Los Angeles, California's MEGACITY: Making Modern LA

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The only megacity in the western United States  has an ideal climate and a history of development   based - uniquely - on vehicle mobility.  There is no place quite like it on Earth. A powerful trendsetter, this diverse,  beautiful city is one of the most recognizable   on the planet. Arguably the most influential  and successful urban area of the 1900s,   its population grew from 100,000 to more  than 15 million in just over a century.   But this amazing boom favored some much more  than others and has required a re-engineering   of the natural environment on a scale  previously unseen in human history. This is Los Angeles, California’s megacity. Close to the beach, but not directly on the coast,  the area along the Los Angeles river was home to   the Chumash and Tongva indigenous peoples when  it was claimed in 1781 by Spain, who recruited   11 families to come from what is now the state of  Sinaloa in Mexico. These 44 people - a majority   of whom were of African descent - founded the  Spanish empire’s second town in California,   El Pueblo de Los Ángeles. It was still a small  settlement 40 years later when it came under the   control of a Mexican government, that was  fresh off gaining independence from Spain.   The catholic mission system was out, replaced  by the cattle-raising culture of wealthy   rancheros. But just a few years later the  United States won the Mexican-American War,   and in 1848 California officially became a US  territory. The discovery of gold in the north   grabbed headlines across the country. With people  rushing in, and lawlessness running rampant,   residents badly wanted the stability that  came with official American statehood.   But before the US Congress could act, the  delegates at California’s constitutional   convention took it upon themselves to settle the  two most vexing issues facing any aspiring state   at that time. First, they decided  what their own borders would be   and, second, on the slavery question,  voted unanimously to join the Union   as a free state. Congress was so eager to gain  such a vast area rich in resources - and extend   the Union across the continent to the Pacific  - that they accepted the Californians’ terms   and granted them statehood in record  time as part of the Compromise of 1850. With its broader security and governance issues  settled, the humble settlement on the Los Angeles   River quickly grew into a city of more than  100,000 by 1900. This population explosion   was in part thanks to the construction of two  major railways: the transcontinental, connecting   LA to San Francisco so burned-out gold rushers  could come south, and the Santa Fe, between   LA and Chicago, allowing easier long-distance  ground transport of both passengers and goods. One of the main industries drawing workers to Los  Angeles was petroleum. By 1923 California was the   country's largest oil producer–and accounted  for one-quarter of the entire world's output. Film production was also taking off as sunny  Hollywood allowed for year-round shooting.   By 1921, all the major studios were based in LA   and had a monopoly, with 80% of  the world’s films made there. The other industry that California is perfect  for is agriculture, and by the first half of the   20th century Los Angeles county was among  the most valuable croplands in America. There was just one thing holding the  region back: its Mediterranean ecology   didn’t provide enough water. So in 1907 Los  Angeles voters approved a bond measure to   begin construction of an Aqueduct to bring  water south from the Owens Valley, 233-miles   away. This deal was highly controversial. And some  desperate farmers whose fields were suddenly dry   used violence in vain to disrupt the aqueduct.  But it was no use, LA’s thirst would be quenched. This compelled many adjacent cities and  communities to join Los Angeles to gain access   to its water, including the valuable seaport of  Wilmington and San Pedro, absorbed by LA in 1909.   Between 1910 and 1940, LA incorporated Hollywood,  the San Fernando Valley, and many other areas. Securing a reliable water source for a  population of millions enabled the city   of Los Angeles to expand its borders. But  it was a confluence of additional factors   that took the growth of the entire region  to a whole other level, quickly transforming   the basin into the thriving, sprawling,  one-of-a-kind megacity that is modern LA. The sheer amount of land available  to develop played a major role.  “If you think about Manhattan Island,   and the narrowness of that piece of land, or even  San Francisco, as a peninsula. Los Angeles has   those natural boundaries in the mountains and  the ocean, but the scale is much much bigger.” Prior to 1900, most Angelenos got around  on foot or by horse-drawn carriage.   To paint this picture here’s Belle  Collins, who grew up in 1880’s Los Angeles. “Main street had a sidewalk which was wo  oden–it was just wooden planks laid down.   