Lost Worlds: The True Story of Jekyll & Hyde (S2, E14) | Full Episode | History

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Narrator: JEKYLL AND HYDE, ONE OF THE MOST DISTURBING STORIES EVER WRITTEN. IT IS THE TALE OF A MAN WHO DISCOVERS A POTION WHICH TRANSFORMS HIM INTO HIS EVIL ALTER EGO. A KINDLY DOCTOR BECOMES A MONSTER CAPABLE OF THE MOST HORRIFIC CRIMES. MR. HYDE IS THE ORIGINAL FICTIONAL PSYCHOPATH. JEKYLL AND HYDE BECAME THE BLUEPRINT FOR ALL THE OTHERS, YOU KNOW, HITCHCOCK'S PSYCHO, HANNIBAL LECTER, FREDDIE KRUGER, THEY ALL CAME AFTER JEKYLL AND HYDE. THE BOOK'S A WORK OF FICTION, BUT IT HAS ITS ROOTS IN FACT. WHEN THE AUTHOR, ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON, WROTE IT IN 1885, HE BASED IT ON REAL CHARACTERS AND A REAL PLACE-- HIS HOME, THE SCOTTISH CAPITAL, EDINBURGH. IT'S MORE THAN A PSYCHOLOGICAL PORTRAYAL OF A MAN, IT'S A PSYCHOLOGICAL PORTRAYAL OF A SOCIETY. AND EDINBURGH CAPTURES THAT PERFECTLY. NOW, OUR INVESTIGATORS HAVE COME TO EDINBURGH TO UNCOVER THE LOST CITY OF JEKYLL AND HYDE. THEY'LL MEET LOCAL EXPERTS AND EXPLORE THE REMAINS OF ANCIENT STRUCTURES. THIS IS A BIT OF OLD TOWN STREETSCAPE THAT HAS BEEN LOST. THEY WILL DISCOVER A VAST, HIDDEN UNDERWORLD. THEY WILL REVEAL THE DARK SIDE OF THIS CITY'S HISTORY-- THE VIOLENCE, THE POVERTY, THE DOUBLE LIVES OF SOME OF ITS MOST RESPECTED MEN. IN A SECRET NETWORK OF TUNNELS, THEY WILL FIND EVIDENCE OF AN ILLEGAL TRADE IN HUMAN BODY PARTS. THIS IS THE LOST WORLD OF JEKYLL AND HYDE. EDINBURGH, THE CAPITAL OF SCOTLAND-- A CITY WITH OVER A THOUSAND YEARS OF HISTORY. IT IS LOCATED ON THE EAST COAST OF BRITAIN, JUST 40 MILES NORTH OF THE ENGLISH BORDER. EDINBURGH WAS THE HOMETOWN OF THE WRITER ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON, WHO SHOT TO FAME IN 1885 WITH THE PUBLICATION OF HIS HORROR STORY, THE STRANGE CASE OF DR. JEKYLL AND MR. HYDE. IN THE STORY, JEKYLL, AN UPSTANDING DOCTOR, FORMS AN ASSOCIATION WITH A SINISTER STRANGER CALLED EDWARD HYDE. HYDE SETS OUT ON A VICIOUS KILLING SPREE. HE IS HUNTED DOWN, AND EVENTUALLY, THE UNIMAGINABLE TRUTH IS DISCOVERED-- HE AND THE GOOD DR. JEKYLL ARE ONE AND THE SAME MAN. NOW, MORE THAN 100 YEARS AFTER JEKYLL AND HYDE WAS WRITTEN, OUR INVESTIGATORS HAVE COME TO EDINBURGH TO UNCOVER THE REAL WORLD THAT LAY BEHIND STEVENSON'S MACABRE CREATION. AFTER STUDYING ARCHITECTURE AT YALE UNIVERSITY, BENEDICT O'LOONY TRAVELED ALL OVER EUROPE EXPLORING ANCIENT BUILDINGS. NOW HE IS GOING TO USE HIS KNOWLEDGE TO INVESTIGATE THE ARCHITECTURE OF EDINBURGH. I CAN'T HELP BUT THINK THAT ONE OF THE BIG INSPIRATIONS FOR STEVENSON IN DR. JEKYLL AND MR. HYDE MUST BE THE VERY BUILDINGS, THE ARCHITECTURE OF THIS CITY. TESSA DUNLOP IS A HISTORIAN WHO STUDIED AT OXFORD UNIVERSITY. LIKE STEVENSON, SHE GREW UP HERE AND NOW SHE HAS RETURNED TO FIND OUT HOW THIS CITY GAVE BIRTH TO JEKYLL AND HYDE. ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON WAS BORN, BROUGHT UP AND EDUCATED RIGHT HERE IN EDINBURGH. THIS CITY WAS WHAT HE LIVED AND BREATHED. IT WAS THE PLACE HE UNDERSTOOD, AND IT REALLY AFFECTED THE WAY HE THOUGHT. AND I THINK THAT'S WHAT LED HIM TO WRITE JEKYLL AND HYDE. TESSA AND BENEDICT'S MISSION IS COMPLICATED BY THE FACT THAT STEVENSON SET THE BOOK NOT IN EDINBURGH, BUT IN LONDON. HE DESCRIBES LONDON AS A SINISTER, FOG-BOUND LABYRINTH. Stevenson: "THE FOG STILL SLEPT ON THE WING "ABOVE THE DROWNED CITY, "WHERE THE LAMPS GLIMMERED LIKE CARBUNCLES, "AND THROUGH THE MUFFLE AND SMOTHER "OF THESE FALLEN CLOUDS, "THE TOWN'S LIFE WAS STILL ROLLING." BUT STEVENSON NEVER SPENT ANY TIME IN LONDON. IT WAS CERTAINLY NOT A CITY HE KNEW WELL. MANY PEOPLE BELIEVE THAT THE BOOK WAS ACTUALLY BASED ON STREETS THAT HE HAD KNOWN IN EDINBURGH. TESSA WANTS TO GO ONE STEP FURTHER AND FIND THESE STREETS FOR HERSELF. SHE MEETS WITH JAN HENDERSON, A LOCAL HISTORIAN. TO WHAT EXTENT DO YOU THINK THAT STEVENSON WAS INFLUENCED BY EDINBURGH? I THINK HE WAS INFLUENCED A GREAT DEAL. I MEAN, IF YOU LOOK AROUND YOU, YOU CAN SEE IT'S A VERY, VERY IMPOSING CITY. AND WHEN STEVENSON WAS GROWING UP, IT WOULD HAVE BEEN EVEN MORE SO. DOES MAKE ME BELIEVE THAT JEKYLL AND HYDE IS AS MUCH ABOUT EDINBURGH AS IT IS ABOUT THESE FICTIONAL CHARACTERS. WHY THEN, DID STEVENSON SET HIS BOOK IN LONDON? WELL, STEVENSON WASN'T STUPID. I MEAN, HE SET IT IN LONDON BECAUSE IT WOULD MAKE MORE MONEY THAT WAY. HAD THERE NOT BEEN AN EDINBURGH, DO YOU THINK THERE WOULDN'T HAVE BEEN A JEKYLL AND HYDE? I DON'T THINK SO, NO. IT'S MORE THAN A PSYCHOLOGICAL PORTRAYAL OF A MAN, IT'S A PSYCHOLOGICAL PORTRAYAL OF A SOCIETY, AND EDINBURGH CAPTURES THAT PERFECTLY. AND ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON CAPTURED EDINBURGH PERFECTLY IN DR. JEKYLL AND MR. HYDE. BUT WHERE EXACTLY IN THIS CITY DID STEVENSON FIND INSPIRATION FOR THE GLOOMY BACKDROP TO HIS STORY? TESSA STARTS BY LOOKING FOR THE HOUSE IN WHICH STEVENSON GREW UP. SHE FINDS IT ON HERIOT ROW. IT'S ONE OF THE WEALTHIEST STREETS IN EDINBURGH. WHEN STEVENSON LIVED HERE 150 YEARS AGO, THIS PART OF TOWN WAS A NEWLY-BUILT SUBURB. AND YET, EVERY DAY OF HIS CHILDHOOD YEARS, STEVENSON WAS REMINDED THAT THE CITY OF EDINBURGH HAD A MUCH OLDER SIDE TO IT. IT'S FASCINATING, ACTUALLY, 'CAUSE I'VE DISCOVERED THAT THIS IS THE HOUSE OF ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON. THIS IS WHERE HE MOVED WHEN HE WAS A LITTLE BOY OF