Live from Vsauce studios in Los Angeles, California,
this is Michael Stevens Living Live with your host Michael Stevens! Christmas time is right
around the corner. You guys know what that means right? It’s time for festive stuff like Santy Clause
and funny sweaters and peanut butter and seagulls. By the way do you guys know why seagulls fly
around the sea? Well because if they flew around the pring,
they’d be Pringles. Okay you know if they flew around a mug they’d
be muggles. Harry Potter. Quidditch. Hermione! And if they flew around the bay they’d be
bagels. Okay okay. It’s time to get serious. Today I am going to show you how to cut a
bagel into two halves that are whole and complete but yet interlocked by using a cut that follows
the surface of a mobius strip. But before we can mathematically cut this
bagel in the festive way I wanna teach you today we have to ask that question we ask
ourselves every morning before breakfast: How many faces does a sheet of paper have? Okay. Look we often think that a sheet of paper
has two sides right? A front and a back. But does it really? Is it truly a two-dimensional object? I don’t think so. Both of the sides of a sheet of paper are
actually polygons right? Rectangles. Two rectangles, one on the front one on the
back separated in three dimensions by the thickness of the page. A sheet of paper is actually a flexible polyhedron. It is an extremely thin rectangular prism
which means it has six faces. This rectangular face on top, the rectangular
face on the bottom and then four very very thin faces around the side just like a die. Yeah. Now earlier I prepared some strips of paper. I couldn’t get Christmas colors but I was
able to get birthday colors and I’m going to use these to talk about what happens when
we take a rectangular prism and create a hoop. Alright? What I wanna begin with is just one strip. Here’s the strip. Now if I take the strips and I loop it around
so that these two opposite faces are joined I lose both of those faces and the resulting
hoop only has a total of four faces. The south side face, the inside face, and
then this top edge which is actually a very thin face and this bottom edge and they’re
all completely separate. If I take some scissors and I snip right there
in the middle and then I cut this hoop all the way around I will separate this right
face and this left face and since they are completely distinct from one another I wind
up with two separate hoops okay? But look what happens when I take a strip
and instead of making a hoop just like this I make the hoop after a 180 degree twist. Now this is very interesting because now what’s
happening is that yes, this face and that face disappear in the join. However, the twist means that what used to
be, let’s call this the top face, is now continuous with the bottom face. And so if you travel around this bottom face
you come back and you connect to the opposite face, the top. But we know that the top face connects to
the bottom face so now what used to be two faces has become one. And let’s look at what is here locally,
an outside face and an inside face. They have also connected to each other, to
the opposite because of that twist. If this used to be the outside face, by turning
it and joining I now have what used to be the outside connecting to the inside. So now there’s just one side. Those two faces have also become one and so
if I could cut this shape right down that thin middle, right down in between along,
if I had a very, a very very thin knife then could separate what is locally here the outside
and the inside, I’d wind up with two rings but I wouldn’t because there aren’t an
outside and an inside. These two faces here are the same. To show that let me use two strips. I’ll use a red strip and a green strip and
we can imagine that this is actually just one strip and that I’m going to cut it right
down this way down that narrow face and separate them into two okay? So imagine that this is just one strip. I’m going to bring them together into a
hoop. Now normally if there was no twist after the
cut I would have myself two hoops right? But I’m gonna do a twist and this should
very clearly show that the inside which is in this case red is being connected to the
outside. And likewise the outside which is green is
being twisted to connect to the inside. Alright. Now let me take these. You have to be very careful that you don’t
tape too many things together but you also want the tape to be good enough that you can
cut the thing. Perfect. Now I’ll join these two sides. ooh that’s too big of a piece. Luckily I have this thinner piece from earlier. perfect! Okay. So here is our twisted hoop which many of
you know is called a mobius strip. This one has a single twist, a 180 degree
twist. Let me now, oh I don’t need to cut them! I want to cut them down that narrow face don’t
I so I’m pretending that I’ve done that, that I’ve gone all the way around. But what do I get? Just one big hoop. Just one big hoop. Why should that happen? Well it’s because that twist connected the
inside and the outside so that there’s only now one side. A good way to make this clear is to use some
string. I have two lengths of string here and what
I’d like to do is use the string to clearly whoops I dropped my green string. I’d really like to illustrate it this way. Camera person, can you see this? Wonderful. Okay so here’s a, here’s a hoop that’s
green and here is a hoop that is white. We can imagine that these are the two sides
of the object that we’re cutting and perhaps we’re going to cut it right in between and
