Lecture 1: Biblical Hebrew Grammar II - Dr. Bill Barrick

trypsin is taken directly from the catalogue and so there's no need to go over that and as far as the reason for the the rationale for the second semester what we want to do is build on the knowledge you gained in first semester that's basic bottom line that's what we're doing and during the semester we want to get you to the point to where you are handling the biblical text on a regular basis we'll have a number of translation assignments and with those translation assignments we will build your repertoire in being able to look at the Hebrew text and read it for yourself you need to have a Hebrew Bible you need to have holidays a lexicon in order for you to carry out these assignments if you have if use a Hebrew Bible from online or if you have software package please make certain that you handle the matter of the cathedrale II that occurs whenever you have a starred portion within the text or it's in square brackets and you have the word repeated and in those cases you need to check to find out exactly what the Hebrew text has as opposed to accepting either one of the two readings that are in your software what happens in the software is that the editors of the software have taken the 'kathy the Caray the 'kathy is that which is written in the text the Correia is what the mass reads have put in the margin of the text and they have added the pointings because the Caray in the margin that the master eats give is an unpainted hebrew text and so you have to hypothesize you have to guess basically with an educated guess hopefully what the Poynting would have been for that hebrew text that is in the margin and then on the written text the reason you have a Kure is because there has been some question regarding that text and so then the editors sometimes then try to change the mass retic pointing of that text to what they think it should have been and so what you end up with in your software is two readings back-to-back neither one of which matches exactly what is in the mathematic text that has come down to us so you have to check a hard copy at that point to find out exactly what the reading is and I'll try to warn you about these as we come into each one but you have to pay attention that very carefully if you're using Hebrew Bible software rather than using a hard copy we remember that we say we claim that the biblical text is our sole foundation for faith and practice and the interesting thing is how often those who say they believe that in their preaching and teaching don't touch the Old Testament don't preach the Old Testament as though it is not practical cannot be practiced and has nothing to believe therefore is not the foundation of faith in the first week of January we had the Doctor of Ministry students here on campus and the third cohort was in the Old Testament section and as we went around the room and talked to them in it was interesting one out of six had actually preached from the Old Testament in the past five years in their preaching ministry and two out of the six in ten years or more of ministry had not preached from the Old Testament at all and so that gives your congregations a very skewed view of the word and so when you say that the Scriptures are the sole foundation of faith and practice their thinking the entire Bible old a New Testament but in the pulpit that's never reinforced because all you preach from is the New Testament and so one of the reasons you're taking Hebrew is so that that will not happen so that you have the tools to exegete and to expound the Old Testament and as we go through this semester I'll be trying to reinforce some of that and to try to give you some tools to use that will help you in developing an outline of a Hebrew text diagramming the Hebrew text and preparing you then for the third semester of Hebrew ot 603 the introduction Hebrew exegetical methodology and at the same time make certain that you begin to use that text and have the ability to use it even now in teaching and preaching so that's part of our goal and we'll be doing a translation in Genesis 37 Ruth 1:4 Samuel 16 Psalm 103 we'll be using in Tuesday morning devotions starting next Tuesday and I trust that you'll find that a time of reflection on the text and thinking about how to apply it and utilize it after all second familiy 3:16 says that all Scripture is god-breathed and profitable that doesn't say only the New Testament is God breathed and profitable it doesn't say the Old and New Testaments are God breathed but only the New Testament is profitable and profitable it says therefore doctrine doesn't limit it to the New Testament there's doctrine in the old as well and it's for reproof for correction and for instruction and righteousness that the man of God might be complete or mature thoroughly furnished unto all good works and so that includes the Old Testament in fact when Paul wrote that there were very few portions of the New Testament available Pott James would have been available the 1st New Testament pistil about 45 ad the Gospel of Mark may have been available the Gospel of Matthew may have been available we know definitely that all the writings of John were not available at