JUST 7 YEARS OLD, SO YOU CAN IMAGINE HIM JUST A LITTLE BOY, AND A VERY SICKLY LITTLE BOY-- HE HAD ALL SORTS OF ILLNESSES-- SCARLET FEVER, BRONCHITIS, YOU NAME IT, IN FACT-- SO HE WOULDN'T HAVE SPENT MUCH TIME RUNNING UP AND DOWN ON THE STREETS. INSTEAD, I WOULD IMAGINE, HE SPENT MOST OF IT UP THERE IN THE ATTIC. AND WHAT DID HE SEE OUT OF THAT WINDOW? THE OTHER HALF OF EDINBURGH, A VERY DIFFERENT SIDE OF THE CITY. STEVENSON LIVED IN THE NEW, WEALTHY DISTRICT OF EDINBURGH, BUT HIS BEDROOM LOOKED OUT OVER THE OLD QUARTER OF THE CITY-- STREETS AND BUILDINGS WHICH HAD STOOD FOR MORE THAN 6 CENTURIES. AS HE GREW UP, HE BECAME OBSESSED WITH THE UNIQUE CHARACTER OF EDINBURGH'S OLD TOWN. HE EVEN WROTE A GUIDE BOOK ABOUT IT, DESCRIBING ITS SITES IN MINUTE DETAIL. HE CELEBRATES THE MAZE-LIKE QUALITY OF EDINBURGH'S WINDING STREETS. Stevenson: "YOU GO UNDER DARK ARCHES "AND DOWN DARK STAIRS AND ALLEYS. "THE WAY IS SO NARROW "THAT YOU CAN LAY A HAND ON EITHER WALL." DID THESE STREETS INSPIRE JEKYLL AND HYDE'S DARK, THREATENING ALLEYWAYS? BENEDICT HEADS INTO THE HEART OF THE OLD TOWN TO INVESTIGATE. I'VE MANAGED TO GET A COPY OF THIS FANTASTIC MAP OF EDINBURGH FROM THE 1640S. IT SHOWS THESE NARROW CLOSES, THESE LITTLE LANES THAT LEAD UP TO THE OPENING UP OF SPACE AT THE HIGH STREET. AND WE CAN SEE THIS INCREDIBLY COMPACT, COMPRESSED SORT OF TOWNSCAPE WHICH MUST HAVE BEEN THE CHARACTERISTIC OF THE OLD TOWN. AND IT'S SOMETHING THAT WE CAN ACTUALLY SEE IN EDINBURGH TODAY. WHILE MANY OF ITS ANCIENT BUILDINGS HAVE BEEN REPLACED, THE LAYOUT OF THE OLD EDINBURGH HAS STAYED ALMOST EXACTLY AS IT WAS 500 YEARS AGO. IT IS DOMINATED BY A SERIES OF NARROW, WINDING ROADS, OR CLOSES, THAT RUN DOWN FROM THE HIGH STREET. USING ANCIENT MAPS AND A LANDSCAPE MODEL OF EDINBURGH, WE CAN SEE EXACTLY HOW THESE NARROW STREETS WERE FORMED. THEY GREW AROUND EDINBURGH CASTLE, WHICH STILL DOMINATES FROM THE TOP OF AN ENORMOUS HILL. THE MAIN STREET WAS FORMED ALONG THE SPINE OF THIS HILL. IT CAME TO BE KNOWN AS THE ROYAL MILE. THEN, IN 1513, A WALL WAS CONSTRUCTED AROUND THE CITY. IT MEANT THAT EDINBURGH COULD ONLY GROW IN ONE DIRECTION-- UP. SOME OF THE BUILDINGS REACHED 14 STORIES HIGH. THESE WERE THE SKYSCRAPERS OF THEIR DAY. THE STREETS WERE NARROW BECAUSE OF THE LACK OF SPACE, AND THE HEIGHT OF THE BUILDINGS MADE THEM GLOOMY. WHEN STEVENSON TALKS OF THE PLACES THAT MR. HYDE WALKED, HIS DESCRIPTIONS MATCH THESE STREETS. Stevenson: "THE DISMAL QUARTER-- "WITH ITS MUDDY WAYS AND SLATTERNLY PASSAGES, "AND ITS LAMPS, WHICH HAD NEVER BEEN EXTINGUISHED, "SEEMED LIKE A DISTRICT OF SOME CITY IN A NIGHTMARE." BUT IT WAS NOT JUST THE PHYSICAL DETAILS OF THIS CITY THAT INFLUENCED STEVENSON. IT WAS ALSO ITS ATMOSPHERE. TESSA AND BENEDICT MUST GO BACK 150 YEARS TO FIND THE EDINBURGH THAT THE AUTHOR KNEW. THEY WILL DISCOVER THE REMAINS OF AN UNDERGROUND CITY-- TALES OF CONMEN, BODY SNATCHERS, AND SERIAL KILLERS. THESE PLACES AND THESE PEOPLE INSPIRED THE CREATION OF DR. JEKYLL AND MR. HYDE. OUR INVESTIGATORS ARE IN THE SCOTTISH CAPITAL, EDINBURGH, HUNTING FOR CLUES TO THE REAL EVENTS AND THE REAL PLACES BEHIND THE STORY OF DR. JEKYLL AND MR. HYDE. IT IS SET IN A SINISTER URBAN LANDSCAPE. Stevenson: "HERE IT WOULD BE DARK "LIKE THE BACK-END OF EVENING, "AND THERE WOULD BE A GLOW OF RICH, LURID BROWN. "THE FOG WOULD BE QUITE BROKEN UP, "AND A HAGGARD SHAFT OF DAYLIGHT WOULD GLANCE "IN BETWEEN THE SWIRLING WREATHS." TO FIND OUT HOW EDINBURGH INSPIRED SUCH A NIGHTMARISH VISION, TESSA AND BENEDICT REVISIT THE CITY THAT THE AUTHOR STEVENSON KNEW 150 YEARS AGO. MANY STREETS AND BUILDINGS FROM THAT TIME HAVE BEEN PRESERVED BECAUSE OF THE TYPE OF ROCK ON WHICH EDINBURGH STANDS. TESSA HEADS TO SALISBURY CRAGS-- A HUGE HILL IN THE MIDDLE OF THE CITY-- TO FIND OUT MORE. SHE MEETS ARCHITECTURAL HISTORIAN CHARLES MCKEAN. IT'S REALLY AN EXCEPTIONAL VIEW HERE, ISN'T IT, CHARLES? I THINK IT'S ONE OF THE FEW CITIES THAT WE CAN LOOK DOWN ON FROM THIS SORT OF HEIGHT. AND IT'S FAMOUS FOR ITS HILLS 'CAUSE THEY WERE ORIGINALLY VOLCANOES, IS THAT RIGHT? YES, I THINK THAT'S IT EXACTLY, SO THIS WAS A VOLCANIC LANDSCAPE. YOU HAD, FIRST OF ALL, A VOLCANO WHERE THE CASTLE IS NOW, AND WHEN IT WAS ERUPTING IT CREATED WHAT THEY CALL A TAIL, AND THAT IS WHAT BECAME THE HIGH STREET RUNNING DOWN, AND THEN THERE WAS ANOTHER VOLCANO HERE, WHERE WE'RE STANDING. GEOLOGY HOLDS THE KEY TO FINDING WHAT'S LEFT OF THE CITY THAT PRODUCED JEKYLL AND HYDE. 350 MILLION YEARS AGO, VOLCANOES COVERED THIS AREA. DURING THE ICE AGE, THE SOFT ROCK SURROUNDING THEM WAS WORN AWAY, LEAVING ONLY STUMPS OF SOLIDIFIED LAVA UP TO 200 FEET TALL. THESE BECAME THE FOUNDATION ON WHICH THE CITY OF EDINBURGH WAS BUILT. SO THIS WOULD, QUITE LITERALLY, HAVE BEEN SORT OF MOLTEN LAVA? YES. MILLIONS OF YEARS AGO? A VERY LONG TIME AGO, BUT YES, THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT YOU'RE LOOKING AT. THE VOLCANO WOULD SPEW OUT ALL THE LAVA AND IT SURGES DOWN AND IT HARDENS WHERE IT STOPS. PROVIDES A WONDERFUL FOUNDATION FOR A CITY. PEOPLE HAVE BEEN BUILDING HERE, WITH THIS ROCK, FOR MORE THAN 3,000 YEARS. THIS ROCK'S DURABILITY PROVIDES SUPPORT TO BUILDINGS COMPARABLE TO THE MOST STABLE FOUNDATIONS. IT MEANS THAT WHEN SOMETHING IS BUILT IN EDINBURGH, IT'S HERE TO STAY. HOUSES, EVEN WHOLE STREETS THAT STEVENSON WOULD HAVE KNOWN, HAVE BEEN PRESERVED IN TIME, UNDER THE