[MUSIC] Text is another important kind of data
that computer programs need to manipulate, and in computer programming,
we call any segment of text a string. We've used strings before. For example, the format string of
the built-in function fprintf is, as its name implies, a string. And we've just used the intmax function,
where the argument was the name of the data type that we're
interested in, and that's a string. So, what is a string in MATLAB really? Well, it's a vector of characters. In other words, it's a vector
whose elementary type is char. We saw this when we used the class
function earlier in this lesson, so it shouldn't come as a surprise. What will be surprising though,
is that char is a numerical data type. A char is actually a number, and
behind the scenes, there's an encoding, decoding scheme that specifies what
number represents what character. The oldest such character encoding scheme
is called A-S-C-I-I, pronounced ASCII. ASCII stands for
American Standard Code for Information Interchange, and
it was developed in the 1960s. An ASCII character code
is seven bits long, so it can encode a set of 128 characters. As you can see in the table,
the ASCII set includes the Latin alphabet, the digits zero to nine, punctuation
marks and some special characters. For example, 36 is the dollar
sign while 97 is the lowercase a. Of the special characters, we care about the new line
character abbreviated nl, and having the code 10 in the space
marked sp and encoded is 32. 128 characters seemed like plenty
in America in the 1960s, but nowadays, well, we need more. Just think of all the characters
in all the world's languages, and most importantly, all the emojis
that we just can't live without. So, over the years, many other schemes with far more
characters have been developed. The good news is that little old ASCII
is a subset of pretty much all of them. Let's dig a little
deeper into this subset. Here's a function that prints out all
the visible characters in the ASCII table. It uses a for loop with a loop index
that starts at 33 and ends at 126. 33 is the encoded value of the first
visible character in the ASCII table, which happens to be the exclamation mark,
and 126 is the value of the last visible
character, which is the tilde. Inside the loop, one character is printed at a time
using fprintf with a %s format string. You may remember that %s expects a string. So, the second argument of fprintf
is the value of the loop index converted to a character by
the char conversion function. After the loop, we print a new line as
usual, and that's all there is to it. Okay, let's see how this thing works. I got it right over here in a temp file. And there it is in the editor. I'll just run it. And it works as advertised. Here at the beginning, is the exclamation
point that we get from ASCII code 33. And over here at the end,
is the tilde, whose code is 126. With all the other printable
characters arrayed here in between. As it turns out,
we can make it even simpler. As I said,
the %s in the format string of the fprintf function tells the function
to expect a string argument. More exactly, what it tells the function,
is that whatever argument it gets, should be converted into a char. So, we don't need to use
the conversion function char here. We can simply use ii. And the %s will treat it
as if it were a char. Let's try that. Same result. And, if we want to look like a wizard, we
can even change the last line like this. Which says to fprintf, print
the number 10 as if it were a string. 10 happens to be the code for
the new line character. So, if we tell fprintf to expect
a string and then give it the number 10, it will convert to a char with the value
10, which is just a new line character. And we get the same result again. This time, we're magically getting
characters out of nothing but numbers up here. Well, what does character mean, exactly? Well, these so-called characters
that we're looking at here, ones that are being printed to the screen, are actually just arrangements
of tiny black, white, and gray pixels that look to our eyes like
familiar symbols, whose meanings we know. Let me turn on my magnifier here,
show you what's really there. There. See those little grey pixels, and
white pixels, and black pixels, and so on, look like a 1. They look like a 2, a 3, a 4, and so on. Well, here's a D, an E, et cetera. So, we give MATLAB a number,
tell it to treat it as a character, and it produces a pixel pattern that
symbolizes something to us. Okay, we peeked behind the curtain and
found that there's no wizardry and strings at all, just ordinary numbers,
a conversion table, and some pixels. The rest of it's all in our heads. Let's play some more with strings. This was Plan B if the title computer
program with MATLAB didn't work out. Now, I'm going to treat this
string just like a vector, just to prove there really is one. [SOUND]. There, you can check its lengths, like up here you can index into it. Here's a number one index. You can use a colon operator
to give it multiple ND's and use the end and so on,
just like you can with any vector. Those are advantages, but
there are disadvantages too. Because they're vectors, comparing two strings is not as
easy as comparing two scalers. So let's see. You cannot just compare two arrays
with the double equals operator, if they don't happen to
have exactly the same size. It violates the rules of array operations. And even when our two
strings are the same length, the result of the comparison
is probably not what we want. Let's illustrate that
with the word MATLAB, which we'll pluck out of this title again. Hm.
