Mt Rushmore and the Black Hills

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(bright music) - [Narrator] In the Black Hills of South Dakota, Mount Rushmore stands unrivaled in the world. A tribute to the heroes and ideas that shaped a great nation. We'll celebrate this sky high hail to the chiefs, from its monumental construction, to its monumental meaning as a shrine of democracy. - Bill Dudy, United States Air Force. - [Narrator] We'll fire up for a float. Get up close to a memorial in the making. And in this slice of the American West, discover a little Yellowstone, and other wonders. - It's cold. - [Narrator] Of a region rich in history, mystery, and majesty. (dramatic orchestral music) Rising like an island in the Great American Plains, the Lakota Sioux named it, Paha Sapa. - Which means, 'hills that are black.' And in fact, when one is approaching the Black Hills from the northern Great Plains, especially from the east. There's a dark appearance to that ridge of forested mountains. - [Narrator] Where thick forests coat the landscape, rock, dating back millions of years, is among the oldest in the western United States. Uplift of the Black Hills some 70 million years ago pushed granite right out of the Earth, to create a mountaintop, perfect for carving a long-lasting sculpture. In the beginning, no roads led to Rushmore. To make getting there an adventure, Senator Peter Norbeck, one of the founding fathers, traveled by foot and horseback, to map out a 68-mile scenic route, that takes in the sweeping beauty. Where wildlife graze roadside. A stretch winds by slender granite shafts, dubbed, 'the needles.' Along the Iron Mountain Road, art meets engineering. Called 'The Impossible Road,' it twists and turns across the crest of a mountain. Spiraling ramps, or pigtail bridges, raise the elevation while limiting the mileage. Hairpin curves, and a slow speed limit, allow time to take in the views. One of Norbeck's major achievements, a series of single-lane tunnels, that frame the faces of Mount Rushmore from the front window, and rear view. Around every turn, the anticipation builds, until you reach the shrine of democracy. Four presidents gaze upon the Avenue of Flags, from 56 states, territories and commonwealths, the first thing that strikes any visitor is the majesty of the place. - It's a symbol of freedom and liberty and democracy, but until you actually see it, until you see all these flags, and you think about the symbol of what this really means, it's a conglomeration of people coming together, with one idea of what a country should be. - It is stunning, it's awesome, it's inspiring, and it brings up all sorts of feelings of patriotism. - [Narrator] The faces of Rushmore, represent the first 150 years of America's history. George Washington is the Father of our Country. Thomas Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence. Abraham Lincoln led to a rebirth of freedom, and saved the Union. And Teddy Roosevelt, the father of conservation, set America on a course to world power. To add to the quintessential American experience, the National Park Services Museum and Visitors Center, interprets the history and meaning of Mount Rushmore. You might find it surprising that presidential portraits where not part of the original plan. In 1923, when state historian Doan Robinson came up with the idea to sculpt western heroes into a spiky rock formation known as 'The Needles,' his goal wasn't lofty. He wanted to boost tourism. - He wasn't thinking about Mount Rushmore, and he wasn't thinking about presidents. He wanted to take those individual granite spires, and he wanted to carve western figures in those. People like Buffalo Bill, Lewis and Clark, Chief Red Cloud. - [Narrator] Fate intervened, what Robinson contacted sculptor Gutzon Borglum, an artist who always thought big. - Right from the beginning, he wasn't thinking much of western figures. He says it's too regional. What he wanted to do was on national focus, and he wanted to do it with presidents. - [Narrator] He chose Mount Rushmore, for its size, the quality of the rock, and the fact that it's in sunlight most of the day. Sculpting a mountain was epic in scope, an undertaking Borglum believed to be on par with the Great Pyramids of Egypt, the Sphinx, China's giant Buddha, and other world wonders. At age 60, the sculptor was up to the task. - We're carving here in the great state path of South Dakota, the greatest memorial that has ever been conceived by civilization. - [Narrator] Among his previous successful public projects, The Seated Lincoln in Newark, New Jersey captured a reflective president during the trying times of the Civil War. The Wars of the Nation Memorial, features life-size figures of soldiers, sailors, and