GROUND. ONE SUCH STREET IS MARY KING'S CLOSE. IT NOW LIES UNDERNEATH THE CITY CHAMBERS, A GRAND GOVERNMENT BUILDING ON THE ROYAL MILE CONSTRUCTED IN 1753. TESSA HAS MET JAN HENDERSEN TO FIND OUT MORE ABOUT THIS STREET. WE'RE ON AN EXTREMELY STEEP HILL RUNNING FROM THE ROYAL MILE DOWN INTO COBURN STREET. MARY KING'S CLOSE WAS ON THAT STEEP, STEEP HILL, AND THEY BUILT THE CITY CHAMBERS ON TOP OF IT. SO, QUITE LITERALLY, IT'S NOW AN UNDERGROUND CAVERN? IT IS, YES. RIGHT BENEATH THEIR FEET, AND PRESERVED UNDER THE WALLS OF THE ROYAL EXCHANGE, LIES A RABBIT WARREN OF ANCIENT HOUSES, MANY OVER 500 YEARS OLD. TESSA DESCENDS INTO THE REMAINS OF THESE STREETS TO FIND OUT HOW LIFE HERE INSPIRED THE WORLD OF JEKYLL AND HYDE. THIS IS WALLPAPER FROM THE 17TH CENTURY. PEOPLE REALLY DID LIVE HERE. IT'S VERY CURIOUS IN HERE. IT SEEMS WE ARE IN AN OUTSIDE STREET, BUT YET WE'RE INSIDE-- WE'RE COVERED. HOW DOES IT WORK? IN A WAY, THAT'S EXACTLY WHAT WE ARE. SO WHEN YOU LOOK UP, YOU SHOULD SEE THE SKY, BUT IN ACTUAL FACT, THERE IS THE FLOOR OF THE GOVERNMENT BUILDINGS. THE STRENGTH OF THE VOLCANIC ROCK ON WHICH EDINBURGH STANDS MEANT THAT THE ARCHITECTS WHO BUILT THE CITY CHAMBERS DID NOT NEED TO CREATE NEW FOUNDATIONS. INSTEAD, THEY BUILT RIGHT ON TOP OF EXISTING HOUSES, AND SIMPLY REMOVED THEIR UPPER STORIES TO CREATE A LEVEL PLATFORM. THE CITY IN WHICH JEKYLL AND HYDE IS SET IS DEPICTED AS A FILTHY, IMPOVERISHED SLUM. Stevenson: "THE FOG LIFTED A LITTLE AND SHOWED HIM "A DINGY STREET, A GIN PALACE, "MANY RAGGED CHILDREN HUDDLED IN DOORWAYS". TESSA FINDS ECHOES IN MARY KING'S CLOSE. IT'S QUITE HARD TO IMAGINE WHAT LIFE WOULD'VE BEEN LIKE. PRETTY REVOLTING, I'D IMAGINE, IF YOU LIVED AT THE BOTTOM OF ONE OF THESE HIGH TENEMENTS. IT WAS DISGUSTING. EDINBURGH HAD NO SEWAGE SYSTEM. THE WAY, IN FACT, THEY GOT RID OF GARBAGE WAS TO OPEN THE WINDOWS AND SHOUT, "GARDY LOO!" WHICH IS A SORT OF VARIATION ON THE FRENCH GARDEZ L'EAU-- "WATCH OUT FOR THE WATER". EXCEPT IT ISN'T WATER WE'RE TALKING ABOUT, IT WAS SEWAGE, EFFLUENCE, DEAD CATS, YOUR GRANNY. ANYTHING YOU DIDN'T WANT IN THE HOUSE. IF YOU WERE WALKING UP THE STREET AND YOU HEARD A CRY OF "GARDY LOO" FROM ABOVE, YOU WERE SUPPOSED TO SHOUT BACK, "HADYERHAND!", WHICH-- HOLD YOUR HAND. HOPEFULLY THAT WOULD STOP THEM LONG ENOUGH TO GIVE YOU TIME TO GET OUT OF THE WAY, TO FLATTEN YOURSELF AGAINST THE WALL, AND THEN THE STUFF WOULD LAND AT YOUR FEET. HERE, IT WAS ALSO DESPERATELY OVERCROWDED. AN 18TH-CENTURY INVESTIGATION INTO THE LIVING CONDITIONS HERE REVEALED 1,000 PEOPLE LIVING IN JUST ONE SHORT STREET. IN TERMS OF WHO WAS LIVING WHERE, WAS THERE SOME KIND OF SOCIAL ORDER? THERE WAS, AND IT WAS A VERY STRANGE ONE. BECAUSE OF THE OVERCROWDING IN EDINBURGH, EVERYBODY LIVED IN THE SAME BUILDINGS. THE RICH DID THEIR BEST TO AVOID THE POOR-- UNDER ALL CIRCUMSTANCES, WHICH, OF COURSE, WAS VERY, VERY DIFFICULT. BUT YOU'LL SEE IN SOME CASES-- YOU CAN SEE ACTUALLY UP THERE, THEY WOULD BUILD A STAIRCASE FROM GROUND-LEVEL UP TO THEIR OWN-- THEIR OWN WINDOWS SO THAT THEY WOULDN'T HAVE TO GO UP AND DOWN THE COMMUNAL STAIRCASE AND MINGLE WITH THE LOWER CLASSES. WE CAN REVEAL WHAT MARY KING'S CLOSE LOOKED LIKE BEFORE IT WAS ENTOMBED UNDER THE CITY CHAMBERS. THE BUILDINGS WERE SEVERAL STORIES HIGH WITH THE POOREST CITIZENS LIVING ON THE GROUND FLOOR, CLOSEST TO THE FILTHY STREETS. BUT THE EXTRAORDINARY THING ABOUT MARY KING'S CLOSE IS THAT THE STREET WAS NOT ABANDONED WHEN THE CHAMBERS WERE BUILT ON TOP. THE POOREST MEMBERS OF SOCIETY CONTINUED TO LIVE UNDERNEATH THIS GREAT BUILDING. AND THEY WERE STILL HERE 100 YEARS LATER, WHEN STEVENSON LIVED IN THE CITY. BY THE TIME STEVENSON WAS AROUND, IT WOULD HAVE BEEN BLOCKED OFF OVERHEAD BY THE CITY CHAMBERS. CAN WE BE SURE HE WOULD HAVE ACTUALLY KNOWN ABOUT THIS PLACE? OH, HE WOULD DEFINITELY HAVE KNOWN ABOUT MARY KING'S CLOSE. IT WAS FAMOUS. HE WOULD HAVE COME TO THE OLD TOWN AND SEEN THE POVERTY AND THE CRIME HERE. IN FACT, HE WROTE ABOUT IT ONCE OR TWICE. IT WAS UNLIKELY THAT STEVENSON WOULD WRITE ABOUT ANYTHING HE HADN'T ACTUALLY VISITED. GRIMY, POVERTY-STRICKEN, AND LITERALLY BURIED, MARY KING'S CLOSE WAS THE TEMPLATE FOR THE EERIE, DANGEROUS CITY OF JEKYLL AND HYDE. BUT EDINBURGH ALSO PROVIDED STEVENSON WITH THE CONCEPT WHICH LIES AT THE HEART OF THE STORY-- MAN IS NOT TRULY ONE, BUT TWO. THIS IDEA OF A SPLIT IDENTITY WAS SO NEW AND UNSETTLING, IT WOULD TERRIFY READERS FOR DECADES. AND IT AROSE OUT OF REAL EVENTS THAT TOOK PLACE IN THE CITY OF EDINBURGH. OUR EXPERTS ARE IN THE SCOTTISH CAPITAL, EDINBURGH. THEY'RE TRYING TO UNCOVER CLUES TO THE WORLD WHICH INSPIRED ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON TO CREATE THE STORY OF JEKYLL AND HYDE. THEY HAVE DISCOVERED HOW EDINBURGH'S PAST HAS BEEN PRESERVED IN A HIDDEN UNDERWORLD. NOW, THEY WILL LEARN THAT THIS CITY IS ONLY NOT DIVIDED ABOVE AND BELOW GROUND. IT HAS ALSO BEEN SPLIT BETWEEN AN OLD TOWN AND A NEW TOWN. THIS DIVISION HAD A DIRECT INFLUENCE ON THE CENTRAL MEANING OF JEKYLL AND HYDE. Stevenson: "MAN IS NOT TRULY ONE, BUT TWO. "ALL HUMAN BEINGS ARE COMMINGLED OUT OF GOOD AND EVIL." LIKE THE CHARACTER OF DR. JEKYLL, THE EDINBURGH THAT STEVENSON LIVED IN ALSO HAD 2 VERY DIFFERENT SIDES TO IT. TO THE NORTH, A BRAND-NEW TOWN HAD BEEN CONSTRUCTED ENTIRELY FROM SCRATCH. AND IT COULDN'T HAVE BEEN MORE DIFFERENT FROM THE OLD CITY. A TOWN WITH 