You ever ask yourself what MATLAB spelled backwards is? It's BALTAM. As in, that stupid bug showed up out of
the blue, it was just totally BALTAM. Anyway, MATLAB and BALTAM are the same
length so we can use them as operands for the double equals operator. So let's try it out. We get a vector of logicals,
which is what you get for any element wise comparison of vectors,
with a relational operator. Instead of the answer we want like,
you know, these strings are not the same, we get one answer for
each pair of chars in these two strings. And since, as it happens,
only the A's match up, the second and the fifth elements are the only true
values in the resulting vector, the rest of them are false. In a minute I'll show you a helpful
function for comparing strings, it'll give us the answer we want. But for now I'm going to show you how
to have some fun in converting chars to doubles. Okay. We started with a string,
we converted it to a double, and our code is just a vector of doubles. Lets tweak the values in code,
just a little bit, and then the code back to a char. So we're adding three to every element
of code, then we convert it from a double to a char, and we put the result
in secret and see what it looks like. Will you look at that? We've encrypted our message,
we can send this to our friend now. Even if it's intercepted by the teacher,
he won't have any idea what it says. But our friend is a MATLAB programmer too,
so she can decode the message easily. Here's how she'd do it. All she has to do is know the secret
tweak, which was to add three. And she just undoes that
by subtracting three. Told you it was going to be fun. We found another advantage of
the fact that a string is a vector. We can send secret messages. And on the subject of the string being
a vector, a vector in MATLAB is just a one dimensional array, so we've,
in fact, got an array of chars here. So, can we have a two
dimensional array of chars? Yes, of course. Bill is an array. Well it's a one dimensional array, so
it's a vector, and it's the first row. Mary is the vector of the second row,
John's the third row, and so there's our array. It's a two dimensional array of char. Let's try another one. So that works great too. So, so
far we've got a three by four array, and now we've got this two by eight array. Hm, let's do an array
operation on this array. We'll do a transpose. We're on a roll here. Let's get a little more ambitious. Oh no, what just happened? What kind of an animal
is a vertcat anyway? Well, vertcat is a built-in function,
not a feline. Matlab uses vertcat internally for
vertically concatenating the two vectors we provided,
into matrix, but it didn't work here. Can you guess why? You know, I can not hear your answer for some reason, but
I'll give you the benefit of the doubt. Yes, that's right. We were trying to create a matrix
in which the two rows, this one and this one, had different lengths. You'll see this error message quite often,
because there are lots of times when you'll accidentally try to
give the rows in array different lengths. To help you remember what vertcat means,
it might be worth pointing out that vertcat is a contraction
of vertically catenate. Because catenate and concatenate mean the same thing,
just like inflammable and flammable. In this case, MATLAB complained because
the first line of the text had 28 characters, tiger,
tiger burning bright, while the second, in the forest of the night, had only 27. Oops. That's a big no-no in MATLAB. So you have to be very careful. In fact, typically you shouldn't
try to store strings in matrices, because they are rarely
of the same length. We'll show you how to store
strings the right way, and how to compare strings the right way too. These tasks and others that deal with
strings require a little finesse. But fortunately,
MATLAB provides specialized functions, and additional data types,
that'll make it easier. MATLAB provides a set of very
useful built-in functions, to help us deal with strings. We'll recommend a few of
the most useful ones, which can help us with five
common tasks involving strings. First, searching for a substring inside
a string is made easy with the function named findstr, which means find string. Second, comes conversion of a number to or
from a string. Now that we've learned about strings,
we know that a double, with the value 123, is not the same as a string
of characters 1, 2, 3. They look the same, but
they're fundamentally different. One's a floating point number, and
the other's a vector of three chars. However, you can convert