horses. It was the largest bronze casting in America in 1926. Initially there were only going to be three portraits. Washington was the focal point, between Jefferson and Lincoln. (explosion) Carving Jefferson went smoothly, until they hit a patch of cracked rock around his mouth, and had to blast the work in progress right off the mountain. Jefferson was moved to the other side of Washington, and later, Roosevelt was added to the lineup. The most prominent figure on the memorial, is the Father of our Country. Washington's head is 60 feet tall. His nose stretches 21 feet, and his eyes are 11 feet wide. If the presidents were full figures, they would measure 465 feet from head to toe. The massive scale has made the Mount Rushmore National Memorial, one of America's premier patriotic sites. Building the Mount Rushmore Memorial was monumental, a project with no precedent. On a sculpture this massive, one defect in the rock could spell disaster. Sculptor Gutzon Borglum had no idea what he would find, or where he would find funding. But he never let that stand in his way. - He was an artist with his eye on the stars. He was ready, he says we're gonna spend money they didn't have, to reach the greater goal. - [Narrator] Design began in a studio at the base of the mountain. - This building that we're in right now was built in 1939. This was the third sculpting studio. - [Narrator] It's here, working models of the presidents were first sculpted in plaster. - This was his ninth model, and the reason he had so many was because he knew that if he ran into problems with the mountain and the rock, he couldn't change that. So he would come back to his drawing board and change his model. - [Narrator] The key to carving a mountain? A system Borglum adapted from ancient times. A vertical axis was placed on the head of the 3-D model. - As a protractor measured in degrees, a boom, which is nothing but a ruler, would extend, retract, swing left, swing right, in a plumb bob on a wire. - [Narrator] Proportions were one to 12, so inches easily converted to feet. - If we put this on top of Washington's head, he would align everything up, get the angles right, drop the plumb bob down, to where Washington's nose is, 'cause that's the first point of reference. - [Narrator] To transpose dimensions to the mountain top, the axis and boom became the center of the universe. 40 inches on the model became 40 feet. They would paint a mark in the mountain, and begin to block out the nose. To access the figures, workers used another Borglum invention, the bosun's chair. - It was a chair like a swing seat, that you would sit in, and is like a big thick leather strap, like a weightlifter's belt. You tie that around you, and you were in that chair, you could fall out if you even wanted to. - [Narrator] Borglum could create the prototype, he had the access, but he couldn't carve a mountain with his own hands. - Borglum's hands became people who were named Poot Leach, and Whiskey Art Johnson, Howdy Peterson, Red Anderson, they're the men who carved the mountain. And this is one of the marvels to me, that it was accomplished, because they didn't know anything about carving mountains. And Borglum was able to teach them. - I want Teddy to go down under the bridge here, we're working on the wig now, and check up all those points under the wig, where the ear would be. - [Narrator] Mount Rushmore was also made possible by two inventions, the jackhammer drill, and dynamite. (explosion) In the 1860's, Alfred Nobel, of the Nobel Prize fame, combined nitroglycerin and silica, to form an explosive paste that could be shaped into a cylinder, and inserted into rock. Each day, workers called the Keystone Boys, headed up the mountain. (yelling) These blasters and drillers, part craftsmen, part daredevils, removed 450,000 tons of rock. Don 'Nick' Clifford was 17 when he hired on. - The working conditions were good, I think, back in those days, and we never had a fatality on the mountain. We had a lot of close calls, but we never had a fatality. - [Narrator] All in all, 400 men and women toiled on the mountain. They became skilled at varying the size and location of the blasts. Drilling was the worst job. Drills were heavy, and drill bits didn't last. - And you had a very good day, if you go in there and drill a foot, maybe 18 inches, before this drill became dull. - [Narrator] When they were within three to six inches of the carving surfaces, Borglum taught them a technique to weaken the rock. - This is actual rock from the mountain, and let's say you had to remove this piece of rock from underneath someone's nose or something. He instructed his men to drill holes approximately one inch apart. This is called honeycombing the granite. You would get in