And it was all unpaved and dusty in the  summer and frightfully muddy in the winter.” Around the turn of the 20th century, Los  Angeles underwent a transportation revolution. The electrified trolley, also known as the  streetcar - or intraurban - was fast, cheap,   and reliable, and it carried passengers  up off of those dirty, bumpy roads.   One man in particular had the right combination of   experience in the railroad industry and  money to transform the entire region. “Those trolley speculators that predate Huntington  they build trolleys between a fixed point - Town   A - and a fixed point - Town B - because there’s  a demand for what can traffic between those two   towns. That’s logical. Huntington has so much  wealth he doesn’t need the other town yet.” “He would build lines to nowhere and then  create a name and a sign. And then follow   that by building a community in these areas  that had available access to public transit.” By the 1920s, Greater Los Angeles had the largest  streetcar system in the world. 1,100 miles of line   connected hundreds of small cities,  towns, and villages into a vast network. “The ability to get on a trolley  and travel across this basin   inexpensively and efficiently  worked for decades and decades.” Ironically, the popularity of the  streetcar helped to hasten its downfall.   As the system grew in size, it became more complex  and congested. As privately-owned enterprises,   lines weren’t consistently maintained the way  public mass transit was in other big cities.   And as passengers suffered more frequent delays,  they watched in envy as the latest innovation   in transportation zipped all around them. The  arrival of the mass-production automobile meant   liberation from the tyranny of the fixed track:  you went wherever you wanted, whenever you wanted. The Great Depression also affected  the development of Los Angeles. “In 1934 - all of the new homes built  in the United States were worth only   $227 million dollars. A decline of 92% from 1928.” To jump-start the economy, as part of  his New Deal, President Roosevelt and   a democratically-controlled Congress created  the Federal Housing Administration. The FHA   provided mortgage insurance  to protect lenders from losses   when a homeowner defaults on their mortgage. This  eliminated one of the riskiest parts of lending   so banks could offer home loans to many more  buyers and on much more affordable terms. It’s hard to overstate how important the FHA  was - and continues to be - in supporting   homebuilding in America. Think about this.  Before the FHA, you needed to put down half   to buy a home instead of the 10-20% that's now  standard. And the repayment schedule was spread   out over just three to five years. It’s no wonder  then that before the FHA just 1 in 10 American   households owned the home they lived in, and that  65 years after the FHA was created over 68% did. This had a huge impact in Los Angeles  with so much available land to build on.   With the dream of owning a detached home  within reach for middle-class workers   in LA’s booming aircraft, rubber, automotive,  and oil industries, the population of the County   surpassed two million before the Second World  War. The affordability of the San Fernando   Valley was particularly appealing, and it became  the fastest-growing region in the United States,   doubling in population in the 1940s, then  doubling again in the ’50s to over 700,000 people.   On the other side of LA, a preview of the suburban  homebuilding style now familiar to anyone living   in an American city was launched in Lakewood,  or what was known as “Tomorrow’s City Today,”  Every day 4,000 workers completed at least  fifty homes in a giant outdoor assembly line.   That was roughly one dwelling  completed every 10 minutes.  Unfortunately, the FHA did much more  than trigger a housing construction boom.   By only insuring a certain type of home, it  shaped what kinds of houses would be built,   where they would be constructed,  and even who would buy them.  It prioritized detached, new-built houses  on wide streets and cul-de-sacs, preferring   expansiveness over density; and favored places  near arterial roads, rather than public transit. As a federal agency operating at the height  of the Cold War - the FHA was not immune to   issues of national security. Los Angeles  was then the center of a booming military   and aviation tech industry–a hub for the  likes of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation,   which theoretically made it a target for  Soviet missile strikes. One way to protect   American assets from nuclear catastrophe  - the thinking went - was to physically   increase the size of the target by encouraging  residents to move away from city centers.   This little-known policy of “Defensive Dispersal”  was quite literally a national security effort   to incentivise suburban sprawl through affordable  home loans. By the mid-1950s, planned communities,   spreading for miles around downtown LA, were  dominated by an ever-expanding network of charming   ranch-style bungalows–reportedly the home  design that best withstood nuclear blasts. The FHA’s policies also excluded Americans  of color by design by refusing to insure   mortgages in racially mixed neighborhoods. As  whites left America’s cities in droves for the   brand-new suburbs, minorities were sidelined in  less desirable multi-family urban dwellings.   “The racism was very blatant - ‘It’s a white  man’s neighborhood’ - that’s how these tracts   were sold. So this was the reason why you  saw restrictive covenants, things of this   nature, it was to go along with that California  myth that this was the new white utopia.” All this was going on as 5 million African  Americans were moving from the Jim Crow   South to cities in the Northeast, Midwest,  and West. By 1960 the FHA had underwritten   tens of millions of mortgages on new houses  worth a total of $120 billion, but just 2% of   these loans went to non-whites. Even though this  type of discrimination is now illegal, its lasting   effects have reduced generational wealth and  educational opportunities in communities of color. Another development that has dramatically  changed life in Los Angeles has been the   freeway. In the 1940s and 50s, the volume  of traffic and intersections - combined with   the size of the region - meant trips  by car were taking longer and longer.   The freeway allowed for high-speed, non-stop  travel over greater distances. But it came   at a high cost: the decimation of neighborhoods  mostly home to lower-income and minority families.   The Mexican-American community of Boyle  Heights had wide swaths demolished to make   room for multiple freeways and interchanges,  while only one freeway was planned in white,   wealthy Beverly Hills–until even it was stopped  by local protests and has never been built. The construction of freeways also meant the  continued expansion of development, creating   even greater demand for water from ever-more  distant sources, culminating in one of the most   audacious megaprojects in human history: the State  Water Project - or SWP - launched in the 1960s. [President John F. Kennedy]  “There is no other project   in the history of the United States where a  state has put in such a large contribution   to the development of its own resources,  and where the national government has joined   with the state. This has brought your state to  be the pioneer in the United States in the field   of development and conservation of our natural  resources. California in this area is number one. The SWP’s 21 dams and more than 700 miles  of canal, pipeline, and tunnel are now   the lifeblood of modern California. The Project  delivers water to over 750,000 acres of farmland   and 25 million people. Many reservoirs and  pumping stations keep the flow going–none   more important than the motors that haul water  up an astounding 2,882 feet over the Tehachapi   mountains - the largest water lifting system in  the world - so it can flow down into the LA basin. All this means Greater Los Angeles now  covers more than 33,000 square miles–the   largest metropolitan region by  land area in the United States.   Its economy is ranked 3rd in the world behind  just Tokyo and New York City, and its the   main reason why California is America’s  largest state by both population and GDP.   In fact, if California were a country of  its own, its economy would rank 5th in the   world, ahead of India. And Los Angeles is often  billed as the "Creative Capital of the World"   because one in every six residents does work  related to the arts. There are more writers,   filmmakers, actors, dancers and musicians in Los  Angeles than in any other city on our planet. But for all its successes, it has its share of  problems. Air quality can be notoriously bad,   though it has improved as cars, trucks, and  energy sources have become more efficient.   To solve its worst-in-the-nation traffic,  it continues to build out its light rail   and bus rapid transit systems. Now it needs to  focus on increasing density right around them. “With each rail line that comes into operation,  it just exponentially boosts all the other ones.   But I think the next stage for LA really  shouldn’t be about more rail lines,   it oughta be about taking advantage of  the rail lines that are already here. And   making sure that there are more apartment  buildings built around the rail lines,   more jobs located there, really just  building up the communities around it.   Because that’s how we get the ridership and  the real benefit out of the rail lines.” Despite being one of the most expensive real  estate markets in America, Los Angeles accounts   for 37% of California’s lowest-income residents.  With median home prices over $800K and affordable   rental stock dwindling to less than 1 rental  for every 5 extremely low-income households,   it's no wonder why LA has over 66,000 homeless  citizens. And many of those who can afford rent   don’t get much for their money: with one of the  nation’s worst rates of residential overcrowding,   11% of Angelenos rent rooms shared by multiple  occupants. Some Angelenos are tackling this by   building Accessory Dwelling Units to create more  housing on existing lots. A new state program   even provides up to $25,000 in  grants for homeowners to put one up. “So this used to be a driveway all the  way through and there was a garage back   there. So we just tore down the garage  and we built the house in its place.   