Masterclass | ELPHNT Sparking Creativity and Generating Ideas in Ableton Live

hey this is tom from elephant I'm here at DBS music Bristol and ableton certified trainer and for my workshop today I'm gonna be talking about sparking your creativity and generating ideas in Ableton Live cool hello everyone thanks for having me so we're going to be looking at today is how you can use Ableton and use some things in Ableton to help you generate ideas when you get stuck so no matter how competent a musician you are everyone sort of runs into a situation where you might be stuck for an idea you can't come up with something you're not really feeling inspired so there's a set of tools that we can use to help us get out of those those creative blocks and even if you or maybe not as accomplished a musician we're gonna look at some cool stuff in the second half about becoming a more accomplished musician you can be exciting but even if you're not you can use some of these tools to help generate some musical material as well so let's get started so I've got a sound loaded up here usually how you would approach creating a parts I'm gonna start with a chord pattern is you might have a chord pad in your head you're gonna play it in we're not going to do that I'm not gonna play anything in today I'm gonna let live generate some chord patterns for me so the first thing I'm going to do is I'm going to create a new MIDI track and what you'll notice is that in live if I've got a MIDI track that has an instrument on it so this first track that I had it's got an instruments on it it sends audio out of its outputs so it's sending audio at that track but if you have a MIDI track that doesn't have an instrument on it so this is just a blank MIDI track it still sends MIDI out of its outputs and we can do some really interesting stuff with this so you can take that MIDI and you can send it to the input of any other track in live so I can send that MIDI from this track to the inputs of the first track here and now if I on this track set the monitor of this tracked in I can now play notes on this track so I can play some notes on this track and they send their MIDI information to the first track plays the notes not particularly amazing I could have done that just by playing some notes on this track but we're gonna get to the interesting part so what I'm gonna do is I'm gonna take create a MIDI clip on this track and just plug in a notes doesn't matter what notes at this stage click play on that clip so as I'm sure you're familiar if you have worked at the able tonight before this is just gonna keep looping around and triggering that note I'm gonna create another MIDI track and create a clip again and also set this to output through that same track so you can have multiple MIDI tracks sending all their MIDI to a single other track and it's going to combine all that data so on the second clip here I'm gonna plug in another note somewhere else at play on that clip so now both my notes are sending and I'm starting to get a rhythm out of that again this is not particularly interesting but what I can start to do is if I go into the second clip by default my clip is going to be a bar long and at the moment both these clips are are both of our long so they're looping in sync with one another but if I take the second clip I can make it three beats and two well three and a half beats long so now it's going to be out of sync with that first beat long loop so if we listen to what's going to start happening so notice how the rhythm changes every time it loops around it's different rhythm so essentially we've created a poly rhythm I'm sure you've all heard of poly rhythms before we've got multiple different rhythms on top of one another so let's go one step further I'm just gonna duplicate this last track and let's move this note somewhere else and set a completely different length loop so now I've actually got three polyrhythms going so we get this really interesting kind of generative rhythm it's gonna take a very long time to actually repeat the rhythm again this is still not necessarily that interesting so next we're gonna do is create another MIDI track and I'm gonna stick this MIDI track in between all these three MIDI tracks yeah and my synth and I'm gonna call this my MIDI bus and I'll take the output of all three of these MIDI tracks I'll set the output to the MIDI bus set the MIDI bus to go to my synth sound and the monitor to end so the MIDI is going from these three tracks into this one track then this track is going to descent so it should be exactly the same as what we had before so here's where we start to get a little bit interesting I'm sure many of you know live has got a number of built-in MIDI effects so you use MIDI effects for processing MIDI data they take incoming MIDI data and transform it into various different things depending on the MIDI effect that you use so we can take this MIDI data that's coming into this track and transform it in some interesting ways so the first thing we're going to use is the random device I'll drop it on the MIDI bus so I've sort of the reason for creating this minibuses it gives me a place that I can put all these MIDI effects to process the signal so the way this random device works is any MIDI note that comes through here is going to have its pitch randomized and the chance that any of that randomization is going to occur is controlled by this trance control so 0% trance no randomization is going to occur at 100% trance every single note that passes through there is gonna have its pitch randomized so so we got this kind of generative rhythm happening we've got a bunch of random notes let's take the chord MIDI device I'm gonna drop it off to the random MIDI device so these MIDI effects are stackable their effects are just going to combine as you add more of them the coordinated MIDI device takes incoming MIDI notes and creates a