these holes like this, give it a good smack, and what that process did was, that would set up vibrations behind the rock, and it would just start popping off the mountain. - [Narrator] For the final finesse, they meticulously carved features, like Lincoln's 16-inch mole, and Roosevelt's 20-foot mustache. A hand face or a bumper tool, smoothed out every square inch. The memorial took 14 years to finish. Lack of funding brought the work to a halt many times, but the men persevered. - When the whistle blew and there was money again, they would come back. Time after time, layoff after layoff. Red Anderson, he said at first we all thought this was just an idea, just a crazy idea at that. But it was a job so we would do it. And then he said after a while, over time, we all became truly dedicated to it. - It's just a great feeling. I enjoy every time I come up here to look at the mountain, and think about what it is, and what I did to help carve it. - [Narrator] In a canyon behind the presidents, the men excavated a cave called, 'The Hall of Records,' where Borglum envisioned a museum of American history. In 1998, his dream was somewhat realized, when enameled panels telling the story of the memorial, were buried here in a time capsule. (dramatic orchestral music) The work on the Mount Rushmore National Memorial began in October of 1927. The Black Hills granite core is fairly solid, yet there were plenty of problems. - If you look at Mount Rushmore, Mount Rushmore looks the way it does today, primarily because of geology. Jefferson got moved. Roosevelt is pushed as far back as they had rock to do. There's no more rock left behind Roosevelt. And the reason they pushed him back so far, was there was some fractures that they needed to get behind, that they didn't want to carve Roosevelt in. It just barely clips Lincoln in his hair, and they had to move Lincoln back to get behind that. - [Narrator] The author of the Declaration of Independence continued to be problematic. While the other presidents are gazing at the horizon, Jefferson's head tilts up. - Well a lot of people say that's because Jefferson was a visionary, he's looking out over the horizon. Well the truth is, there's a crack up there that runs through Jefferson's cheek. And one that went down through his nose. Borglum had to tilt the head back and up a little bit. - [Narrator] They hit a chunk of quartz along the lip. Rock too hard to shape. It had to be replaced with granite. The only patch on the memorial. For Borglum the eyes conveyed the essence of each great leader. The pupil is a granite shaft. The iris is in effect, a shadow drilled with a jackhammer. Roosevelt has the illusion of glasses. Only the nose bridge and pieces under the eye are actually in place. Originally the presidents were to be carved to the waist. A band of mica schist, a type of rock that crumbles, put an end to the idea. - So what's not done on the mountain, are the three buttons on George Washington's coat, Lincoln's ear, shoulder, and fourth knuckle. There are three knuckles on the mountain. However, many of us find it very symbolic that Lincoln is unfinished, because so was his presidency. - [Narrator] Gutzon Borglum did everything in his power to keep the project going. When he died in 1941, his son Lincoln took over. Eight months later, on the eve of World War II, Congress declared the monument complete, at a cost of 989,992 dollars and 32 cents. A price that now seems like a bargain, for one of America's most cherished sites. Today, if you gaze up to see something that looks like a fly on the wall, it's most likely the National Park Service maintenance team at work. As nature takes its toll, preservation poses a unique set of problems. First and foremost, the crew has to be skilled at mountain-climbing. - There's lots of loose stuff there, watch your rope, knocking loose stuff above you. - [Narrator] Even though it's erosion rate is a mere one inch every 10,000 years, Rushmore continues to age. The natural freezing and expansion of water, causes rock to fracture. - Okay, that one checks out fine. Go ahead and move on to gauge two. - [Narrator] To detect movement 24-7, Rushmore has been wired. - [Man On Radio] The cover is G dash zero seven. - [Narrator] 36 gauges record even the slightest motion. Any physical change is checked out. - The central Black Hills granite is subject to failure in crack systems, and sometimes big chunks fall off the rocks here. And of course, we work hard to prevent that at Mount Rushmore by sealing cracks. - [Narrator] Since the 1980's, the top of the sculpture, and vertical cracks, have been caulked with a silicone sealant, but water continues to be trouble. - From my perspective right now, there's two issues. There's the keeping the water