2 SEPARATE IDENTITIES-- IS THIS WHAT GAVE STEVENSON THE IDEA FOR JEKYLL AND HYDE? TESSA MEETS UP WITH CHARLES MCKEAN AT EDINBURGH CITY ARCHIVES. CHARLES, WHY DID EDINBURGH DECIDE TO BUILD A NEW TOWN? POLITICAL DECISION. EDINBURGH WANTED TO REDEFINE ITSELF, AND THEY DECIDE THAT WHAT THEY'VE GOT TO DO IS BUILD ACROSS FROM THE OLD TOWN ON THE EMPTY SITE OVER THERE A NEW TOWN WHICH IS GOING TO REPRESENT A NEW WAY OF LIVING, A NEW CIVIL SOCIETY. THE REDEVELOPMENT OF EDINBURGH WAS SUCH A HUGE EVENT THAT THE CITY HELD A COMPETITION TO FIND A DESIGNER. ARCHITECTS FROM ALL OVER THE COUNTRY WERE INVITED TO SUBMIT THEIR PLANS. THE WINNER PROPOSED A SUBURB OF WIDE, ELEGANTLY-PROPORTIONED STREETS. NOW, THIS WAS TO BE BUILT FOR PEOPLE OF RANK AND FORTUNE ONLY. NAMELY ARISTOCRATS. AND THEY WERE QUITE CLEAR ABOUT IT. PROFESSIONALS, ORDINARY PEOPLE WERE TO STAY BEHIND IN THE OLD TOWN. THIS WAS AN EXCLUSIVE SUBURB. THESE CIVIC IMPROVEMENTS CONTINUED OVER 70 YEARS AND COMPLETELY TRANSFORMED THE CITY. MARSHLANDS WERE TURNED INTO PUBLIC GARDENS. BRIDGES WERE BUILT TO LINK THE NEW AND OLD TOWN. AND A RAILROAD WAS CARVED INTO THE VALLEY. EDINBURGH EFFECTIVELY BECAME 2 CITIES. SO THIS NEW ESTABLISHMENT-- THE NEW TOWN, SPECIFICALLY FOR THE ARISTOCRATS-- IT MUST HAVE HAD AN EXTRAORDINARY EFFECT ON THE WHOLE CITY. YOU'RE QUITE RIGHT. GRADUALLY, SLOWLY, AND THEN INCREASINGLY ACCELERATED, THE MIDDLE CLASSES AND THE PROFESSIONALS MOVED OUT OF THE OLD TOWN INTO THE NEW TOWN. AND ONCE IT GOT BEYOND A CERTAIN LEVEL, IT BECAME A REALLY RAPID RUSH UNTIL NOBODY OF ANY QUALITY LIVES IN THE OLD TOWN AND NOBODY WHO CAN AFFORD TO MOVE HASN'T MOVED, SO IT GOES INTO A SPIRAL OF DECLINE. PHYSICALLY AND ECONOMICALLY DIVIDED IN THIS WAY, THE 2 SIDES OF EDINBURGH BECAME POLAR OPPOSITES. LIKE THE MONSTER THAT STEVENSON WOULD GO ON TO CREATE, ONE SIDE WAS WEALTHY AND RESPECTABLE, THE OTHER WAS DARK AND CORRUPT. I THINK THE BEST WAY OF EXPLAINING IT IS TO LOOK AT THIS MAP HERE-- BECAUSE THIS IS PRODUCED ABOUT 1820 OR THEREABOUTS. SO THE NEW TOWN IS COMPLETE. AND YOU SEE IMMEDIATELY THAT THESE ARE DIFFERENT IN KIND FROM THE OLD TOWN. THEY'RE REGULAR, BIG HOUSES, WIDE STREETS-- COMPARE IT TO THE OLD TOWN. IT'S EXTRAORDINARY BECAUSE WHAT IMMEDIATELY HITS YOU IS THIS IS AMAZING, SORT OF TRANQUIL SYMMETRY, AND HERE IT'S DARK AND HIGGLEDY-PIGGLEDY-- IT'S A MESS. IT'S A BUILT EMBODIMENT OF JEKYLL AND HYDE, ISN'T IT? RATIONAL JEKYLL THE PROFESSIONAL-- HAIRY HYDE. SO, DO YOU THINK THAT JEKYLL AND HYDE THE BOOK IS ALSO ABOUT THE CITY OF EDINBURGH? I THINK SO, AND I THINK WHAT HE'S DONE IN A WAY NOBODY ELSE HAS DONE, IS ABSORB THE ATMOSPHERE OF THIS CITY AND TURN IT INTO FICTION. BUT SUCH IDEAS DID NOT ONLY COME FROM EDINBURGH AS A CITY. THEY ALSO CAME FROM CHARACTERS WITHIN ITS HISTORY. AS THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE NEW TOWN LEFT THE OLD TOWN IMPOVERISHED AND LAWLESS, STREETS LIKE MARY KING'S CLOSE BECAME A HAVEN FOR CRIMINALS-- AMONG THEM, A WEALTHY YOUNG MAN NAMED DEACON BRODIE. HIS STORY WOULD PASS INTO LEGEND. I SUPPOSE, THEN, IF WE'RE PLACING SOMEONE LIKE DEACON BRODIE INTO A SITUATION LIKE THIS-- I MEAN, WHERE WOULD HE HAVE FITTED IN? I CAN IMAGINE HIM JUST KIND OF CREEPING ROUND IN THESE ALLIES. DEACON BRODIE IS A STRANGE CASE IN THAT HE HAD A KIND OF 2-STRATA LIFE IN THIS CITY. HE WAS A RESPECTED MAN-- HE WAS A TOWN COUNCILOR, AND SO HE WOULD HAVE HAD ONE OF THE NICE, MID-LEVEL BUILDINGS. BUT AT NIGHT, HE WAS A GAMBLER, A LIAR, A THIEF, A CHEAT, AND SO HE WOULD HANG OUT IN THE CELLARS WHERE HE ROLLED DICE AND ENGAGED IN COCK-FIGHTING, AND JUST ALL THE NASTY PASTIMES THAT HE WAS INTO. AS A TOWN COUNCILOR BY DAY AND A BURGLAR BY NIGHT, DEACON BRODIE LEAD A DOUBLE LIFE. HE IS A LIKELY TEMPLATE FOR STEVENSON'S DR. JEKYLL. BUT HE LIVED 70 YEARS BEFORE STEVENSON WAS BORN. WHAT DID STEVENSON KNOW ABOUT BRODIE? THE ANSWER LIES AT THE SITE OF EDINBURGH'S OLD PRISON, KNOWN AS THE TOLLBOOTH. THE BUILDING WAS DESTROYED IN 1817, BUT HISTORIAN JANE CALWELL SHOWS BENEDICT WHERE IT STOOD. JUST OVER HERE IS WHERE IT WOULD HAVE STRETCHED OUT-- IT WOULD HAVE BEEN CURVING OUT WITH ITS DIFFERENT TURRETS, AND EXTENDING OUT INTO THE ROYAL MILE, CUTTING OFF PEOPLE PASSING THROUGH. QUITE A WARPED STRUCTURE IN THAT IT HAD GROWN AND EXPANDED AND THEN SHRUNK DOWN AND GROWN AGAIN OVER THE YEARS. THE CONDITIONS INSIDE WERE ABSOLUTELY AWFUL. IN THE CENTER OF THE ROOM, FOR EXAMPLE, RATHER THAN HAVING PLUMBING, THEY JUST WOULD HAVE HAD ONE PIT, ONE HOLE IN THE CENTER INTO WHICH EVERYTHING DRAINED. THE TOLLBOOTH IS ALSO WHERE PUBLIC EXECUTIONS TOOK PLACE. AND IN 1788, DEACON BRODIE, CAPTURED DURING AN ARMED ROBBERY, WAS SENTENCED TO HANG HERE. THEY HAD A PLATFORM JUST OVER TO THE SIDE WHERE THE HANGINGS WOULD TAKE PLACE. AS MANY AS 20,000 PEOPLE WOULD GATHER FOR A HANGING. WE CAN NOW REVEAL WHAT THE OLD TOLLBOOTH WOULD HAVE LOOKED LIKE WHEN BRODIE WAS HANGED. JUST A FEW YEARS BEFORE, A NEW SCAFFOLD HAD BEEN CONSTRUCTED TO MAKE EXECUTIONS MORE VISIBLE TO THE CROWD. HE WASN'T EVEN NERVOUS WHEN HE STEPPED UP ONTO THE SCAFFOLD, EITHER. THE STORY GOES THAT HE HAD ACTUALLY FITTED OTHER DEVICES UNDERNEATH HIS COLLAR AND HAD BRIBED THE HANGMAN HIMSELF TO ADJUST THE ROPE SO HE WOULD NOT BE FULLY HANGED. BRODIE'S SCAM DIDN'T WORK. HIS DEATH WOULD HAVE BEEN A PAINFUL ONE. FROM THE 19TH CENTURY, HANGINGS IN BRITAIN USED THE LONG DROP METHOD, WHERE THE FORCE AND LENGTH OF THE DROP CAUSED THE VICTIM'S NECK TO BREAK. IT WAS A RAPID DEATH. BUT BEFORE THIS, AND IN BRODIE'S TIME, GALLOWS HAD SHORTER DROPS. THE VICTIM WOULD DIE OF STRANGULATION, OFTEN TAKING AN HOUR TO DIE. DEACON BRODIE'S EXECUTION WAS A HUGE PUBLIC EVENT. HE BECAME A FOLK HERO. JANE'S THEORY IS THAT DEACON BRODIE WAS THE MAIN INFLUENCE BEHIND STEVENSON'S STORY. ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON, IN HIS YOUTH, HAD QUITE A LOT OF ILLNESS. AS A RESULT OF BEING BEDRIDDEN, HE HAD MANY PEOPLE COME AND TELL HIM STORIES. ONE STORY HE LOVED HEARING OVER AND OVER AGAIN WAS THE FAMOUS TALE OF DEACON BRODIE. NOW, WHEN HE BECAME OLDER, HE WANTED TO TELL THE STORY, BUT HE DIDN'T THINK IT APPROPRIATE FOR SOMEONE WHO'S SUCH-- SO MUCH ONE CHARACTER BY DAY AND ONE BY NIGHT TO HAVE THE SAME NAME. SO INSTEAD OF GIVING HIM THE SAME NAME, HE CHANGED IT-- HE GAVE HIM 2 NAMES-- DR. JEKYLL AND MR. HYDE. IT SEEMS LIKELY THAT DEACON BRODIE INFLUENCED STEVENSON'S IDEA OF A MAN WITH A DOUBLE LIFE. BUT THERE'S ANOTHER ELEMENT TO THE JEKYLL AND HYDE STORY. IT'S A TALE OF SCIENCE GONE WRONG. THIS IDEA TOO IS INSPIRED BY REAL-LIFE EVENTS IN THE CITY. NEXT, WE DISCOVER THE GORY SECRET TRADE WHICH SUPPORTED THE CITY'S MOST EMINENT SURGEONS. OUR INVESTIGATORS ARE IN EDINBURGH, UNCOVERING THE CITY WHICH 150 YEARS AGO INSPIRED ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON TO WRITE THE HORROR STORY JEKYLL AND HYDE. IN THE BOOK, THE GORY DETAILS OF HYDE'S CRIMES ARE NEVER FULLY REVEALED. HIS ACTIVITIES ARE DESCRIBED ELUSIVELY AS "HELLISH," "VILE," OR "UNSPEAKABLE." BUT WAS STEVENSON INSPIRED TO WRITE BY A SERIES OF REAL CRIMES? BENEDICT O'LOONY WILL LOOK INTO THE DARKEST ASPECTS OF EDINBURGH'S PAST. HE BEGINS BY INVESTIGATING A RUMOR-- THAT EDINBURGH WAS ONCE THE CENTER OF AN ILLEGAL TRADE IN HUMAN BODY PARTS. HIS FIRST STEP ON THIS TRAIL IS ONE OF THE BRIDGES BUILT OVER 200 YEARS AGO TO LINK THE 2 SIDES OF THE CITY. IN 1785, THE CITY FATHERS OF EDINBURGH BUILT THIS FANTASTIC NEW BRIDGE THAT CONNECTS THE ROCKY SPINE OF THE MEDIEVAL OLD TOWN WITH ELEGANT NEW DEVELOPMENTS TO THE NORTH AND TO THE SOUTH. IT ENABLED FOR THE FIRST TIME THE CITIZENS OF EDINBURGH TO MOVE FROM THE OLD TOWN INTO THESE ELEGANT NEW PRECINCTS AT A HIGH LEVEL, WITHOUT CROSSING DOWN THESE OLD LANES INTO THIS RATHER INSALUBRIOUS AREA AT THE BOTTOM OF THE TOWN. THE BRIDGE IS ENCASED WITHIN 2 ROWS OF BUILDINGS, DESIGNED TO BE USED AS STYLISH NEW SHOPS. THE BUILDINGS HIDE 19 SUPPORTING ARCHES. FOR OVER 100 YEARS, THESE VAULTS WERE SEALED UP AND FORGOTTEN. BUT RECENTLY, THEY HAVE BEEN RE-EXAMINED. NOW, BENEDICT WANTS TO FIND OUT HOW THEY ARE CONNECTED TO THE STORY OF JEKYLL AND HYDE. GOSH, WHAT A FANTASTIC SPACE! IT'S SO TALL. WE'RE ACTUALLY UNDERNEATH THE SOUTH BRIDGE RIGHT NOW, SO TRAFFIC IS GOING OVER US AS WE SPEAK. SO THIS IS SOME KIND OF 18TH-CENTURY SLUM CLEARANCE, WHERE THEY WERE TAKING THE OLD-- WINDY OLD STREETS OF THE OLD TOWN AND DRIVING THROUGH THIS IMPRESSIVE BIT OF LATE-18TH-CENTURY CIVIL ENGINEERING. EXACTLY, EXACTLY. THEY ACTUALLY KNOCKED DOWN, ACTUALLY 4 STREETS AND RECYCLED THE STONE AND PUT THEM INTO THE ROOM AROUND YOU. I MEAN, YOU CAN SEE OVER IN THAT CORNER THERE, YOU CAN SEE IN THE MASONRY THERE'S ACTUALLY A LONG LINTEL THERE THAT IS FROM A HOUSE THAT ONCE STOOD IN ONE OF THE CLOSES. WHAT DID THEY USE THE SPACE FOR? WELL, THIS AREA WAS ALL DESIGNED TO BE USED AS WORKSHOPS AND STOREROOMS FOR THE BUSINESSES UP ALONG THE SIDES OF THE BRIDGE. AND THEY DESIGNED IT SO THEY COULD USE EVERY LAST BIT OF SPACE. SO IF YOU LOOK BEHIND US HERE, YOU CAN SEE HOW IT'S BEEN SUBDIVIDED. AND THEY WANTED THESE ROOMS TO BE USED AS WORK ROOMS AND STORE ROOMS. WE FOUND EVIDENCE THAT THEY HAD BEER STORED DOWN HERE, AND ALSO WINE VAULTS ACTUALLY BUILT INTO THE ROOMS DOWN HERE. WHILE THE UPPER CLASSES OF EDINBURGH WERE ENJOYING THE BRAND-NEW BRIDGE ABOVE GROUND, THE POORER MEMBERS OF THIS CITY WERE WORKING IN SQUALOR DOWN HERE. IN TOTAL, THERE ARE OVER 120 ROOMS IN THESE VAULTS. THEY RANGE IN SIZE FROM 3 FEET TO 60 FEET LONG. YOU CAN HEAR THE DRIPPING AROUND US JUST NOW AS WELL AND SEE THE STALACTITES THAT HAVE FORMED AS A RESULT OF THAT. NOT ONLY THAT, THEY DIDN'T BUILD MANY FIREPLACES-- CHIMNEYS TO TAKE THE SMOKE OUT, SO YOU CAN IMAGINE HOW THEY WOULD HAVE USUALLY A FIRE BURNING DOWN HERE, AND THE SMOKE WOULD HAVE BEEN POURING OUT INTO THE ROOM. AND FOR A SOURCE OF LIGHT, WELL, THERE'S NO NATURAL LIGHT, WE DON'T HAVE ANY WINDOWS COMING IN, SO THEY WOULD HAVE HAD CRUSIE LAMPS, A PRIMITIVE OIL LAMP THAT THE CHEAPEST OIL THAT THEY COULD USE WAS FISH OIL, SO YOU'D ALSO HAVE THE SMELL OF BURNING FISH FILLING UP THE ROOM. NO PLUMBING DOWN HERE EITHER, SO YOU'D HAVE YOUR BUCKET OF NASTINESS SITTING OVER IN THE CORNER AS WELL. SO REALLY APPALLING CONDITIONS DOWN HERE. OVER TIME, THE WAY IN WHICH THESE VAULTS WERE USED CHANGED. IT WAS A GREAT SPATIAL RESOURCE, AND SO IT WOULD APPEAR THAT SOME OF THE POORER, SOME OF THE LOWER ORDERS OF SOCIETY WERE ABLE TO USE THESE PERHAPS AS STORAGE SPACES, PERHAPS EVEN DWELLING SPACES. THE DEMAND FOR HOUSING AT THIS TIME WAS ACUTE. BETWEEN 1800 AND 1840, THE POPULATION OF EDINBURGH DOUBLED, MOSTLY DUE TO THE ARRIVAL OF IMPOVERISHED MIGRANTS. NOW THIS WHOLE AREA BECAME KNOWN FOR ITS EXTREME POVERTY AND THE SLUMS, AND THEY SIMPLY PROBABLY WOULD