the time he penned that epistle to Timothy we know that a number of the New Testament pistols for example like Thessalonians had already been written by that time but we don't know if it had actually been distributed to where everyone had it we don't know for certain for example if the church at Ephesus where Timothy was at the time had the Thessalonians in hand and so when we look at that it's obviously talking about and including the Old Testament and verse 15 confirms it in the prior context where it talks about Timothy and it says that from a child he had known the scriptures because his grandmother Lois and his mother had taught him from those scriptures and that he knew those scriptures were able to make him wise unto salvation and so it's very clear by context that the Old Testaments included and therefore it's profitable and that's one of the things we want to try to do and I want to model that by the way we go through Psalm 103 in a time of devotion at the start of each Tuesday's class the course objectives are this basically completing this course you should be able to read aloud the Hebrew of any passage in the Hebrew Old Testament and I mean that any passage and there will be days especially starting in about a month's time that when we come to class I may ask you just to turn to a certain passage or I'll put a passage up on the screen here and ask you to read it aloud pronounce it we want to practice that we want to make certain that you have good pronunciation abilities and are able to read the Hebrew text secondly you should be able to identify the basic grammatical elements of Old Testament Hebrew and by this I mean specifically the syntactically and exegetically significant elements of Hebrew there are many elements of Hebrew for example the genders of the verbs of the nouns and the adjectives we can end the pronouns and pronominal suffixes we can talk about gender but it's not exegetically significant they are markers that helps to see agreement between terms in the passage and to mark proper relationships but it's not something that is going to blow the lid off exegetically or interpretive ly so those are not necessarily exegetically significant that there are those elements in fact there's 12 basic grammatical elements for Biblical Hebrew that are exegetically significant ones that if you see them in any passage that you have you know that you have something that you can really grasp hold of and run with as you interpret and expound the text they are exegetically signal third you should be able to translate selected narrative portions of the Hebrew Old Testament and I say narrative portions there but we will be looking at other portions will be doing translation in prophetic literature will be doing translation legal literature will be be doing translation in poetic literature so you'll have across the board the gamut of different genres or types of literature available and you'll get experienced in each of those and we'll talk about their characteristics and what to watch for in looking at those but the narrative portion is what I want you specifically to finish this course very familiar with and very comfortable with and will continue to work on the other genres then in the third semester lastly you should be able to outline a basic exegetical methodology for preparing sermons from the Old Testament again I don't want you to wait to third semester to begin to learn some of these principles I want you to begin to learn some of them now so that as you have opportunity to preach from the Old Testament you will actually proceed to do so when you have the opportunity and to use your Hebrew as much as possible on the required text books the grammar again that you had for last semester and the workbook and also holidays Hebrew lexicon and then Putnam Frederick Clark Putnam Hebrew Bible insert be certain that you bring this to class with you by the time we finish the semester you and I will have memorized portions of this you'll be able to cite portions of it saying well section 1.8 dot one has to do with the construct state 1.8 dot two has do with a position go on down through the line near 3.33 is where you go for discussion of Hien a section four is where you go for discussion of the accents those will become so familiar with to you and as you go into third semester this is going to be used heavily again so keep this handy make certain that you have it bring it to class with you for every class hour on our schedule today we're going to start with chapter 20 that was where we wanted to be last semester but circumstances prevented me from picking up and finishing that with you so we're going to start there with a discussion of the wild correlative and while consecutive your first assignment is on Thursday Thursday you are to have exercise 20 exercise 20 is due on Thursday there's nothing due today except reading chapter 20 many of you read that last semester anyway so chapter 20 workbook exercise is due on Thursday the first vocabulary quiz will be next Tuesday one week from today it will be on chapter 21 so let's turn to chapter 21 now and let's take a look at that vocabulary page 135 I believe and let's go over the vocabulary this will be