chord by adding or creating nodes at certain intervals that you specify so I can plug in just whatever intervals [Music] that's generating some chords now they're not particularly musical chords again I've just got these kind of random notes yeah so might work if you're making some kind of dissonant horror film score or something with some atonal music but most of the time we want something that's going to be in a particular musical key so we can use the scale MIDI device the scale mini device is best to use some of the presets so most of the MIDI devices are pretty easy to set up and configure from scratch but the scale one's a little bit more complicated so we'll use one of the presets where the scale device does is it takes any MIDI notes a punch through there and maps it to a predefined key so we'll go with let's go to C minor so now what you'll hear is that our chords that we're generating are going to sound a lot more musical to transpose these down octave of one now the best part about this whole thing is that this track here our synth track that's playing the sounds it just sees all of this MIDI data as regular MIDI data as if you were playing it in from a keyboard it doesn't know that there's all these MIDI effects happening that there's all this these sort of triggered tracks over here so I can arm the record on this track and record a clip in here and it's just gonna record all those notes so I'm just gonna let this record for a while oh cool that'll be good so we've got kind of still got a semi generative rhythm going on we've got these sort of random chords being created but again it's still quite random there's not a lot of repetition to it most of the time when you're making music you want some kind of repetition if you have a chord pattern so that was the reason I let it record for for quite a while because what we can do now is go into this clip that we've recorded and just set a shorter loop length maybe even go to bars and we're going to start to get more kind of musical chord progressions coming out of this just need to turn the monitor back to auto there's a chord progression and what we can do inside a clip in in live is if we've got a loop set up here we can click the loop selector just press the up and down arrows to jump it by its own length or you can use the left and right arrows to sort of shift it around and just choose different sections from these notes that we've recorded it's kind of a cool chord progression and obviously the longer you record the more ideas you're gonna have to work with you can go and make a cup of tea come back you're gonna have just endless chords to pick and choose from and again all of this is just MIDI data it's recorded in this MIDI so we can adjust the timings of these we can adjust the notes change up some of the chords grab different chords from elsewhere if we want the idea is that it's just creating material for you and you can then sort of be a cue more of a curator and listen for the parts that you like it's often what I'll do in this sort of setup is I'll keep a master clip up at the top here I'll just duplicate that play this new one and crop the selection that I've made so I can always go back to my master clip that's got all of these chords in and get some new chords if I want cool so we got some chords you can sort of repurpose the same technique to generate melodies and basslines as well so let's load up a bass sound I'll just find let's go over this one and let's put the bass next to the chords I'll just label these so we can keep track of what everything is all we need to do now is take the output of this MIDI bus which is sending that MIDI data and instead of sending it to the chords we'll just send it to the bass that's bass I'll put all of these in a group as well so I can very easily start and stop them so that's my MIDI so that's sending to the pace couple things I want to do to sort of repurpose this I'll probably want to turn off the chords because if I'm wanting to generate a melody or bassline I want single notes you can actually hear that this particular bass sound of loaded up is monophonic anyway so it's only playing one note at a time so I'll turn the chords off and then depending on whether I'm going for a melody or a bass line I also might want to just transpose my MIDI notes so I could do that straight from the scale device here so that's kind of more of a melody but if I go down whether you start to get a baseline you can do the same thing I'm not going to record it in now but record a clip just let it run and you're gonna generate some melodies and basslines that you can work with so you can do a similar thing for drums as well to create rhythmic patterns so it's a little bit different for drums so I'm gonna load up a drum instruments and show you how to set this up so I'll create a new MIDI track again and let's just make this my kick drum but I'm gonna set this to output to the drums track so it's going to send its mini to the drums not create a clip it's quite cool about this I was quite impressed when I found this out is that even though this clip is on a totally separate track those of you use drum racks in live you'll know that when you use a drum rack it shows up the the names of the samples that you got in those note pads so even though the drum racks on this track and the MIDI clips on this track because it's sending its MIDI to that input it still picks up those names it's just pretty handy so I can go in here and program in a kick pattern it's just going to draw mode and that should cool send itself to my drums let's go with high hats just stop that will get a hi-hat going I'm just going to kind of draw in whatever pattern for now now again remember the key is always to set the other loops alternating loops to odd lengths so kind of whatever really and if I trigger this hi-hat now here it's kind of good at polyrhythmic feel to it with drums