Many physicists had a heart attack when we
got news from Geneva, Switzerland that Einstein might be wrong. All hell broke loose in the physics community. Every physicist I know was taking a position
on this hot topic because relativity is the foundation of modern physics along with the
Quantum Theory. Now what they found was if you take a beam
of neutrinos from the atom smasher in Geneva, Switzerland, shoot the beam through the mountains
from Switzerland to Italy over a distance of 454 miles, the neutrinos out-raced a light
beam by a distance of 60 feet, 60 feet over a distance of 454 miles. Well, that doesn't sound like much, but to
a physicist this is a disaster. It means that the foundations of modern physics
have to be called into question. First, it means that time travel could become
commonplace because as you approach the speed of light time slows down. If you exceed the speed of light, time goes
backwards. Remember that scene in Superman One when Lois
Lane dies and Superman goes into outer space and goes around the planet earth in the opposite
direction; the earth stops and then rotates in the opposite direction and then, all of
the sudden, Lois Lane springs back to life? Well, that kind of scenario might be possible
if the speed of light is not so special that particles can exceed the speed of light, not
to mention that we'll have to recalibrate everything - the age of the universe, the
age of stars, the distance to the stars, the basic structure of modern electronics has
to be changed, the GPS, nuclear weapons, all of that would have to be recalibrated and
rethought through if Einstein's theory of relativity is wrong. So what's the solution to the problem? Well the solution to the problem is obviously
they goofed. They made a mistake. I remember when I was a grad student years
and years ago at Harvard. My advisor at Harvard was Professor Pound
and he the famous Pound-Rebka Experiment where they shot a light beam from the top of Jefferson
Hall to the bottom of Jefferson Hall. Now, there was a rival group, a rival group
that also did the same experiment and they had to calculate the speed of light in the
process. They found that the speed of light actually
rose in the morning, peaked at noontime. Then the speed of light began to slow down
at dinnertime and reached a minimum at midnight. Well, this was shocking. The speed of light, which governs the universe
all of the sudden is wedded to lunchtime and dinnertime. So what's the problem? The problem was that this counter experiment,
this rival experiment, was done outdoors, and the sensors were temperature-dependent,
and of course it's warmer at lunchtime and colder at midnight. Well, Professor Pound's experiment was done
indoors and therefore, didn't have that kind of variation. The lesson here is: systematic errors creep
into very delicate calculations. Some people think they found the source of
the error. How do we know that from Switzerland to Italy
the distance is 454 miles? Well, you use GPS, right? Obvious, but GPS is a relativistic system. It uses relativity and some physicists have
claimed that they mis-calibrated the distance from the sensors to the satellite and satellite
back down to Italy, a triangle; that one of the lengths of the triangle was mis-calibrated
in the process of doing this experiment. Now, there is another counter example. Back in 1987, light from a gigantic supernova
in the Magellanic Clouds hit the planet earth and, simultaneously with that, neutrinos were
detected in gigantic neutrino detectors in Japan. So we had a double whammy - light from a supernova
right near the Milky Way Galaxy hitting the earth at the same time as neutrinos from a
galaxy tens of thousands of light years from the earth. So here's the rub. Why should we believe this CERN experiment
over a distance of 454 miles when over a distance of tens of thousands of light years neutrinos
and light beams hit the earth at the same time? That's why many physicists believe that they
must have made a systematic error someplace and the weak link, the weak link in this whole
chain of reasoning is the GPS system, and the GPS system itself is a relativistic system. So in some sense they're using relativity
to defeat relativity and I think there is something circular about that.
I remember that neutrino hubbub. Word got out and everyone was going nuts for a couple days until the lab came out and said "Oops, sorry guys. Equipment error."
time is a flat circle.
What if Michio Kaku is a pretentious hack who talks about alternate dimensions and quantum nonsense to stay relevant?
forget 5 minutes snippets.
learn about the universe from the greatest physics educator since Richard Feynman:
Higgs Boson & Beyond (The Great Courses lecture)
Professor Sean Carroll, Ph.D.
California Institute of Technology
Full lecture available on youtube (for now at least):
https://youtu.be/BUv1OJ2PE0s