the only vocabulary for the vocab quiz a week from today and by the way the exercise for chapter 21 will be due the same day so one week from the day the exercise for chapter 21 exercise for chapter 21 alright please pronounce these after me as I go through I'm starting up the upper right hand corner and reading across the top line Naza this verb means he departed or he left he departed or he left Casa he covered or he concealed he covered or he concealed in this in the Psalms when the psalmist talks about covering sin in the sense of forgiving sin this is the verb that is used Casa it can also be used to conceal or to cover up something to hide it the third word there on the upper left hand corner is nakao means he inherited or he possessed this is a very frequently occurring verb especially starting in Deuteronomy and going on through Joshua and judges and many of the historical books and then again appearing frequently in the Psalms and the prophets he inherited he possessed often talking about Israel possessing the land or the tribes inheriting certain portions na kal okay the second line cough air coffe air means he wiped clean or he made atonement for Yom Kippur is from the same root Kippur it means to cover keep for death is the atonement cover on the Ark of the Covenant the the Ark of the Covenant has this lid on it with the cherubim and that is called a keeper it it's called the place of atoning a place of atonement so the calf air is a very significant theological term in the Old Testament he wiped clean he made atonement for then we have the noun that is related to the verb we had in the top-line nak Allah nay Allah means inheritance or possession notice it has the same try literal root it has the noon the Haythe and the low-mid the AA suffix shows you that it is a feminine noun it's a feminine noun nak Allah the next one is lavash lavash means he was clothed notice that the Sri under the bathe that indicates that we have a a verb that is a state Eve verb a stative verb verbs remember that are in the form like col.caf Ave carafe Malak Hamer those verbs are not state Eve's they are normally looked at as active verbs or EMTs they are action verbs the verbs that have the Cerie in the Cal perfect third masculine singular as this one are primarily than stative verbs we also have an O class vowel there like in cotton cotton means he was small yah coal he was able those are also stative verbs other stative verbs like this one like lavash are verbs like male who can tell me what male means full he was full calves ade what does calves ade mean he was heavy he was heavy he was honored calves a this is the the verb root from where we get the noun form kavod that means glory okay it's that which is heavy that which has honor that which has significance so notice that sorry that indicates a stative verb form as we have here with lavash so it has a form of the verb to be in his translation he was clothed he was clothed that's his state all right the third word is one that you're familiar with we've had before it's one of the Sehgal eight nouns although it doesn't have a seagull in it notice it's accented on the first syllable that's one of the clues for a sega late now it's accented on the first syllable this is net air now means youth but don't be confused by that sometimes that youthfulness is relative for example Absalom at the time he died is called net air by both the men around David and by David but at that time Absalom had children he was married and had children he was probably in his late twenties or even in his 30s but he is called Nat so be careful this is one of those areas where when you do a word study you can go overboard because ne'er usually is a youth somewhere between say the ages of thirteen or fourteen up until the mid 20s a young person and as you look at that you're tempted to always classify that individual that way but we find it used in a much broader sense and sometimes it's even just used of those who are in a sub ordinate role to someone else in that they are being instructed in what they should do or how they should behave and so it can refer to a student of a teacher or a master and that can be left open as to how old that individual is he might have a 60 year old teacher he might be thirty years old he's thirty years junior and therefore he is considered nat air so be very careful how you follow these through and apply them and when we use the translation youth there keep in mind it doesn't necessarily always mean someone in the mid 20 down to thirteen or fourteen years of age it can be older just like Absalom the next word is noose noose notice is a middle vowel verb the Sharik there as the middle radical and as such then it is a Cal infinitive construct and therefore we translate as to flee when it is used in the calper fect we translate as he fled but this form is the infinitive therefore the perfect translation is put in parentheses in your vocabulary there ah own oh and then this is alternatively pronounced alone and if you are taught the modern Hebrew pronunciation it would be pronounced a phone okay so you have three pronunciations why do we have three pronunciations as one word number one we do not know exactly how it was