out, which is the whole fracture network that we worry about, but then there's really, how do you get the water off in the expedient manner? - [Narrator] Lichen, a green fungus-like growth was an issue. The solution? The presidents had their faces washed for the first time, courtesy of the Karcher Company. This manufacturer of pressure washer dirt-blasting technology, has cleaned some of the world's most precious landmarks, using only 200 degree pressurized H2O. A whiter, brighter Rushmore now looks much like it did when it was first created. (birds singing) It's fitting that once a year, on Independence Day, the memorial becomes fireworks central. The Mount Rushmore National Memorial Society, the National Park Service, and the Zambelli Fireworks Company, team up for a pyrotechnic display, destined to thrill and chill. - The fireworks company is very invested in the program. They bring us their best and their newest shells and choreography techniques. - [Narrator] Like everything on the monument, pulling it off is a logistical feat. - And then we have to decide that there's certain pyrotechnic effects, like low-hanging type comets and stars, that could create a problem as a fire hazard, so that we have to pick and choose the pyrotechnic effects, especially with Mount Rushmore in mind. - [Narrator] Handpicked fireworks are loaded with TLC. - So we're loading the fireworks into the tubes right now, placing an electric igniter into the fuse. The igniter's going to the binding post where it gets a charge and sets off the igniter inside the fuse, and when that lights it also ignites a time fuse, that burns inside to the center of the shell, so that when it reaches its apex, then it bursts. - [Narrator] For a program fit for the presidents, a final tech check tests communication and connections, to insure everything fires on cue. (fireworks exploding) The sky turns into a star-spangled canvas of colors. Mount Rushmore lights up with one of the world's greatest shows. Beyond Mount Rushmore there's much to explore. The Black Hills has been a crossroads for people for thousands of years. (train whistle blowing) The railroad is a part of that history. - As we pass the road over on the left-hand side, we're coming into a little mining community called, Kennedyville. - [Narrator] For a step back in time, the 1880's steam train chugs along an old mining spur line, that once carried cargo, people, and gold from them thar hills. Traveling north, the most popular stop is the infamous Deadwood. Where the wild west lives on. The legendary mining town once swarmed with a host of colorful characters. This National Historic Landmark with a lawless past, where Wild Bill Hickock played his last hand, now allows legalized gaming, 24 hours a day. (Native American drumming) The region is also rich in Native American history. In the Treaty of 1868, the Hills were forever granted to the Sioux nation. - In many ways The Black Hills are a microcosm for all of western history. Native peoples contested for possession of it. Eventually the Sioux came to dominate the region, and it wasn't until 1874 the government really penetrated the Black Hills, and of course that expedition was led by one of the most flamboyant of all of our western characters, George Armstrong Custer. His Black Hills expedition was to look for a fort, but instead they discovered gold. - [Narrator] And there was a lot of it. Continuously operating for 126 years, the Home State Gold Mine was the oldest, deepest, and largest producing goldmine in the western hemisphere, before closing in 2002. And there were other minerals. Mount Rushmore was named for Charles Rushmore, a New York lawyer who came out to check on tin mining claims. - Now this was land guaranteed to the Sioux by the Treaty of 1868, but the government refused to uphold the treaty. The Hills were overrun by miners, and the Sioux were forced by the government to sign away the Hills. Of course, not without cost. Custer and the 7th Cavalry marched west to force the Indians to do so and met their fate at Little Big Horn. - [Narrator] In the 20th century, the Sioux fought a different kind of fight. The question of the ownership of the Black Hills went all the way to the Supreme Court. In 1980, the Court ruled in favor of the Sioux nation, awarding them over 100 million dollars as compensation for the treaty violation. - The Sioux were given an enormous cash settlement for the Hills, which has grown exponentially because of interest since the settlement was made, but they refused to accept it. They're holding out for the land, they don't want the money. - [Narrator] Mount Rushmore is preserved as a national monument. The fate of the surrounding lands remains unresolved. 