wind up with a separate green hoop and a separate white hoop. However, if I take the compound object before
cutting and I give it a twist, I’m connecting as we saw with the paper, sides like this
and now I have one continuous loop. Since green begins and then ends at white
and white begins and then ends back at green. So this is just one big hoop, in fact, I wanna
just try this out. I’m gonna tape the ends together, ohhh! Okay. And then I’m gonna tape these two together. Wonderful. Okay. What do we have? We have one big hoop. Ha ha hey! Okay so now let’s undo these connections
and start again and I wanna do, I wanna do two, two twists this time. Two twists. Okay strings first. Strings first. Here’s our inside hoop. Here is our outside hoop. Great. Now I hope it’s clear that we have a green
hoop inside the white, the white hoop’s on the outside. These are only separate hoops because we already
separated them along this line but as an object to begin with this is just one thing right
and we’re going to cut it down the middle and get an inside and an outside, what is
green and what is white. Okay, so now rather than doing a single 180
degree twist let’s do a full 360. So here is the 180, that connects white to
green and white to green but another twist in that same direction connects green back
to green and white back to white. Now look what we have here. Now the green hoop is a complete separate
hoop. It does not connect to white. However that second twist got them all intertwined. Now we have yes, two separate hoops but they
are interlocked. If I stick the greens together and I stick
the outside hoop together what do we have? We have two circles, a green one and a white
one that are linked. This happens with paper as well. If I take a strip of paper and I make a hoop
but before I connect them I do one twist and then a second twist in that same direction
I now have connected faces to themselves. The outside connects back to the outside. The inside connects back to the inside but
the inside and the outside have crossed over each other and are now linked so if I cut
them in half. I’m gonna cut it in half this way so instead
of cutting what you might in one local region call an outside and an inside I’m going
to cut what in one local region you might call the right side and the left side. Watch this. I will get two separate identical halves but
they will be locked together. Cutting it in half surely we will find ourselves
with two pieces. Nope. Two interlocked pieces. Two interlocked pieces. Now that was done with a cut that twisted
360 degrees. We can cut a bagel in just the same way. That’s right we’re gonna draw on a bagel. You might not want your kids to see this. So first of all if I had a huge bagel like
the size of a hoola hoop this would be a lot easier because with a hoola hoop-sized bagel
I could stick a knife in and I could go all the way around just like normal but then before
I got back to where I started I’d have a lot of room to move my knife and rotate it
360 degrees before I got back to where I was. Introducing the two twists we need for the
cut to be the shape of a two twist mobius strip. However that kind of 360 cutting is very difficult
when you only have a tiny section of a bagel so what we should do is spread that twist
evenly throughout the bagel. And to make this even easier instead of having
to both keep in mind the 360 degree rotation of the cutting knife in this plane we can
call this the xy plane, and on top of that the knife’s rotation around the z axis as
I go around the bagel. Let’s remove that second case, that second
issue and just rotate the bagel itself. Perfect. So let’s say that we start here. Boom. With the knife horizontally right into the
bagel. Normally we would just go all the way around
360 degrees with the bagel, get back to where we started and we’d have a top and a bottom
half but we want the knife to twist and if we want 360 degrees to fit within a 360 degree
rotation, we need to match it like this so that a quarter of the way through our rotation
of the bagel we have made a quarter of a full rotation like that. Okay. So I’m going to be cutting in like this
through that hole and then by the time I’ve turned the bagel a quarter turn the knife
should be vertical up and down like this right here. So I’m going from here to here. From here to here. Let’s draw that path so it becomes very
easy to follow. From there to there. Now we’re going to have a problem. The problem is that if I’ve already done
90 degrees of clockwise rotation and I need to do 90 more degrees, ooh. I get myself into this problem. I want by the time that I reach this part
of the bagel for the knife to be horizontal but I’ve got the other side of the bagel
in the way. So what’s gonna make this easier is just
shifting the knife to another orientation. I’ll go up like this and then we need it
to go like this. Ooh! That’s gonna be a problem because our knife
can’t pass through the other side of the bagel but what we can do is reposition our
knife so think of it this way. We go in like this. Then we go up vertical, then we need to turn
another 90 degrees clockwise. But let’s do that with the handle beneath
this time so we’ll turn 90 degrees clockwise. Alright so on this side we’re in horizontally
but we’ve swapped the knife so now since I wanna draw a line that follows the handle’s
perspective we’re going to draw a line that goes from here, right, to here. So from the, did I, yeah, I’ve got a little