pronounced whether the Wow is considered just a part of the Holum and therefore is a full letter vowel and therefore to be pronounced only as own aa own or whether it is supposed to be pronounced as a consonant the vowel is a constant and a simple Holum above it and most of the textbooks will take it as a consonant most textbooks will take it as a constant part of that is due to the Semitic root that has that Wow as a consonant in the verb form this is a noun and so most will attempt to pronounce it either as a phone or alone modern Hebrew pronunciation being applied to classical Hebrew uses the V sound for the Wow rather than a W sound for the wow that is the classical Hebrew pronunciation so you will see this transliterated three different ways you'll have professors or readers that will pronounce it three different ways as well the best educated guess is that the wow should be considered as a constant so it'd be a w or a V here alone or AA them but you will see all three this term is often translated simply a sin but there are other words translated a sin haha means sin it's the idea of missing the mark coming short haha the Haythe faith and olive and then you also have the the word for a for rebellion for rebellion being used pesha is used for transgress transgression or rebellion pesha and so there's different words here for sin I would never translate alone as in unless it is not used in a context where other words for sin are utilized if cata is used in the context anywhere don't translate alone and sin because haha will be translated as sin and it is normally the idea of iniquity or guilt iniquity or guilt iniquity has the concept of being not according to the standard that got a set or it has the idea of guiltiness or it has the idea of wickedness and so that's where it normally is placed iniquity or guilt those are the two translations they're most common it still can be translated a sin but only in those contexts for no other synonym of sin occurs alright let's go to the fourth line not Gao not yeah he touched he touched then the next one is a noun that is written two different ways one with a simple Holum and one with a full letter Holum Wow and it's pronounced Ola Ola is a feminine noun you can tell that because the Komets hey ending it means burnt offering burnt offering it is actually from the root Allah what does this root mean anyone he ascended or it ascended he ascended it ascended went up rose Allah okay and it's from that root that this noun is formed and it's when you burn something up it basically ascends in the smoke all the particles become light and ascends in the smoke and perhaps can fall as soot elsewhere or you have embers or soot remaining in the place where it is burnt but it's viewed as that which ascends and so a burnt offering is viewed figuratively as ascending to God in the smoke it is burned up alright the last word in that line is not gas nah - means he drew near or he approached he drew near or he approached and the last word in the vocabulary is the noun there at the lower right hand corner tone-tone literally refers to sheep but sometimes it's used of a flock and that flock can include sheep and/or goats can include sheep and or goats it's primarily sheep but it will be used sometimes in a context where it's referring to a flock and that flock as a group can have this word and it can refer to either sheep or goats or sheep and goats mixed in together it's home any questions on the vocabulary this will be for the vocab quiz one week from today all right let's go back then to chapter 20 if you would please starting on page 125 you have there in the exegetical insights Deuteronomy 23 10 I will read it word by word and for example the first two words are going to be read together why will I read them together anyone okay Gus has it there the mock eighth that line between the two words indicates that those two words are to be pronounced as one word therefore there's going to be no pause between them they'll be read as one word notice that you have a the secondary accent under the first vowel and that's a secondary accent the it the method and therefore it's going to be pronounced and then the Cerie under the tau is not going to have an accent and then the major accent comes on the next one so it's key they say key say everyone Keith they'd say Makana al Oh yeeah veca one ish Murtagh McCole devar rah now the raw would normally be raw with a Pathak why is the path ACK changed to a comments here anyone remember what we talked about here on this in the past I heard someone say it it's accented it's one of the major accents when you have a major disjunctive accent like the a snack in the middle of the verse and here at the end the solute plus the South Pacific in pause it is normally heightened to a Commons and so it becomes raw instead of rare now as we look at these on Keith Tate say the Tate say is the cal imperfect ii masculine singular from the verb yot saw which means go out he went out and here its second masculine ser so it's you went up because you went out okay because you went out and the Makana is a word that means camp it's a noun that means camp you went out the camp or you went out from the camp depending on