it's quite important to have at least sort of one element that keeps in the regular one bar so that you kind of keep that time so the kick can be quite nice the kick in the snare you're keeping a 1 bar pattern you can kind of hold that down but even the snare we can plug in a snare here and have it have a sort of unsynched pattern so let's send this snare I'm just gonna throw in some snare drums over here and let's do three three beat pattern and then again I can just record this in a little while and again same thing go in here and I can just select these are patterns that I never would have played myself cool so there's a drum pattern that I've generated for myself what you'll discover if you explore this is you can kind of have some sort of control over the rhythm that's generated based on how you program in these clips if you want the rhythm to have a 16th feel obviously you can program the notes to four and sixteenth notes you want to have an eighth note feel you can program that in those trigger clips but working with those poly rhythms will give you some kind of interesting generative results so I'm just gonna group those two to keep them out the way there's my drum triggers so there's a couple things that we can do to generate musical material and we could generate just endless amounts of musical material with that but something else that we offer might want to do in electronic music in particular is to adjust the sound actual tonal quality of what we're using and keep that a little bit more interesting as well and there's a number of and applications for this and we can apply the same sort of thinking to how we work with the sound I think for me one of the problems that I often run into with electronic production is it can get quite static and stale so even though this drumbeat now is quite an interesting beat sounds are exactly the same the velocities are exactly the same it doesn't have a lot of life to it just gonna keep looping and get kind of boring so there's a MIDI effect that we can use for that as well if you go over to the MIDI effects there's the velocity MIDI effect so I'll drop that before my drums I just need to make sure that this drum kit actually has some velocity sensitivity so you obviously need to make sure that whatever instrument you're working with it's going to respond to velocity now in this velocity MIDI device there's a lot of things that you can do to shape the velocity of the MIDI notes that pass through it but the one I'm most interested in is this random control here so you'll see as we go through the rest of this talk randomness is there's the kind of main concept that keeps coming up is using randomness and kind of embracing randomness but a controlled randomness to generate interesting parts so if i dial this all the way up what you're here is that every note that goes through this drum kit now is going to have a randomized velocity let's kind of all over the place at the moment but with a lot of these things you can I just want to be a little bit subtle so I might set that to like 15 and it's gonna make sure that all the notes that pass through they're all just going to be slightly different a little bit more like a real drummer might play them a [Music] little bit more life - now in terms of the the velocity of it but so let's look at the sound itself and how we can actually transform the the sound of this so what I'm gonna do is I'm just gonna move these height notes see this open hi-hat sound and you'll see why in a moment of course with this open hi-hat [Music] but this decay control that I can adjust so we do that from the push again sort of thinking about a real drummer when if a real drum is playing on a Hyatt they might have some slightly more open some slightly more clothes to get different kind of tones out of it so we can control this in our clip I'm just going to crop this clip to a bar lon so any parameter that you have in a device in live if you're working in the session view you can right click and say show automation and it's gonna take you to the clip automation for the track so I can just draw in here let's turn the grid off I can just draw in some automation cool cool so that's changing over time but by default automation is going to loop with the clip so again it's not gonna sort of change over time it's just gonna stay the same but we can set up poly rhythms with our automation as well so in the envelope section of the clips down here you'll notice there's a spot in here that says loop linked by default that the loop of an automation is going to be linked with the loop of the clip but if I click that you'll notice that the notes have disappeared so they still here I can flip back over to the note for you but the envelope actually has its own loop length now an independent loop length independent of the length of the the MIDI so let's make this a little bit longer let's make this one beat and well one bar and two beats long and just add in some extra automation here whatever that happens to be [Music] yeah the pattern of that hired opening/closing is out of sync with the main loop so that sounds gonna kind of change and evolve over time so let's do something else this particular drum rack that I've got set up there is this control for sample select change the actual sample that's being used so that could be a kind of a fun one to use for this so again I'm going to right click on that and say show automation and just straight away I'm gonna unlink the loop of that so every single automation Lane that you have for each control that you automate in each individual clip can have its own loop length so you can have just an unlimited amount of these poly rhythms running with this sound so let's make this onna two bars and one beat long and I'm actually gonna use something in I don't if anyone's seen the new live 10.1 beta that was announced there some new features in that weather