17 miles away from Mount Rushmore, on Thunderhead Mountain, (explosion) Black Hills granite is being shaped into a gigantic 3-D sculpture of Crazy Horse, the warrior, who along with Sitting Bull, defeated General Custer at Little Big Horn. The scale is massive. In fact, Washington, Jefferson, Roosevelt, and Lincoln, could all fit on Crazy Horse's head. Depending totally on private funding, the monument is a work in progress, intended to resemble the model. To date, only the face is completed. It all began when Sioux Chief Henry Standing Bear contacted sculptor Korczak Ziolkowski. - He invited Korczak into the Black Hills to carve this mountain, because he said that American Indians have their heroes too. Crazy Horse represented the true warrior of the Lakotas, and he represents that quality of our Native American, that we are survivors. - At first they really just wanted to do the head, but Korczak said we've gotta do a really colossal thing for the Native Americans, they wanted the whole horse. - [Narrator] The Memorial to the Sioux Nation, was a lifelong obsession for the sculptor, who never took a salary, and labored on it for 34 years until his death in 1982. Nearby, a visitors center celebrates Native American art and culture. The Ziolkowski family has taken over the task of finishing the monument with donations to the Crazy Horse Memorial Foundation. Mountain carving technology has improved since Mount Rushmore. Drilling machines dig deep into the rock to create horizontal and vertical bore holes for explosives. At Rushmore, the principal tool was dynamite. - Now if we were to drop this stick of dynamite, as you can see this bore hole here is quite lengthy, and about eight feet in length, so we drop that down, and then we put our stemming in there. Now we've got all that energy confined at the toe. To carve Crazy Horse, detonating cord spreads the explosives over a broader area. - And there's different sizes, the greater the diameter, the larger the charge for the explosives. So what we do with detonating cord, is we drop that cord down the hole, and as you can see now, from top to bottom, if this is all the way at the bottom, and coming out the hole, we have now distributed that explosive throughout the whole bore hole. - [Narrator] Blasting cap technology has also evolved. - You can't just go detonate a stick of dynamite, you'd blow yourself up. But you can light a fuse that would then detonate the cap, which would then detonate that stick of explosive. - [Narrator] A computer chip in the blasting cap sets off a series of explosions. Each cap is queried to insure it explodes properly. - And that gives you a whole 'nother level of safety in terms of being sure that all the caps are detonated. - [Announcer] Fire in the hole, fire in the hole. (explosion) - We do not want to put shock back into the mountain, so by using an explosive that creates what's known in the explosive industry, a brisance type of explosion, a much higher shock, or a much higher clean cutting, as opposed to dynamite has gas pressure that builds up and actually can break the rock behind it. - [Narrator] Preparation for carving the horse's head is now underway. So far, some eight million tons of rock has been excavated off the mountain. At 62 and a half stories tall, when completed, Crazy Horse will be one of the largest manmade monuments in the world. Many of Mount Rushmore's over 2.7 million annual visitors make a sweeping tour of the Black Hills. - Well here we go. - [Narrator] To get the bigger picture, outside the Mount Rushmore National Memorial, a hot air balloon is the ticket. (gas rushing) Fire it up and float across ruggedly majestic country. When large stands of 100-foot ponderosa pines coat the landscape, some of the oldest were seedlings when Columbus landed on the continent. - The Black Hills is a very, very beautiful and interesting area. It's due to the fact that we're a 4,000 foot elevated mountain mass, in the sea of the Great Plains, different climate regimes, different soils, different vegetation, different wildlife, and there are other national parks and state parks and beautiful areas in the national forest. Custer State Park is one of the nation's most magnificent state parks. - [Narrator] Custer State Park, one of the largest state parks in the US, is home to the State Game Lodge. This simple stone and log structure is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. It served as the summer White House for President Calvin Coolidge in 1927. The president played a part in the Mount Rushmore story. While staying at this summer retreat, Coolidge agreed to participate in a formal dedication ceremony. In his speech, he called Mount Rushmore a National Monument. He later pledged the federal support that made it possible. The State