by contort between them, using num2str, for number to string. And str2num for string to number. Third, when we need to
compare two strings, we've seen that the double equals
operator does not really do what we want. Well the strcmp function does, and
it's name, in fact, means string compare. Fourth, it's often necessary to change
between upper and lowercase letters. For that,
we can use a function named lower, to convert a string to all lowercase,
and upper to do the opposite. Fifth and finally, sometimes we need to
print with fancy formatting into a string, instead of into the command window,
or into a file. For that, we have the sprintf function
which means string print formatted, it's often pronounced, print F. It's a snap to learn, because the only
difference from fprintf is that sprintf puts its result into its output argument. Okay, let's try these functions out. Let's try searching first. So what does the four mean? It's the index of the first
letter of the first occurrence, the sub string in the string. Okay, now let me try that in English. We're looking for LAB, and we found it. The first time we found it, in this case,
the only time we encountered it, is position four in the string, one,
two, three, four, character four. That's where the first
character of the string LAB occurs in the string MATLAB for Smarties. It's the first place, second argument,
occurred in the first argument. Remember these strings are case sensitive,
let's try this. [SOUND] This time we get the empty matrix. MATLAB, in the title up here,
is in all caps, so there is no lowercase lab in this string. So there's no index to return this time,
that's why we get the empty array. I'm sure you've heard it said
that there's no i in team. Well, let's check. Yeah, that proves it,
i is definitely not in there. So, no, I am, no, anyway, so
far we've either not found the substring we were looking for,
or we'd found it once. Let's do one more example in which we see
what it looks like when we find something more than once. [SOUND] Substring r, right here, shows up in two places in MOOC title. Let's see, MOOC title was MATLAB for
Smarties, and there's an r right here at the end of
the word four, that's character ten, and, there's an r in Smarties,
which is the fifteenth character. So, string find returns the vector ten,
fifteen. Okay, that's it for searching strings,
now it's time to compare strings again. Remember the trouble we had before when
we tried to do that with a double equals operator? Well, now we're better equipped to
tackle this problem because we know about the string compare function, strcmp. [SOUND] [NOISE] Okay, let's review what happened here. First of all, we reminded ourselves
what was in MOOC title, MATLAB for Smarties, then we defined this
variable lang by setting it equal to the string MATLAB, then we compared
MATLAB for Smarties with MATLAB. Well, MATLAB for
Smarties is not the same as MATLAB. MATLAB is a substring of it, but they
are not the same, so we get a zero, or false, meaning they are not the same. Next thing we did was just take
the first six characters in MATLAB for Smarties right here, compared that
with lang, now they're the same. So we get true or one. Couldn't be any easier. It returns true or false depending on whether the strings in
the two arguments are the same or not. Case sensitivity applies here, too,
but if we don't care about that, we can use strcmpi, which stands for
string compare ignoring case. Let's try that. [SOUND]
Well, we get true. Clearly, Matlab is not the same
string as the first six characters of MATLAB for
Smarties because this isn't all caps, but this little i here,
in strcmpi, means ignoring case. Ignoring case, they are the same,
so we get a one. This ignoring case has nothing
to do with anything other than characters that are letters, doesn't
affect punctuation, doesn't affect digits. By the way, if you ever need to
convert a string to lowercase or to uppercase, check out the built
in functions lower and upper. Let me emphasize again, how different strings containing
digits are from numbers. [SOUND] The only difference here is
I put quotes around the three point one four one six down here,
but that makes this a string. These two variables have values
that are completely different. This is a number, this is a string. We know that because we just typed
them in, but MATLAB doesn't put quotes around the string here, so
it is easy to confuse these two sometimes. There is one subtle hint,
numbers are indented, strings are not. Let's see how different they are. First they have different dimensions. [SOUND] One by one, it's a scalar. [SOUND] One by six,