really cool new features that probably my favorite new feature is the ability to draw in automation shapes so I can select the length of time right click and say insert shape it's pretty awesome it gets better because I can select that automation shape and I can transform it which is pretty fun oh just just hang on a moment because then I do this and then you can kind of flip it upside down and do some words it's good fun but I digress I just wanted to show that off cuz it's fun so I've drawn in some automation there this is for now the actual sample changing itself again unsink loop so it's gonna just keep kind of evolving and changing over time [Music] and my hats kind of pretty interesting the syrup for one more element let's maybe go on to the why not do it on the snare drum let's do it for the sample selector of the snare drum as well I'm just kind of going a bit crazy here with this just to sort of show what's possible but usually if you're working with this you might be doing it to one or two elements being a little bit more subtle as well can can work quite well let's set this to one bar and one beat lung and in fact I'm going to record in some automation for this so on the clip there cool recorded that in mostly because I just want to show you another new feature as well if I select all of this automation you'll notice I've got a whole bunch of dots here you can now right-click that and say simplify envelope which is pretty handy that's a long time Ableton users in the house it sounds like so let's listen to what's happening with that snare drum so it's a pretty interesting loop it's maybe a bit got a bit too far but you get the idea so we can use this polyrhythmic idea with our sounds as well we could even do it with a synth sound but go over to the synth over here that parameter has some nice effect on the sound so let's just go to the automation there unlink it so once you get the hang of it you can get going pretty quickly and just draw in some automation and that sound again it's just not gonna loop with the clips it's gonna keep it interesting so you can do that with any aspect of of the sound in a clip so let's move on to something slightly different that we can use and that I often use to help sort of give me some kind of inspiration when I'm making music and that is working with field recordings just quick show of hands anyone here working with field recordings in their music nice it's good good number of people for those of you aren't you should really get on to that so field recordings essentially it's just a recording that you've done in the field as opposed to in the studio it used to be quite an inaccessible sort of art because you'd have to have some expensive gear now everybody has a field recorder in their pockets and they're really good so there's no excuse not to do it you can get some really interesting sounds out of it so just guard and record weird sounds I noticed there's a building site across the road there would be some pretty interesting sounds coming from there so this was a recording that I did in my kitchen just with this I find let's just have a listen to what some of the sounds are like cause lots of interesting material in there there's some sort of tonal sounds in there there's some more rhythmic sounds so let's look at how we can use these to generate some interesting material I'll drop this in live so probably the easiest thing to do with field recordings is to generate rhythmic material with them inside you would have heard there's kind of a bit of rhythmic material happening over here if I jump to that section of the loop even near the end here so I could just simply grab that and actually use it as an interesting kind of loop if I wanted to what I'm gonna do though is use live simpler instruments they're really familiar with the simpler that's a heads nothing cool really powerful little instrument the simpler and I'm just gonna drop this sample straight in there and I'm gonna use the slicing mode in the simplest the slicing mode takes the sound and slices it up based on the transients in the audio file so the transients are sort of short spikes in volume so these things over here would be a transient so it sliced it up based on the transients in the file so each one of these now essentially becomes and notes on my keyboard it's a little bit much over here it's a bit kind of bunched up so you can dial down the sensitivity to pick up slightly less of the transience of course I got lots of nice interesting tricky rhythmic things happening there's a nice snare in there somewhere that could be kind of interesting but what I find when working with field recordings is the actual nature of the sound itself just tends to push you in a certain direction so these are all very kind of like little extra Prussian bits that I could use to go along with my drums like it may be transforming is to make them more like an interesting sounding drum kit but in this case I've already got a drum beats so I'm just gonna program in an interesting rhythm to go alongside my drum pattern so let's plug some stuff in here and just throw in a bunch of notes it's kind of an interesting line [Music] [Music] so you can yeah that field recording is adding some kind of really interesting textural elements to that drum pattern I mean the drum pattern itself is a bit wild with that changing snare so it's a bit difficult to hear it against that but field recordings can be a really interesting way to add texture to the sound and make it sound a little bit less digital as well there's another thing that we can do with field recording that you can be quite fun is actually turn them into synth sounds as well so rhythmically they're quite easy to work with you can just throw it in the simpler and chop it up and work with it that way but turning into a synth sound is a little bit more difficult so let's listen to this recording again immediately