translation in context we'd have to look at all of it here in context al oh yeah veca the cot ending is what any one second masculine singular pronoun no suffix and oh yeh v' is a noun meaning enemy the yode between the bathe and the coughs so feed at the end you indicates that it is a plural noun a plural noun and so it's your enemies your enemies so al here you went forth from the camp against your enemies against your enemies al doesn't mean just upon over it also means against and especially in the context when you're talking about fighting when you're talking about conflict when you're talking about debate when you're talking about legal actions then oftentimes it has the meaning of against against your enemies and then one nish Murtagh is what we call a Welker relative it's a WoW on a perfect verb the Wow on a perfect verb we call a WoW correlative this is a NIF al perfect we know it sniff al because it has the noon and hearing we know it's a perfect because it has the taw suffix that toss suffix occurs only in perfect when you have the towel with vowels on the end of a verb that's always a perfect form and when you have a perfect verb you identify the stem or the conjugation that verb by merely pronouncing it nish Murtagh nish Matta and the name is there and the only verb conjugation that begins with a noon and a hearing a nice ound is nee foul Cal doesn't begin with nee PL doesn't begin with nee puh al doesn't begin with me if Phil doesn't begin with nee ha foul doesn't begin with knee hip il doesn't begin with knee only knee foul therefore you know this is a NIF al it say niffle' perfect sone if al perfect the taw ending matches the personal pronouns which personal pronoun doesn't match pronounce it at paw at paw and that paw is the clue so it is a nephal perfect second masculine singular you don't need to memorize the niffle paradigm of all the forms of the Nephilim because all NIF out perfect we'll begin with a knee and the ending will be always a perfect ending therefore it's very clear that this is an F out it has no other options there's nothing else available you know it by knowing the name of the stems NIF al is the only one that begins with knee you know it by knowing the personal pronouns because you know the personal pronoun endings are the endings for the perfect of the verbs and it's across the board whether it's cow whether it's NIF al PL puh L hit feel ha foul or hip il all ii masculine singular perfect will end in tah all of them this is why we memorize only the cow there's no need to memorize all the others you can deduce the forms and the parsing z' alright so this is you were kept you were kept and you were kept so you were kept we'll have to determine that by context but we can say for certain and you were kept were kept because remember NIF al is a passive NIF al is a passive you were kept and then becomes the last part Nicole how do I identify me Col anyone from all how how do we divide the parts the main is for what min what happened to the noon in min alright it assimilated and therefore in compensation the letter it was assimilated into is doubled so you have a doubling doggish in it so it's Mick coal Mick coal it's a doubled cough the noon is assimilated into the following letter which is the cough and in compensation of the assimilation in other words because the noon has disappeared it's been assimilated then that letter is doubled in compensation to compensate for it McCole from every or from all da VAR means one word or matter or thing all right and then wrap or raw here in this case means what bad or evil from every evil thing you were kept from every evil thing okay because is one possible way of translating the key when you read the whole thing notice if we translate it as because notice notice the meaning because you went out from the camp against your enemies so you were or end you were kept from every evil thing or is the key then to be translated when when you went out from the camp against your enemies you are kept from every real thing or is it if if you go out from the camp against your enemies then you will be kept from every evil thing key has many meanings it can mean because which is the same thing as for fo r it can be mean when it can mean if and the only way to determine this is to look at the entire context and find out exactly what it is notice though if you trans is because or in the Wow on the perfect is not translated if you translate as a conditional sentence if then the Wow becomes the equivalent of them because you have the proptosis if proptosis means that which is set in front of which arranged in front of pro in front of tosses from the Greek verb toss so I I arrange and that then forms the Protoss that which is placed before first the if the condition and then the fulfilment condition is called the apotheosis a pot Isis is AP o dó s is a pas in Greek means what from from n dosis is a nominal form that has derived from diddle me and diddle me has I did a give and so it's that which is given from given this if then given from that condition then you see this is the subsequent this is the result of the conditional thing so the first part is proptosis proptosis if you want to put it in your notes