully selected…
near the town of Austerlitz. Napoleon oversaw the dispositions of his army
late into the night, then grabbed a few hours’ sleep beside a camp fire. Dawn would mark the first anniversary of his
coronation as Emperor – and promised a battle that would make or break his young empire. The morning of 2nd December 1805 was cold
and bright, with a heavy mist. Two armies of near equal size faced each other
across a 7 mile wide battlefield. But the Allies held the high ground of the
Pratzen Heights, while French III Corps, under Marshal Davout, was still marching to the
battlefield. Seeing Napoleon’s thinly-stretched right
flank, the Allies planned a large-scale attack from the Pratzen Heights, to steamroller the
French right, before swinging round to envelop Napoleon’s army. Little did they know, Napoleon was counting
on his weak right wing luring the Allies into just such a move, whereupon he would launch
his own attack on the Pratzen Heights, to cut the Allied army in half. His bold plan relied on his correct prediction
of Allied movements, the speedy arrival of Davout’s III Corps on his right, and a perfectly
timed counterattack. The battle began around 7am, as Austrian troops
of General Kienmayer’s Advance Guard clashed with French troops defending the village of
Telnitz. In the face of overwhelming odds, the French
fought stubbornly and bravely… But gradually, they were forced back. But the Allies, instead of carrying out their
great, enveloping attack… did nothing. The morning mist and the late arrival of orders
had led to confusion and delay, and it was another hour before the first three Allied
columns were on the move. Soon fierce fighting erupted around Sokolnitz
village and castle. Marshal Davout’s corps, which had just force-marched
70 miles in 2 days, now arrived to strengthen the French right wing. Around 9am, his lead infantry brigade appeared
suddenly through the mist and retook Telnitz… Before being driven back in turn by Austrian
hussars. Two more of Davout’s brigades reinforced
French troops at Sokolnitz. As the mist began to clear, Napoleon saw that
as he’d hoped, the Allied left was moving off the Pratzen Heights, and he ordered Marshal
Soult’s IV Corps to begin its attack. To the alarm of Allied commanders, two French
infantry divisions, until now hidden by the mist, were suddenly seen advancing straight
towards the Allied centre. General Kutuzov was forced to hurriedly organise
a defence of the Heights using troops of IV Column. Two hours of bloody fighting followed. Musket fire was so rapid and furious that
both sides were soon low on ammunition, and turned to the bayonet. By 11am, the French, with the advantage in
training and discipline, had secured the Heights, and driven a deep wedge into the Allied position. To the north, a giant cavalry battle developed… while a Russian force from General Bagration’s
Advance Guard captured the village of Bosenitz, before it was halted by cannon fire from the
Santon hill. A decisive charge by 6 regiments of French
heavy cavalry finally drove back the Allies, allowing Marshal Lannes’ V corps to move
forward, and seize Blasowitz and Krug. Now Grand Duke Constantine, commanding the
Russian Imperial Guard, led forward this last Allied reserve, in a desperate bid to reclaim
the Pratzen Heights. A battalion of the French 4th Line Regiment
was charged down by Russian guard cavalry, losing its Eagle standard in bloody fighting. Napoleon, who’d moved up to the Heights,
sent in in his own Guard cavalry. In this grim melee between the elite horsemen
of both armies, the French finally prevailed. Napoleon had broken the Allied centre. Now to close the trap on the Allied left wing,
still locked in heavy fighting around Sokolnitz. Around 2pm, Napoleon ordered four divisions
to swing south and cut off their retreat. General Buxhöwden, commanding the Allied
left, only now saw the danger he was in. Attacked from three sides, the only escape
was south… Many of his troops were forced to flee across
frozen ponds. French artillery opened fire, trying to smash
the ice with their cannonballs. About 200 men and dozens of horses drowned
in the freezing water… but not the many thousands of Napoleon’s propaganda. The French Emperor had won a brilliant victory. His army had taken more than 10,000 prisoners,
and captured 45 enemy standards. Thousands of dead and wounded of all sides
littered the battlefield, many left untended for days. The Battle of the Three Emperors, as it became
known, was a crushing blow to the Third Coalition. As Russian forces retreated back to Russia,
Francis I of Austria was forced to accept a humiliating settlement with France, agreeing
to pay a 40-million-franc indemnity, and give up more territory in exchange for peace. But meanwhile, news had reached Napoleon of
a disastrous Franco-Spanish defeat at sea… off Cape Trafalgar. British admiral Lord Nelson, at the cost of
his own life, had masterminded a victory so complete, that it ensured British naval dominance
not just for the rest of the war, but for the next 100 years. Britain, master of the sea; Napoleon, unbeatable
on land. The whale and the elephant, neither able to
challenge the other in its own domain. When William Pitt received news of Napoleon’s
victory at Austerlitz, he’s supposed to have said, ‘Roll up that map of Europe,
it will not be wanted these ten years.’ A month later Pitt was dead, but his warning
that Europe faced another 10 years of war and upheaval… was to prove prophetic… Napoleon Bonaparte was the ultimate disruptor
of European history – one man who transformed a continent. If you want to find out more, why not try
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