you can hear there's Stephanie something tonal in there they jump ahead a bit there's quite a nice to the tunnel section so let me just select that cool so the first thing I want to do is bring out that tonal elements of the sound so there's a bit of noise in there but there's a little bit of time so let's bring that out so I'm gonna use if I go into my audio effects I'm going to use the EQ eight so just lives EQ you could use any EQ really but what that's going to allow me to do is let me isolate certain frequencies so if I look at this recording I can actually already see there that there's one sort of frequency sticking out and that's probably that resonant frequency that I'm hearing is that notes so I'm going to grab an EQ band just boost around that bring out that resonance there's a handy trick you can use in the eq8 when you're doing things like this is if you click this little headphone icon anytime you grab an EQ band its solos what's under that band so you just share the frequencies being affected by that band so you can really easily find where that resonances just really bring that out cool so the next thing I want to do is I want to actually write this EQ to an audio file I'm gonna ultimately take this sort of resonant sound I'm gonna drop it in a sampler so that I can play it like an instrument but if I drop the sample into the sampling now it's not gonna take the EQ with it so I just need to write it to the audio file so do that I can just right-click say freeze track and then right-click again and flatten it so that's now part of that audio file that resonance has been written to it so again I'll load up a simpler and drag and drop this sound in there and what we should hear okay and solo this track [Music] really interesting kind of synth sound what I really like about these is you'll notice that it even gets this a rhythmical textural textural elements of the sound a little clicky bit at the beginning [Music] so that's kind of really interesting synth sound that I would have never created if I was building it from scratch with the synthesizer and it's also a unique synth sound nobody else has got that synth sound because it's come from my kitchen there's a couple things that you need to consider though if you do end up using this is my kitchen is not trying to be in any particular key so it's not tuned at all so the first thing I need to do with this sound is actually tune it so I'm gonna grab Ableton tuna so playing the note of C it's giving me kind of somewhere between the C and a B so let's go and just tune this up a bit cool so that should be a see you can always just play other notes and check it should be an e cool so should be in tune now I can take this sound and I can use all of these synthesis tools in this simpler and transform it even further if I want to filter it maybe I want to add some modulation to that filter whatever I want to do but I can work with that sample as the source of the sound so let's I'm gonna make this maybe more of a kind of a plucky sound I'm actually gonna replace that sound that I had in the beginning so let's just move this over to this track well it's kind of an interesting sound got a little bit of texture to it okay so we've got some kind of generative stuff happening with our sound we've got some generative stuff happening with our chords and melody let's go a little bit further with the sound there's a lot of parts of the native effects that are built into Ableton that you can help you with this one thing that I like to use quite a lot with my sounds is you'll find this on many of the synthesizers in live and the samplers is these pan via random controls again anyway you see random that's there's some fun stuff to be had then so what this does is it randomizes the panning hopefully we're in stereo in this room I'm gonna turn that up and what we should hear [Music] that speakers hidden behind her the screen so we might not hear that but rest assured those notes are panning randomly in the way it works is that every time it plays a new note it will adjust the panning randomly so you get these notes appearing in different spaces in the stereo field there's lots of these elements that you can apply to the sound to add a bit less well take away some of the static nosov the electronic sounds and make them feel a little bit more alive hop over to another session to look at another thing that we can do so the other kind of major elements of production we've also got writing and sound here songwriting and sound but a big element of production is arrangements and actually arranging songs and we can use this idea of randomization with our arrangements as well so this is a little bit more complicated so just bear with me for a second while I explain it I've got a couple of Clips here and these have just coincidentally all been generated using some of those techniques that we looked at I'll just play you an example of what this sounds like [Music] so yeah we've got that kind of random sounds happening in the drums got some kitchen percussion all the things that we've been looking at so there's a function in live called follow actions and follow actions give you a way to automatically trigger things in a session view or how things automatically trigger themselves essentially if I double click on a a clip in the session view and I head down to the bottom left where there's this little L that Haydn's shows the the launch box if it's not visible already so this is the launch box over here and right at the bottom of the launch box is this section called follow actions so there's three elements to a follow action in how a full action works the first element is the length of time before the follow action occurs in bars beats and divisions so four bars zero beats arrow division so after four beats whatever the follow actions doing sir after four bars whatever the follow action is doing is going to