is an a in it ok proptosis alright so this is most likely to be a conditional sentence and is then saying if you go out from the camp against your enemies then you will be kept from every evil thing it's a promise evidently to be fulfilled upon the condition that they go out against the enemy and in Deuteronomy you can pretty well guess what this is going to be about if you're familiar with the book of Deuteronomy you know the only narrative really in the book is in the first four chapters when you have a summary of the history of their wandering through the wilderness and they're leaving of Egypt and then you have three sermons by Moses and those three sermons move all the way down through chapter 26 and the three sermons are basically exposition of the law which is given in Deuteronomy chapter 5 the Ten Commandments are given Deuteronomy chapter 5 and then commandment by commandment each section of the three following sermons then picks up on that law and expounds first of all expounds the first of the Ten Commandments and then expounds the second etc all the way through and at chapter 26 when Moses completes or gets to the end of his third sermon he then launches in to the covenant ratification ceremony in how they are then when they get into the land to pronounce the blessings and the curses that they say as they stand some of the people at the foot of Mount Ebal and some of the people at the foot of mountain jersey and they're to follow through this covenant renewal and commitment ceremony and then with that commitment ceremony you have the blessings and curses in 27 and 28 and then he reveals the Palestinian covenant which is to reveal to them the promises concerning the land in chapter 29 and then in chapter 30 he gives them a preview of the New Covenant and that completes his third sermon some make that a separate covenant renewal context of dealing with the three covenants dealing with the cinetic covenant and its renewal and commitment ceremony and then dealing with the Palestinian covenant which is added to that and then dealing with the preview of the new covenant and then in chapter 31 we return to narrative have the ordination of Joshua and the transition of the time in which Moses is going to die he's given instructions concerning the fact that God wants him to write a song and teach it to the people of Israel and that song is in chapter 32 and then at prior to his death he gives his blessings in chapter 33 in chapter 34 we have his death so if you have that concept if you've learned in your Old Testament survey course a basic outline of the book of Deuteronomy you know them that chapter 23 is within the sermon that he's preaching the third sermon therefore the you here is probably Moses then dressing the people of Israel if not it's God addressing Moses but we know that Moses not going to enter into the land and won't be going out against his enemies there on the plains of Moab as he preaches they're not going to have anymore battles before they leave the plains of Moab so we know historically this has to be then addressed to Israel and therefore this is Moses saying to Israel according to the leading of the Spirit of God according to the revelation God has given them if you Israel then go out from the camp against your enemies then you will be kept from every evil thing okay so that's one of the ways to get to a context to try to understand it is just by a basic general knowledge of the book of Deuteronomy having a basic outline in mind yes yes it is in fact it's very significant when it's used in the singular as opposed to the plural there's a difference in meaning there's a difference in meaning maril Eugene Merrill in his commentary in the new American commentary series discusses that and gives the significance of it and also you have that significance talked about in Harrison's commentary in the Tyndale Old Testament commentary series I know of no other commentaries that really discuss it Christensen skips over it some treat it some of the liberal commentators treat it as an inconsistency in the book and indicate that is due to different editors that you go from a plural second person to a singular second person but in reality the reason for the singular is in order to demonstrate and I'll have to go back and take a look this and remind myself because I have to go back my mind is getting the point where I have to review it there are two possibilities here when you have a plural it could be the idea of distributive to each and every single one of you all of you individually or it can be collective all of you together and the singular can be taken either individually each one or it can be take collectively of the nation as a whole and if I remember right the way that Meryl and Harrison took this is the singular is the way to assign the responsibility to each and every individual within the nation of Israel and when the plural is used they're being addressed as a group all of you are to do this but it's the all concept all of you and so in that case here this would be the emphasis of the second person singer if that is correct there if I remember that correctly would be on the individuals that every single individual of you in the nation