HAVE SEEN THESE SPACES AS EMPTY PLACES THAT NO ONE ELSE WAS USING, A SHELTER OVER YOUR HEAD, ALBEIT NOT A GREAT ONE, BUT STILL, IF THE ALTERNATIVE WAS SLEEPING OUT ON THE STREET, YOU CAN UNDERSTAND HOW THEY WOULD BE TEMPTED TO COME IN HERE. WHAT WAS GOING ON WITH THESE SPACES? WELL, A LOT OF ILLEGAL ACTIVITIES, IF WE ARE GOING TO BE BRUTALLY HONEST. THE NUMBER OF TAVERNS, ILLEGAL BROTHELS, WERE MULTIPLYING BY THE DOZEN DURING THESE YEARS, AND CERTAINLY OPERATED IN THESE ROOMS. THIS AREA OF EDINBURGH BECAME LAWLESS-- A NO-GO ZONE. BUT WHAT LINKS THESE VAULTS TO THE RUMOR THAT BODY PARTS WERE TRADED IN THE CITY? SO YOU'LL NOTICE AS WE COME IN HERE, YOU'VE GOT YOUR NORMAL WALL, PRETTY FLAT UNTIL YOU GET OVER TO THIS. THIS LOOKS LIKE SOME SORT OF A TUNNEL THAT'S BEEN REALLY HASTILY WHIRLED UP. EXACTLY. WHAT ON EARTH IS THIS? WELL, THIS IS JUST THIS HALF OF THE TUNNEL. ON THE OTHER SIDE, IT LEADS UP OVER TO INFIRMARY STREET. THE TUNNEL FACES SOUTH. IT POINTS DIRECTLY TOWARDS INFIRMARY STREET, AND THAT IS THE HOME OF THE EDINBURGH MEDICAL SCHOOL. THEIR WAY BLOCKED, JANE AND BENEDICT FOLLOW THE TUNNEL'S ROUTE ABOVE GROUND, TO AN OLD BAR. THEY DESCEND AGAIN THROUGH ITS BASEMENT. WOW, I'VE NOT ACTUALLY BEEN DOWN HERE BEFORE, AND I DIDN'T EXPECT TO FIND SUCH A BIG SPACE. I THOUGHT WE WOULD JUST COME BACK TO ONE OF THE CELLARS, I NEVER THOUGHT WE'D FIND A ROOM AS BIG AS THIS ONE. WELL, BELOW US IT LOOKS A BIT LIKE SOME OF THE STREET SURFACE THAT WE'VE BEEN SEEING IN OLD EDINBURGH. WE'VE GOT A DRAINAGE GULLEY DOWN THE MIDDLE AND ROUGH PAVERS ON EITHER SIDE. SO THIS IS A BIT OF OLD TOWN STREETSCAPE THAT HAS BEEN LOST. Jane: SO I'M GUESSING WE'RE ACTUALLY UNDERNEATH INFIRMARY STREET RIGHT NOW. SO THIS COULD BE THE OLD INFIRMARY STREET THAT STOOD HERE BEFORE THE SOUTH BRIDGE WAS BUILT. WELL, I COUNTED 29 STEPS FROM THE STREET LEVEL ABOVE, SO I RECKON WE'RE ABOUT 22 FEET BELOW THE STREET LEVEL. THAT MAKES IT MORE OR LESS THE SAME LEVEL OF THE TUNNEL THAT WE SAW ON THE SOUTH STREET BRIDGES. COULD THIS BE THAT SAME TUNNEL? IT DOES SEEM QUITE LIKELY-- AS YOU SAID, IT MATCHES UP. JANE AND BENEDICT HAVE FOUND A SECRET UNDERGROUND PASSAGE CONNECTING THE CRIME-RIDDEN VAULTS TO THE MEDICAL SCHOOL. THE TUNNEL WAS IN USE IN THE EARLY 19TH CENTURY, WHEN EDINBURGH WAS THE MEDICAL CAPITAL OF EUROPE. STUDENTS WHO STUDIED ANATOMY HERE WERE MEANT TO BE THE BEST. WHY WOULD THESE 2 WORLDS BE LINKED IN SUCH A WAY? WHAT IS THE CONNECTION TO JEKYLL AND HYDE? TESSA HEADS TO THE MEDICAL SCHOOL TO FIND OUT. SHE MEETS UP WITH A CURRENT PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY. ANATOMY WAS REALLY THE BASIS OF ALL OF THE CLINICAL DISCIPLINES. AND, UM, THEREFORE, IF A STUDENT DECIDED HE WANTED TO PASS THE REST OF HIS CAREER AFTER HE QUALIFIED AS A SURGEON, HE REALLY NEEDED TO KNOW ANATOMY INSIDE OUT AND BACKWARDS. THE PROBLEM WAS THAT THERE WAS AN INCREASING NEED FOR PEOPLE TO DISSECT THE BODY AND REALLY VERY FEW BODIES AVAILABLE. SO WHAT YOU HAVE IS EDINBURGH AS A GROWING MEDICAL CENTER, IN PARTICULAR FOR ANATOMISTS, BUT A SHORTAGE OF BODIES. YES, THERE BECAME AN INCREASING TRADE IN BODY SNATCHING. TESSA HAS DISCOVERED THAT THE RUMORS ABOUT THE BODY SNATCHERS ARE TRUE. IN THE 19TH CENTURY, GROUPS OF MEN DUG UP DEAD BODIES FROM EDINBURGH'S GRAVEYARDS AND SOLD THEM TO THE MEDICAL SCHOOL. BUT DID STEVENSON KNOW ABOUT THESE GRISLY ACTIVITIES? DID THE BODY SNATCHERS LEAVE ANY EVIDENCE? TESSA HEADS TO ONE OF THE CITY'S MANY GRAVEYARDS. ARE WE NOW IN ONE OF THE GRAVEYARDS THAT THE BODY SNATCHERS WOULD HAVE OPERATED FROM? YES, IN FACT, GREYFRIARS WOULD HAVE BEEN ONE OF THEIR FAVORITE GRAVEYARDS. IT'S RIGHT IN THE MIDDLE OF THE OLD TOWN WHERE ALL THE CRIMINAL ACTIVITY WENT ON. IT'S ALSO FAIRLY CLOSE TO THE ANATOMY DEPARTMENT OF EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY, WHERE THEY WOULD EVENTUALLY SELL THE BODIES. THE RESURRECTION MEN, THEY WERE CALLED, USED TO COME IN LATE AT NIGHT. THEY WOULD CLIMB OVER THE WALL, THEY WOULD FIND A FRESHLY-DUG GRAVE, UNCOVER IT, OPEN THE COFFIN, AND THEN THEY WOULD PULL OUT THE BODY USUALLY USING HOOKS THAT THEY PUT INTO THE CORPSES' NOSTRILS. THEN THEY WOULD JUST SLIDE THE CORPSE STRAIGHT OUT OF THE COFFIN AND INTO A SACK. THIS MUST HAVE BEEN TRULY HELLISH FOR FAMILIES WHO HAD JUST LOST A LOVED ONE. PEOPLE WERE FAR MORE SUPERSTITIOUS IN THOSE DAYS, AND, YES, ROBBING GRAVES WAS A HORRENDOUS THING TO THEM. THE RESURRECTION MEN WERE CONSIDERED TO BE THE LOWEST OF THE LOW, WORSE THAN MURDERERS. BODY SNATCHING WAS SO RIFE THAT IT ACTUALLY AFFECTED HOW GRAVEYARDS WERE DESIGNED. WALLS AND WATCHTOWERS WERE ERECTED TO PROTECT THE CITY'S DEAD. IF YOU HAD ENOUGH MONEY, YOU COULD ACTUALLY HAVE THE BODY LOCKED AWAY IN ONE OF THESE. THIS IS CALLED A MORTIS LOCK, AND BASICALLY YOU CAN SEE WHAT IT'S FOR-- THE BODY STAYS IN HERE, SO IT CAN'T BE LIFTED OUT OF THE GROUND. ONCE IT'S BEEN IN HERE A COUPLE OF DAYS, IT'S USELESS TO THE ANATOMISTS, THEREFORE USELESS TO THE BODY SNATCHERS, AND SO IT CAN THEN BE TAKEN OUT AND BURIED PROPERLY. BODY SNATCHING WAS A GRUESOME JOB, BUT IT WAS LUCRATIVE. A BODY COULD BE ANYTHING FROM, SAY, ONE POUND TO ONE POUND, 50. IF IT WAS A CHILD, IF THERE WERE QUITE A LOT OF BODIES AROUND THE PLACE, IT WOULD BE, SAY, 4 OR 5 POUNDS. IF THERE WAS A SHORTAGE OF BODIES, THEY MAY HAVE TO PAY 15, 20 POUNDS, SOMETIME 30 POUNDS. NOW, 20 OR 30 POUNDS