cut, where does it come out the other end? Did I go all the way through? Yeah there I go. From this hole up to that hole. And I’m just gonna draw that path so that
I know which side of the bagel I want my handle to be on. Remover this is equivalent to another 90 degree
rotation of the knife. I’m going to do 90 degrees and then from
here I’ll do 90 degrees perfect. And then from here I need to do another 90
degrees clockwise so I’ll go from here to here. I can do that without having to swap without
having to flip my knife. We’ll go up here so when we've rotated the
bagel 3/4 of the way I wanna be vertical again. Perfect. So let me just connect these two lines. That entry point and that entry point and
we need to rotate another, a final 90 degrees clockwise. And again this is gonna be tough if the handle’s
up here because I’m gonna hit the other side of the bagel so let’s go ahead and
reverse and at that point I’m gonna put my knife here and I’m gonna move up 90 degrees. Starting like this, up 90 degrees back to
where I started so I’ll draw that path from the handle’s perspective from this hole
up to the starting point. Okay so now we’ve got some lines on our
bagels and these are the lines that we’re going to follow. If you can keep track of all of this in your
mind, if you’ve practiced a little bit it won't be too hard to do this without drawing
on a bagel and I'm gonna try that next but this is just to show you why we have to flip
the knife and that we truly are doing something that is equivalent to rotating the knife 360. Yes we might flip it at some points but we
still are moving through 360 degrees with our knife so here we go. Where should I start? Forget which one was the actual starting point. Doesn’t matter though does it. Okay so I’m gonna start up here and then
my knife is going to follow that line. Nice fresh bagels work the best. If they’re too crumby it takes too much
force to cut them and they can kinda fall apart. You want them to be a bit chewy and soft so
they don’t split. Alright so there's the other and and I just,
see, I’m getting a little bit of splitting but that’s fine. So here I am, alright. Knife handle is straight up and I wanna flip
the knife for my next 90 degree rotation of the knife and I wanna follow this line. Okay. So let’s watch myself do that. I’m gonna hold the bagel like this though
because I want to keep the same frame of reference as best I can. Uh oh. I’m kind of tearing it. Be very careful. It’s very easy to hurt yourself doing this. Do it at your own risk. Okay now it’s a little bit scrunched up
but that's okay. It’s still going to be delicious and mathematical. At this point I don’t need to flip my knife. I can keep following this line. Here’s our third 90 degree turn. Yeah. Good. That sawing motion is helping me a lot. I should be doing more of that. Okay we’re vertical again. Now for the home stretch I flip the knife,
put it in like this. It’s still a vertical line. The flipping is just caused by the limitations
of our tools. From here I wanna pull the knife while cutting
up along this path. Ready? Here we go. Curling up, whoa! Getting that knife pretty close to my hand. Please guys be careful. Take your time. Alright. I’ve gone all the way through. This cut is a two strip mobius, this strip
is a two twist mobius strip and as you can see our bagel can be divided into two intact
identical rings that are interlocked. Smear a little spread on that, serve it to
your guests and they will say this is really hard to eat but I love it. Merry Christmas and as always, thanks for
watching. As promised here I am cutting a bagel with
no lines. I’m going to first rotate the knife 90 degrees
and then there’s another 90 and another 90 for a total of 270 here’s the final 90
for the full 360 and what do you know, when you pull the bagel apart we have two halves
that are identical to one another. They’re not even mirror images or anything
but they're interlocked with no seems or gaps. It will surely impress and it’s certainly
fun to lean how to do but again guys be careful please. Knives are sharp and bagels well, let’s
just say they've got strong personalities. Wait what's that? You wanna see more footage of me cutting bagels? Well good because I do too. Here’s some footage we shot earlier that
didn’t get into the episode where I cut a bagel with a single twist mobius strip being
the shape of the cute so right now I’ve cut the bagel half way around and my knife
is rotated just 90 degrees clockwise. I’m going to rotate the knife another 90
degrees before I return to where I began so there’s a total of just 180 degrees of rotation
of the knife which means the surface of the cute is equivalent to a single twist mobius
strip so when I’m finished I won’t get two separate halves that are interlocked. I won’t even get two separate things. I will just have a well it’s kind of strange
how you would describe this. It’s basically a bagel that's twice as far
around but only has one side so when I finish which I’m about to do here, watch how I
pull the bagel apart and of course I can’t pull it apart but I have gone all the way
around and you can spread whatever you want, cream cheese, peanut butter, jam, all the
way around without ever having to switch your knife to a different bagel half. See look at that! Beautiful. This is also a very fun way to cut bagels. It’s a little bit simpler too because you
don’t have to rotate the knife as much. So go out there and have some fun and as always,
thanks for bageling…naw kidding just thanks for watching. That made no sense. Bageling?