happen the next two elements tell us what is going to happen and you can have two options yet and have it choose between the two I'll explain how that works now but the options we have are no action which is the default on any new clip that you create which is why you don't just have this happening all the time in Ableton because all Clips default interaction you can have stop where the clip will stop playing so let's actually look at what that that looks like let's see what that looks like so with this follow action setup the clips going to play for four bars and then stop so I've got my drum clip here so I did nothing there the clip just automatically stopped by itself after the four bars because of the follow action so some other things that we've got here the clip can play again restart itself the next couple ones deal with the concept of clip groups which is quite easy to understand in a track in the session view a clip group is any number of clips that are directly next to one another so these two clips here at the moment are two separate clip groups because they're not directly next to one other if I move them like that they're now part of a clip group because they're directly next to one another if I had another clip over here I've got to clip groups these two clips here on one clip group this is in a different clip group so the next few options and the follow actions refer to these clip groups so previous it's going to play for however long and then play the previous clip in the group with a clip above the one that's currently playing next and play the one below first that's going to jump to the first one in the group if there's lots of clips last will be the last and then any and other are random options so it's going to jump to any random clip in the group so we can have two of these actions set up and the bottom elements of the follow action defines the chance that either one is going to occur so in a ratio so at the moment where it's one to zero there's a one to nothing chance that this full action is going to occur and this one's not so there's a hundred percent chance that this clip is going to stop if I were to set this to one-to-one is a 50-50 chance that either the clips gonna stop or the clips gonna play again I'm just gonna set this back to what it was with just next so if we look at this clip now is the 50-50 chance that either it's gonna play the next clip below it or it's gonna play itself again so let's actually have a look at that and see what happens so if I play this drum beat in theory after four bars either it's gonna play again or it's gonna jump to the clip below and it's completely random so it might take a while to happen cool let's jump down to playing that clip you can always tell when a follower action is going to occur because the clip that's about to be triggered will have its button flashing so that's follow actions let's get back to how this is actually going to help us with arrangements so what I've got set up here is just for demonstration sake this is actually a blank clip there's nothing in there it's just four bars of absolutely nothing and this is our drum beat this second clip has almost the opposite follow action it's going to play for four bars and then either to the play itself again it's a 50-50 chance that it's going to play itself again or it's gonna jump back to the previous clip which is the drums so either of these clips is gonna play for four bars then either play the next clip and so on and so forth the same goes for all of these clips over here so I'm just gonna move these back so everything's in the same clip group so what you'll see will happen if I trigger all of these clips every four bars either they're gonna keep playing again or it's gonna jump down to one of these blank clips and play nothing [Music] well you'll notice starts to happen is my track is almost arranging itself on the fly every four bars something new is happening I'm not touching anything at this stage just doing its own thing [Music] sometimes it works sometimes it doesn't but what we can do now is anything we do in the session view we can record into the arrangement for you so double click stop set it back to the beginning on my record and I'm just gonna play I jump to all the silent clips that doesn't I hope let's just start it from the top again so all of that is gonna get recorded into the arrangement I'm just gonna build this arrangement for me so I was kind of an interesting change that I might not have done just if I was doing this by myself that one on the other hand probably not but again with this technique it's just recording these things into the arrangement for you so I can go in and I didn't really like that change I can just delete it and I quite like I really like that change over here so I might want to use that again but the whole idea of this is gonna do things that you might not do yourself and give you inspiration and bearing in mind that this is just with five clips if you've got a session view with a whole number of different variations you're gonna get some really interesting results out of that so the idea behind any of these techniques is that they just sort of help you along the way when you get stuck or if you just want to try something interesting you can even make an entire song that is just completely generated randomly if you wanted to if you were into that sort of thing thanks for having me [Applause] so that was my master class on generating ideas and sparking your creativity in Ableton Live thanks for watching

Channel: dBs Sound & Music Institute

Views: 93,791

Keywords: dbs music, elphnt, ableton live, ableton, ableton masterclass, ableton training, ableton push tutorial, sparking creativity, generating ideas in music, music production masterclass, music production tutorials, push 2 controller

Id: VWFsR0HT7Pc

Length: 42min 2sec (2522 seconds)

Published: Thu May 02 2019