IN THOSE DAYS IS A LOT OF MONEY. EACH FRESH CADAVER COULD FETCH UP TO $500 IN TODAY'S MONEY. THE BODY SNATCHERS WERE ALMOST ALWAYS DESPERATE MEN FROM THE POOREST PARTS OF TOWN. THESE WERE JUST THE KIND OF PEOPLE WHO WOULD BE USING THE SOUTH BRIDGE VAULTS, NOT ONLY AS A PLACE OF REFUGE-- BUT ALSO AS A SECRET UNDERGROUND NETWORK TO STORE AND TRANSPORT BODIES. RIGHT NEXT TO THE VAULTS IS AN OLD BAR CALLED BANNERMAN'S. AND THIS WAS THE BAR FREQUENTED BY NONE OTHER THAN ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON. DRINKING HERE, HE WOULD HAVE HEARD TALES ABOUT THE BODY SNATCHERS. HE MAY HAVE EVEN MET THE MEN WHO PRACTICED THIS DUBIOUS TRADE. BUT IT WAS ONE MAN, AND ONE STORY, WHICH WOULD INSPIRE HIM TO CREATE THE MONSTROUS DR. JEKYLL-- THAT WAS WILLIAM BURKE, ONE OF SCOTLAND'S MOST PROLIFIC SERIAL KILLERS. OUR INVESTIGATORS ARE IN THE ANCIENT CITY OF EDINBURGH. THEY HAVE FOUND OUT THAT THIS IS A CITY THAT HIDES A SECRET UNDERWORLD AND A BLOODY HISTORY. ALL OF IT INFLUENCED ROBERT LOUIS STEVENSON TO CREATE THE GRISLY TALE OF JEKYLL AND HYDE. IN THE YEARS BEFORE STEVENSON, EDINBURGH LIVED IN FEAR OF A GROUP OF MEN CALLED BODY SNATCHERS. THEY PROWLED THE GRAVEYARDS, AND DUG UP BODIES TO SELL TO THE ANATOMY SCHOOLS, DIRECTLY INSPIRING STEVENSON'S STORY. IN THE SUMMER OF 1828, 2 IRISH IMMIGRANTS-- WILLIAM BURKE AND WILLIAM HARE-- CAME UP WITH A PLAN TO MAKE THE BODY SNATCHING PROCESS MUCH SIMPLER. SOMEONE TOLD ME ABOUT A PAIR CALLED BURKE AND HARE. BURKE AND HARE WERE NOT ACTUALLY BODY SNATCHERS. NEVER SET FOOT IN A GRAVEYARD FOR THAT PURPOSE. THEY WERE SERIAL KILLERS. THEY DEVELOPED A SCHEME WHEREUPON THEY WENT ROUND THE CITY AT NIGHT AND LOOKED FOR PEOPLE THEY DIDN'T REALLY THINK WOULD BE MISSED-- SO, IF THIS IS THE POOR, LADIES OF THE NIGHT. THEY WOULD APPROACH THESE PEOPLE, OFFER THEM A NICE PLACE WHERE THEY COULD GO BACK TO, A COZY PLACE IN FRONT OF THE FIRE, AND AS MUCH AS THEY WANTED TO DRINK. AND THEY'D FEED THE PERSON DRINK AFTER DRINK UNTIL THE PERSON WAS SO DRUNK, THEY COULDN'T FIGHT BACK. WILLIAM HARE WOULD USUALLY HOLD THE PERSON DOWN AND WILLIAM BURKE COULD THEN KILL THEM. HIS MURDER WEAPON WAS 3 FINGERS. 2 OVER THE NOSE CLAMPING IT SHUT, ONE UNDER THE MOUTH. AND THEN THE PERSON WOULD SUFFOCATE TO DEATH WITHIN MINUTES. SO THEY HAD A NICE, CLEAN BODY ON THEIR HANDS AS WELL. YOU DIDN'T HAVE ANY GUNSHOT WOUNDS, ANY STABBING MARKS, NO LARGE BRUISES. SO THEY COULD EASILY SELL THESE BODIES OVER TO THE MEDICAL SCHOOL. OVER 18 MONTHS, BURKE AND HARE MURDERED 17 PEOPLE. THIS WAS THE MOST PROLIFIC KILLING SPREE THAT SCOTLAND HAD EVER SEEN. I'VE DISCOVERED THAT BURKE AND HARE WERE REALLY GRIM INDIVIDUALS. THEY WERE PARTICULARLY MANIPULATIVE WITH THE WAY THEY WENT ABOUT KILLING THEIR VICTIMS. I MEAN, FOR EXAMPLE-- PREDOMINANTLY, THEY WERE ELDERLY. THESE WERE OLD, VULNERABLE FOLK. THEY WERE OFTEN NEW TO THE CITY SO THEY WOULDN'T BE MISSED. THERE WAS AN INSTANCE WHERE THEY KILLED A PROSTITUTE AND A SMALL, DISABLED BOY. I MEAN, REALLY HORRIFIC STUFF. BUT BURKE AND HARE WERE NOT TO GO UNPUNISHED. A SURGEON'S ASSISTANT RECOGNIZED ONE OF THE BODIES THAT BURKE BROUGHT HIM. IT WAS THAT OF A YOUNG PROSTITUTE CALLED MARY PATTERSON. THE SENIOR DEMONSTRATOR, MR. FERGUSON, HAD PROBABLY SLEPT WITH HER ONE OR TWO DAYS BEFORE. AT LEAST SEVERAL OF HIS STUDENTS HAD PROBABLY SLEPT WITH HER DURING, SAY, THE DAYS OR WEEKS BEFORE, AND SHE WAS IMMEDIATELY RECOGNIZED. THEY THEREFORE ASKED BURKE, WHO BROUGHT THE BODY, "HOW DID SHE DIE? "I MEAN, SHE WAS SUCH A YOUNG PERSON". AND HE SAID, "WELL, YOU KNOW, THESE THINGS HAPPEN "WITH PEOPLE THAT DRINK A LOT, "AND SHE WAS OBVIOUSLY AN ALCOHOLIC". INQUIRES INTO PATTERSON'S DEATH LEAD POLICE TO HARE. HE TURNED WITNESS IN EXCHANGE FOR A PARDON. BURKE WAS TRIED AND FOUND GUILTY OF MULTIPLE MURDERS. WILLIAM BURKE WAS PUBLICLY EXECUTED. ABOUT 20,000 PEOPLE SHOWED UP IN THE CENTER OF TOWN TO SEE THIS HANGING. SO YOU CAN IMAGINE ALL THE WINDOWS, ALL THE ROOFTOPS AS WELL AS THE PAVEMENT ITSELF, ALL BEING COMPLETELY FULL OF PEOPLE. BUT THEY THOUGHT IT APPROPRIATE, SINCE HE'D GIVEN SO MUCH TO THE MEDICAL SCHOOL, WHAT WOULD BE THE LAST PERFECT GIFT FOR HIM TO GIVE, BUT HIS OWN BODY? BURKE'S BODY WAS SENT STRAIGHT FROM THE GALLOWS TO THE MEDICAL SCHOOL, WHERE IT RECEIVED THE SAME TREATMENT AS THE BODIES OF HIS VICTIMS. THERE WERE SOME LIFE MASKS MADE. THIS IS THE LIFE MASK OF BURKE. AND THIS WAS MADE WHEN HE WAS IN THE TOLLBOOTH PRISON IN EDINBURGH. THIS IS THE DEATH MASK OF BURKE THAT WAS MADE VERY SHORTLY AFTER HE WAS EXECUTED. AND IT'S NOT ENTIRELY CLEAR, BUT THERE'S MEANT TO BE A ROPE MARK HERE. AFTER THEY CAST THE DEATH MASK, THE MEN AT THE ANATOMY SCHOOL DISSECTED BURKE'S BODY AND MADE A SERIES OF NOTEBOOKS FROM HIS SKIN. SOME OF THEM ARE STILL IN CIRCULATION TODAY. TESSA DISCOVERS THE REST OF BURKE'S REMAINS ARE ALSO HERE. THIS IS THE INFAMOUS BURKE. IT'S ALL QUITE HORRIFICALLY MACABRE. HE WAS DISSECTED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE UNIVERSITY PROFESSOR OF ANATOMY AT THAT TIME. THIS WAS TO TRY AND INHIBIT OTHER PEOPLE FROM CARRYING OUT MURDERS. WILLIAM BURKE WAS EXECUTED IN 1831, JUST 20 YEARS BEFORE STEVENSON WAS BORN. WAS THIS THE MAN WHO INSPIRED THE CREATION OF DR. JEKYLL? I CAN'T HELP FEELING THERE ARE ENORMOUS SIMILARITIES BETWEEN STEVENSON'S JEKYLL AND HYDE AND THIS STRANGE, DOUBLE WORLD OF MEDICAL PROFESSIONALS AND