of Israel have this promise to claim individually due to individual obedience okay all right now let's go having covered that briefly let's go then to the Wow consecutive discussion on the bottom of the page there the Wow consecutive remember is the form of the verb that is the imperfect the Wow consecutive is never used of a perfect you will find the term while consecutive used by Chism you'll find while consecutive used by Putnam even of referring to any verb imperfect or perfect that has a WOW on it the problem is that when they use that terminology it does not distinguish between the usages of the two it does not distinguish and so in our grammar that we've done here we try to make certain that we've distinguished between the two so the while consecutive will be reserved only for those verbs that are imperfect that are prefixed by a Wow with an a class vowel under it and normally a doggish in the prefix letter of the imperfect there's one prefix letter that will not take the doggish that's the olive of the first person common Scimitar for example if we're looking at the verb ecto l' that's kau imperfect first common singular the olive is a guttural so therefore it will what it'll refuse to be doubled it will reject the doubling doggish when you have that occur then this to compensate for the rejection heightens the Pathak to a Commons but it will always be one of those a class vowels it'll be a comet's if it's before the guttural olive it will be the Pathak before the towel prefix before the yoda prefix and those and the noon prefix the noon is the first common plural prefix so these are the only four imperfect prefixes doesn't matter whether it's cal NIF au hip feel haughwout plpl or hip il those are the only four prefixes on imperfect those prefixes will be doubled following this Wow except for the olive and therefore it changes to a comments so in all of these cases it is an a class vowel it's not a schwa it will not be asuric as we've seen before labels because there's no labial as a prefix for the imperfect so this is only found in the imperfect it is not found anywhere else the imperfect verbs are the only verbs that can be Wow consecutive we call it consecutive because there's a consequence a sequence consecutive means sequential sequential so when you have the Wow consecutive verb it's found primarily in narrative you have a sequence of events that are in order logically or chronologically therefore they're always translated with particles to translate that Wow as so if it's logical order there for thus or if it is chronological then but you know when you see these verb forms and we call these verbs because of this Wow and because of the a class vowel and because of the doubling here of the prefix letter we call them while you toll or in the modern Hebrew pronunciation value toll all right so you'll hear these called Wow consecutives and you'll hear them called ye tolls we're referring to the exact same thing John only imperfect no other form of the verb using an imperative normally in narrative they are found elsewhere dog is a class vowel would be the path a quince a doggy SH but if you have a comments then it's not going to have the doggish because it's been rejected by the guttural Olaf in the first common singular and then heightened to the Komets the comments only occur in first common singular only in first common singular okay everyone clear on that while consecutive verbs are verbs that are imperfect with a wow prefix that has an a class Val and an all except the all of that a class files of Pathak and the doubling dog ish is found in the following prefix letter that's on that imperfect the prefix is what is doubled the prefix is doubled remember Yeek toll teak toll tic tule act ole Yeek talut teak toll 'no and as you go on down through there taqtulu take Tolna nick toll those are all the imperfect sin the cal imperfect of cattle those the only verbs are talking about imperfect regardless of the stem or conjugation across the board Cal niffle niffle he feel ha foul plpl hip il ne imperfect that has a while with an a class vowel on it if it's an all if it'll be a comments because the doubling dogs be rejected the others will have it now there are some forms where you'll have the form of the verb will call for a missing doubling doggish even in for example the yo'd why you he does not have a dog ish in it and the reason for that is because of the schwa that is found here and this is a shortened form because normally the cal imperfect third masculine singular is ye hey yeah alright that's the full form of the cal imperfect third masculine singular and this is from the root hi-yah he was alright this form is normally a just C form ye he ya means and it came to be and it came to be for example in Genesis chapter one God says let light come into being he says yeah he or Yeti or let it come into being it is the just eve of a decree and the imperfect of the state averred is the idea of transition happening let it come into being let it happen and then you have why he so it came into being so it happened why you he and it does not have the doubling doggish and so there are a few exceptions but this still indicates that this is a why you told and