It’s a phenomenal thing. You could build  a second house on every single yard in   Los Angeles as far as I can tell. I’d much  rather have a house than a place for my car. But despite its increasing density, Greater  LA continues to sprawl deeper into dry, windy,   hilly areas, heightening  the threat of fast-moving,   hard-to-stop wildfires, and mudslides. More  extreme weather is making them more destructive.   With longer-lasting droughts, drinking water  supplies are threatened as reservoirs and rivers   now routinely run dangerously low. As yearly  snowfall in the Sierras continues to decline,   Los Angeles must turn to innovative  measures to save water any way it can. The most effective way to  do this is water recovery.   Orange County, just to the south of LA, has  been operating a successful system since 2008.   “Potable reuse is where you take recycled  water, it gets pumped into a groundwater basin,   referred to as an environmental buffer, and  then into the potable distribution system.   We’ve expanded from 70 million gallons  a day to 100 million gallons per day.   It’s the purest water that we have in Southern  California. It’s an incredible, valuable resource,   the political problem is convincing people that  wastewater isn’t a bad thing, it’s a good thing.   It’s actually cleaner than the water we get from  the Colorado or from Northern California. In fact,   you even need to add some minerals to it because  it’s so pure. The Colorado river goes through   people’s kidneys many times before it gets to the  point where its diverted to Southern California,   so everybody in Southern California  today drinks recycled sewer water.” The Los Angeles region is only  planning to recycle enough water   to serve less than 10% of its people. But if the  majority of California’s wastewater was recycled,   it could produce water for 30 million residents.  This would allow expensive and environmentally   harmful solutions like ocean desalination  plants and the building of additional dams and   aqueducts to become solutions of last resort. Another antiquated idea is wasting water to   irrigate grass, which accounts for nearly half of  urban water use in Southern California. Programs   to incentivize residents to switch to natural  landscaping resulted in the removal of more than   200 million square feet of irrigated lawn in  the last period of mandatory water restrictions.  California’s network of emergency management  agencies are already under intense pressure   to prepare for imminent environmental disasters,  with the most difficult being the “the big   one”–the earthquake everyone knows is coming,  but are powerless to stop. According to the USGS,   California currently has a 99% chance of at  least one 6.7+ - or greater - magnitude quake   in the next 30-years. A 6.6 mag in 1971 killed  65 people and caused over $500 million in damage.   This motivated the state to update building codes  and retrofit older structures. But even with these   improvements, a high-magnitude quake in the  network of faults that runs beneath downtown LA   would likely have devastating effects on citywide  infrastructure: rupturing gas lines, downing   power lines, sparking fires, cutting off water,  and making many roads and freeways impassible.  But these threats are unlikely to change the fact  that, for many, LA is the most desirable place to   live in the entire world. The advantage this  megacity has to attract the world’s best and   brightest will continue. The question is whether  Los Angeles can reverse its troubling slide   toward economic inequality and remain a global  beacon of opportunity and tolerance for all.  Like this video, if you enjoyed it, and subscribe  to get the next episode in this series–a profile   of Kinshasa, Congo. And if you missed  it, we looked at Shanghai last time. And a special thanks to LA’s KCET, the best  channel I’ve ever come across covering a   single region; and to Ben Wilson and his book  Metropolis. Both sources are linked below.
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Keywords: los angeles, things to do in los angeles, los angeles travel, megacity, megacities, tdc, tokyo, delhi, china, california, surf, newsom, ocean, documentary, la, los angeles 4k, news, breaking news, nbc nightly news, joe biden, barack obama, cars, cnn, gavin newsom, inflation, big sur, las vegas, fox news, san diego, san diego zoo, san diego 4k, los angeles vlog, dw documentary, vice, jakarta, cnbc, downtown los angeles, santa monica, venice beach, rams, highlights, lakers, london, hollywood, ucla, usc
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Length: 22min 18sec (1338 seconds)
Published: Mon Jul 25 2022
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