BODY SNATCHERS AND MURDERERS. I THINK THE RELATIONSHIP IS REASONABLY STRAIGHTFORWARD. STEVENSON WAS INSPIRED BY THE BURKE AND HARE EPISODE THAT OCCURRED IN EDINBURGH SO MANY YEARS BEFORE, BECAUSE IT WAS NOW A TRADITION IN EDINBURGH. STEVENSON CERTAINLY KNEW ABOUT BURKE. HE EVEN WROTE A STORY ABOUT HIS CRIMES CALLED "THE BODYSNATCHERS." BUT TESSA IS NOT CONVINCED THAT BURKE IS THE FIGURE ON WHOM JEKYLL IS BASED. Tessa: IT'S INTERESTING, 'CAUSE YOU GET THE FILTHY ACTIVITY OF STEALING PEOPLE'S DEAD BODIES, BUT ON THE OTHER HAND, THE NEED TO PROGRESS SCIENCE. YES, THE BODYSNATCHERS WERE VILIFIED, BUT THEY WERE ONLY HALF THE EQUATION. THE OTHER SIDE WAS THE DOCTORS TAKING THE BODIES. IT HELPED TO BRING DOCTORS IN EDINBURGH INTO GREAT DISREPUTE, AND THEN, OF COURSE, STEVENSON ENDS UP WRITING DR. JEKYLL AND MR. HYDE ABOUT A VERY FLAWED MEDICAL MAN. JEKYLL IS A RESPECTABLE DOCTOR, BUT HE ABUSES HIS MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE, CREATING A POTION WHICH ALLOWS HIM TO INDULGE HIS DARKEST DESIRES. TESSA HAS REALIZED THAT IF SHE WANTS TO FIND THE REAL HISTORICAL BLUEPRINT FOR DR. JEKYLL, SHE SHOULD NOT BE LOOKING AMONG THE SLUMS OF THE CITY. INSTEAD, SHE SHOULD LOOK IN THE WEALTHY NEW TOWN, WHERE THE RESPECTABLE PROFESSIONALS LIVED-- AND AT ONE MAN IN PARTICULAR-- DR. ROBERT KNOX. KNOX TAUGHT ANATOMY. HE WAS WELL-KNOWN IN THE CITY. HIS CLASSES SOMETIMES NUMBERED 500 STUDENTS. AND IT WAS HE WHO PURCHASED EVERY SINGLE ONE OF BURKE AND HARE'S VICTIMS. DR. KNOX WAS EXCESSIVELY CARELESS. HAD HE LOOKED AT THE BODIES MORE CAREFULLY, HE MAY HAVE RECOGNIZED THAT SOME OF THEM WERE SUSPICIOUS. AS FAR AS THE MAJORITY WERE CONCERNED, I THINK HE WAS JUST INDIFFERENT, AND HE PROBABLY DIDN'T INQUIRE WHERE HE SHOULD HAVE INQUIRED. KNOX WAS A DOCTOR WHO PRACTICED ON BODIES HE MAY HAVE SUSPECTED TO BE MURDER VICTIMS. JEKYLL WAS A DOCTOR WHO ABUSED HIS MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE TO CARRY OUT MURDEROUS FANTASIES. WAS DR. JEKYLL BASED ON DR. KNOX? TO FIND OUT, TESSA VISITS THE EDINBURGH SQUARE IN WHICH DR. KNOX ONCE LIVED. I'M STANDING IN THE SQUARE WHERE THE INFAMOUS DOCTOR KNOX HAD HIS ANATOMY ROOMS. NOW WHAT'S INTERESTING IS STEVENSON WROTE THAT DR. JEKYLL ALSO LIVED IN A SQUARE OF "ANCIENT, HANDSOME HOUSES." IN STEVENSON'S TALE, DR. JEKYLL LIVES IN A HOUSE WHICH HAD ONCE BELONGED TO A CELEBRATED SURGEON. IT EVEN HAD AN OLD ANATOMY THEATER IN THE BACK. JEKYLL'S ALTER EGO, MR. HYDE, IS OFTEN SEEN COMING INTO AND OUT OF THE BACK DOOR TO THIS ROOM. DR. KNOX HAD AN ANATOMY THEATER AT HIS HOUSE. HE FAMOUSLY ASKED BURKE AND HARE TO USE THE BACK DOOR WHEN MAKING THEIR DELIVERIES. DR. KNOX'S HOUSE ON SURGEON'S SQUARE NO LONGER EXISTS, BUT WE REVEAL HOW IT ONCE LOOKED. INCREDIBLY, IT'S ALMOST IDENTICAL TO STEVENSON'S DESCRIPTION OF DR. JEKYLL'S HOUSE. Stevenson: "ROUND THE CORNER FROM THE BYSTREETS, "THERE WAS A SQUARE OF ANCIENT, HANDSOME HOUSES. "ONE HOUSE, SECOND FROM THE CORNER, "WAS STILL OCCUPIED ENTIRE, "AND THE DOOR OF THIS WORE A GREAT AIR "OF WEALTH AND COMFORT." IN THE CHARACTER OF DR. KNOX, TESSA AND BENEDICT HAVE FOUND THE REAL MAN AND THE REAL WORLD BEHIND JEKYLL AND HYDE. COMING BACK TO EDINBURGH HAS FOR ME, I THINK, REALLY EXPLAINED WHAT STEVENSON WAS GETTING AT WHEN HE WROTE JEKYLL AND HYDE. YOU KNOW, HE WAS BORN IN A CITY OF OPPOSITES, AND, OF COURSE, HE WOULD HAVE ALSO ENJOYED THE STORIES THAT PEOPLE IN EDINBURGH REALLY EMBELLISH AND TALK ABOUT-- THE DEACON BRODIES OF THIS WORLD, BURKE AND HARE, THE BODY SNATCHERS, DR. KNOX-- ALL A SERIES OF OPPOSITES, OF HYPOCRISY, AND I THINK, FOR ME, THAT'S REALLY BROUGHT TOGETHER ALL THE DIFFERENT ELEMENTS AND TIED THEM UP, IF YOU LIKE, INTO A REALLY COMPLEX, BRILLIANT, HORROR MAN-MONSTER THAT WAS JEKYLL AND HYDE. TESSA AND BENEDICT HAVE DISCOVERED THAT STEVENSON'S STORY WAS INFLUENCED BY EDINBURGH'S BUILDINGS AS MUCH AS ITS HISTORY. AFTER EXPLORING THIS REMARKABLE SEQUENCE OF SPACES, BOTH THE OLD TOWN, THE NEW TOWN, THE VAULTS UNDERNEATH THESE 18TH-CENTURY BRIDGES, I'M CONVINCED IT'S THE VERY SPACES-- THE CHARACTER OF THIS ANCIENT, ORGANICALLY-PLANNED CITY, THAT WAS SUCH A BIG INSPIRATION IN PULLING TOGETHER THE STORY OF DR. JEKYLL AND MR. HYDE. THEY HAVE FOUND THAT THE INSPIRATION BEHIND JEKYLL AND HYDE WASN'T A SINGLE PERSON OR BUILDING. INSTEAD, IT WAS A UNIQUE COMBINATION-- NIGHTMARISH LOCATIONS, TWISTED HISTORICAL CHARACTERS, AND THE FACT THAT THE CITY ITSELF HAD A SPLIT PERSONALITY. SEEING EDINBURGH THROUGH STEVENSON'S EYES, THEY HAVE FOUND THAT-- THOUGH HIDDEN BY THE MODERN CITY-- THE WORLD OF JEKYLL AND HYDE STILL EXISTS. CAPTIONED BY FEATURE SUBTITLING & TRANSLATION www.featuresubtitling.com

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Channel: HISTORY

Views: 382,222

Rating: 4.815033 out of 5

Keywords: history, history channel, history shows, history channel shows, lost worlds, history lost worlds, lost worlds show, lost worlds full episodes, lost worlds clips, full episodes, lost world, lost worlds season 2 episode 14, lost worlds se2 e14, lost world s2 e14, lost worlds s02 e14, watch lost worlds, watch history shows, watch history full episodes, lost worlds season 2 clips, lost worlds full episode clips, watch lost world, watch lost world fullepisodes, Jekyll & Hyde

Id: DzhMu0WrEVU

Channel Id: undefined

Length: 45min 18sec (2718 seconds)

Published: Wed Jul 29 2020