Game Lodge is surrounded by a preserve. Safari jeep tours get you up close to the wildlife. When you see a faun horn, you're looking at a species native to North America that's been around for hundreds of thousands of years. This mature buck keeps his harem of does intact. Whisking across the grasses marks territory. Glands in the horns and face leave a scent to tell other males not to mess with him. Custer State Park adjoins Wind Cave National Park, originally set aside by President Teddy Roosevelt to protect what's beneath the Earth. Wind Cave gets its name from the only known natural entrance, where you can see the cave breathe. - It's cold. (giggling) - The barometric pressure is higher outside the cave, then inside the cave that pressure tries to equal out, so all that wind will rush into the cave, so we actually call that inhaling, and if it's the other way, if it's lower outside than in the cave, all that pressure goes that way, and forces all that wind out of the cave, obviously we call that exhaling. (wind blowing) - [Narrator] Where winds rush, it's a sacred site for the Lakota Sioux. - Wind Cave is a story of how the Lakotas lived as spirits in the underworld, and came out through wind cave and became physical beings, and were called the (Native American name) or the Buffalo People. - [Narrator] In this hidden underworld, a complex maze of passageways leads into darkness. - Most of the cave development occurred after the Black Hills were uplifted about 60 to 65 million years ago. - [Narrator] A lacy calcite formation called 'boxwork' is extremely rare. Above ground, Wind Cave is nicknamed 'Little Yellowstone,' for the diversity of wildlife. (elk whistling) Migrating herds of elk roam miles of rolling grasslands, where there are plenty of signs of them. - The bull that carried this was probably in his absolute prime, something in the seven, eight-year-old neighborhood. It was weighs probably 12, 15 pounds, maybe even pushing the 20-pound mark maybe. - [Narrator] It takes a bull elk about three months to produce a full set of antlers, that they eventually shed. In the wild, the remains don't go to waste. - The antlers lay on the ground, here, at Wind Cave National Park, and they provide additional sources of calcium and phosphorous for a whole host of other animals. (prairie dogs chattering) Wind Cave has over 24 hundred acres of prairie dog towns. This member of the rodent family does its part in the ecological scheme of things. Underground burrows provide a habitat for several species. Prairie dogs take down prairie grasses. This in turn stimulates new growth, the preferred vegetation for bison. - I want to go to a colony that's got quite a few holes right around it. - [Narrator] Normally on high alert, this bite-sized creature has many predators. After a 30-year absence, one former foe is back from the brink of extinction. Thanks to a captive breeding program, the black-footed ferret is being reintroduced. This rare mammal's diet is 90% prairie dog. - There you go. That's great. - [Narrator] Always on the move, the park has a herd of 400 bison or buffalo. Over-hunting and crossbreeding nearly eradicated this magnificent creature by the late 1880's. In 2001, scientists from Texas A & M University made a startling discovery. - All our bison came from two introductions. We had some bison that were originally brought from Yellowstone National Park, and we had a few bison that were originally brought from the New York Zoological Gardens. It so happened that both of those sets of animals were absolutely pure bison, that there had not been any interbreeding with domestic cattle. - [Narrator] With DNA most closely linked to the original bison that roamed the Great Plains, the preservation of this icon of the American west, is an amazing success story. In the Black Hills all that glitters isn't necessarily gold. West of Wind Cave, Jewel Cave National Monument protects the world's second longest cave, famous for its shimmering calcite crystals. - [Ranger] Jewel Cave is formed in a layer of limestone. Limestone is a sedimentary rock, that's about 400 to 600 feet thick throughout Jewel Cave. - [Narrator] A variety of unearthly formations continue to evolve. The 'Soda Straw', a stalactite, is hollow on the inside. One feature, called 'Drapery', takes on many shapes and sizes, including the 'Bacon', a 20-foot-long strand. - Then you'll notice the colors on it, that's just a bunch of iron oxide that's in the ground here, and iron oxide obviously is gonna give you that red type of color when you see it there on the Bacon. - Make sure you guys check your lights before we go in. - [Narrator] To explore the less-traveled parts of the cave, a sport called spelunking is permitted with a guide. - [Guide] Make