it's a row vector of six characters. And speaking of characters,
they have different types. [SOUND] And look what happens if
you try to use them in arithmetic. [SOUND] No surprise there, four point one four one six is three point
one four one six plus one. Look at this. [SOUND] What is this? Well, what's happened here is that
we've done mixed mode arithmetic. We've added one value, that's a char, to another value,
here the one, that's a double. A bit earlier in this lesson,
we mentioned that the rules for mixed mode arithmetic, mixed mode
meaning mixed types of operands, are complicated enough that we're leaving
it to you to look them up in the textbook. But I'll explain what happened here. The rule for mixing chars and
doubles is that before the addition, the char is converted to a double. So it's as if we did this. [SOUND] We get the same result. We look at the term on the left
converted to a double. [SOUND] It all makes sense. The 51 became a 52 and we added one to it,
a 46 to a 47, and so on. It's just array addition with a vector and
a scalar. It makes sense, but
it's not something we want to do, unless we're encoding
secret messages again. What we might want to do is convert
the string three point one four one six way up here to the number three
point one four one six and then add one. You'll sometimes find, for a example, that
your program must read a string of digits that a user typed in, or that's in a file. And then it has to convert it to
a number and do arithmetic on it. Well by now you're probably tired of me. Well I could probably just stop right
there, you are probably tired of me. I'm tired of me, for goodness sakes. What I was going to say was,
tired of me posing a problem, just so I can have an excuse to introduce just
the perfect built-in function to solve it. Okay. But be that as it may there
is just the perfect built-in function that'll solve this problem. It's call s-t-r the digit two num
which means string to number. Let me write it out here, and
I'll give it pi digits and convert it. Notice that it's indented over here, that's a little hint that this is
actually not a string, but a number. Now let's prove it's
a number by adding 1 to it. There, 4.1416. And you probably won't be surprised
to learn that you can go in the other direction, number to string. And notice that this is an indented,
lets try to add 1 to it, and there we go,
its deja vu all over again. Okay, there's just one more string
function that I want to show you. Remember earlier when we were saying that
there was this function sprintf, and it's a snap to learn, because how
similar it is to fprintf and so on? No? Well that's okay, all you need is
one example and you've got it. It's easy, don't worry. Let's see, it'll get a variable r12 and we want to use fprintf first,
to print something to the command window involving r,
here it goes. Okay, that's straightforward. We've got this format string here, with the format specifiers,
escape, symbols, and so on. And the first argument, r,
is printed .2f, two decimal places. Then pi*r^2, printed the same way. And we put a little exclamation
point there and that's it. Now I'm going to repeat this command by
using the up arrow key on my keyboard, but I'm going to come over here and
change one character. I'm going to change this f to an s,
and see what happens. Okay?
Here we go. Nothing. This is sprintf. Everything is the same, everything you've
learned about fprintf is the same, but where'd the output go? Well instead of printing to the screen, sprintf puts the text
into an output argument. We didn't see anything,
because we put the semicolon here. Let's give it an output argument
that it can stick things into, I'm going to hit the up arrow key again,
and come over here. And I'm going to give it an output
argument, str, for string. There. Still don't see anything because we
still have a semicolon, but now we know there's something in str, or at least
we hope so, let's have a look at it. There we go. The area of a circle
with radius 12 is 452.39. Same exclamation point,
everything's the same. Even that line feed showed up here,
that's why there's a space. So you can see that sprintf constructs
a string using a format string, using arguments after the format string,
just in exactly the same way that fprintf does, except it puts
the result into an output argument. And what's the type of
the output argument? It's a string.
It's elements of type char. Well that's it for sprintf, and that is all I have to say about strings. [MUSIC] [APPLAUSE]