sure you're keeping three points of contact at all times. - [Narrator] Even though the scale can be grand, there's a lot of crawling and climbing. Wear sacrificial clothing. The cave contains the mineral manganese that leaves a permanent black stain. Jewel Cave is over 139 miles long, and mapping continues. A recent wind analysis revealed, they may have only charted five percent of the entire cave system. While geological forces pushed rock out of the Earth to create the Black Hills, the erosion of streams and rivers left behind layers of sediment that became Badlands. A two-hour drive from Mount Rushmore, Badlands National Park is a world apart. Spread across 381 square miles, this geologic anomaly of multi-colored formations captures the imagination. The Badlands Loop winds in and out of grasslands, where there are signs of life to break the moonscapes. One of Mother Earth's most rapidly changing terrains, each year the land erodes at the rate of an inch, while new badlands continue to form, in 500,000 years, it might all be gone. In this slice of the American West, where Badlands lead to buffalo, and Black Hills sacred to the Sioux, the roads wind back to Mount Rushmore. Preserved as a revered national treasure, each president is an inspiration. - But it was Roosevelt that started the process of Americans thinking about conservation, thinking that these landscapes are an important part of our story, and are wonderful parts of this American nation. - [Narrator] From formal dedications, to Hollywood, the memorial is embedded in America's psyche. The presidents have been costars in many movies, including the Hitchcock classic, "North by Northwest." Over the years, people have lobbied to have suffragette, Susan B Anthony, and Presidents Woodrow Wilson, Franklin Roosevelt, John F Kennedy, and Ronald Reagan to the lineup. According to the National Park Service, an addition is unlikely. - The truth is is three reasons why no one else will ever be added up there, and one of them is that the Park Service considers Mount Rushmore a completed work of art, so it cannot be touched. The second one is, there is no more carvable rock left up there. Gutzon and Lincoln Borglum surveyed every square inch of rock up there, and there's no more carvable rock left. And the third reason is, if someone could go up there, what type of controversy would that be? Who would actually wind up there? - [Narrator] Representing the first 150 years of America's history, the final four have withstood the test of time. - These presidents that are on the mountain, stand for freedom, and that's what we as soldiers fought for is freedom, so it means quite a bit. - Just to see the flags and the people and appreciation, it's real heartwarming. Being up here, it really makes people bond together, and come together, and realize what we have. - It's just not a piece of rock. It just means America, this is America right here. - [Speaker] I would like to invite all military personnel, past and present, onto the stage. - [Narrator] In the amphitheater, during the summer season, floodlights illuminate the presidents against the sky. (audience applauding) The National Park Service's evening program ends with an invitation for members of the military to come forward to retire the colors. - Joe Fortunado, United States Marine Corp, Vietnam. - Joe Lenin, US Navy, Korea. - Don Swyer, United States Air Force. - [Narrator] Sculptor Gutzon Borglum, was commissioned to create a tourist attraction. He delivered a shrine of democracy. (train whistle blowing) In the heart of the Black Hills, the story of America unfolds. An oasis of greenery surrounded by Great Plains, provides wide open spaces for many of the species on the continent. Where roads weave past granite spires, through tunnels that frame a memorial, millions of people make the pilgrimage to Mount Rushmore. One man's vision became a symbol of freedom, and a place to contemplate those who make it possible. (fireworks exploding) (dramatic orchestral music)
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Channel: GoTraveler
Views: 30,811
Rating: 4.8188152 out of 5
Keywords: national park, yellowstone, yosemite, grand canyon, nature, travel, hiking, camping, wilderness, animals, gotraveler, mount rushmore facts, mount rushmore history, mount rushmore documentary, mount rushmore fireworks, mount rushmore fireworks pbs, the national parks, free tv streaming, smithsonian, south dakota travel, black hills, wildlife loop, visiting mt rushmore, mt rushmore, national park documentaries, mt. rushmore to yellowstone, things to do near mt rushmore
Id: p0hZS9Shh8c
Channel Id: undefined
Length: 47min 36sec (2856 seconds)
Published: Mon Jan 25 2021
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