therefore it has do with sequence and in that case god said let light come into be let it come into existence so or then it came into being it is sequential he first spoke and then secondly it came to be it's sequential and that's the key the why you told forms of the verb or what we call the WoW consecutives are always sequential always sequential whether it's in narrative whether it's in poetry or whether it's in prophecy whether it's past time present or future they are always sequential they're always sequential now because they're characteristic of narrative and narrative is characteristically describing events that have already taken place it is most often then past tense but don't make the mistake of calling the way you toll of the while consecutive a preterite preterite is an old-fashioned English grammar term that was taught in English grammars in the 1920s through the 1940s in fact by the 1940s begun to disappear completely and so only your grandparents would have known what a preterite was in English grammar preterite is old-fashioned English for saying past tense past tense but as you'll find out Nick's semester when we have Chisolm as a textbook from exegesis to exposition published by Baker he says to use preterite is inadequate and inaccurate why because the ye towles are not always past tense and before that even you have to understand as he points out six times in that textbook the tense of a Hebrew verb is determined by context and context alone never by form context if you're in a context of narrative it's going to most likely be past tense but its context T terms that not the verb form okay all right before the break we were talking about the whyyyy toll or Wow consecutive what is the one word summary of the mean of that verb form sequence sequence don't forget it you'll be asked that again and again and again and again you'll get this hammered into you the way that you've had the three rules for the gutturals hammered into you we're going to focus on that we're going to emphasize that over and over and over again now when we talk about the second form it is called the Wow correlative this is while consecutive on the imperfect but the Wow used on the perfect is called a Wow correlative it's called WoW karela T first of all because it has a WoW on the front of it and it's called correlative because of the fact that it hat it shows the relationship between that verb and other verbs in the context but that relationship is not automatically sequential in fact it is merely a logical relationship and as we emphasize the logical aspect of that relationship that means that it might be something that is sequential if this then this as we saw there in Deuteronomy chapter 23 in in the exegetical incites Deuteronomy 23 10 that's a logical relationship and it is sequential but its primary logical and only secondarily sequential but most of the logical relationships will not be sequential when you have cause and effect when you have a condition if and then it will be logical but all the other logical relationships are not that way and so it is not necessarily sequential it's not necessarily chronological it is merely a logical relationship and it is a Wow on the perfect any perfect and so the Wow will primarily be a wah because that's the simple Wow if the verb is like bah cash which here is a Cal perfect third masculine singular because this is a labial then instead of having a schwa this is going to become a Sharik but it'll always be a simple Wow it will never be a while that has an a class vowel under it a while with an a class vowel only occurs on an imperfect that is why you told only there no where else okay let me back off that one more time here there are times when you will have a Pathak under a wild that is supposed to be a simple Wow if you have a verb that has an a class vowel at the beginning that is takes a compound schwa a hot if Pathak then the corresponding full val will be used in those cases but there will not be the doubling doggish so there are some exceptions to that we'll have to talk about that as we get into week verb forms but in the strong verb forms you're not going to find it all right so you'll expect to see a simple schwa under a while or you expect to see a Sharik in this type of situation where you have a WoW on a perfect the Lao correlative is only on perfect not on imperfect the Wow consecutive is on imperfect not on perfect alright the while correlative is characteristic of prophetic literature prophetic literature whereas the Wow consecutive is characteristic of narrative now why would sequence be characteristic of narrative because of the fact that if you're talking about events that have already occurred you know what the sequence is they have already happened they're history therefore you can lay them out one by one in narrative the Wow consecutive occurs in future context or present context it's still sequential but it may not be as easy to know most prophetic contexts do not show the sequence of events clearly the sequence of events are not always given so that as you're going through a series of prophetic pronouncements say in the Book of Isaiah one verb after another using the Wow correlative you may not be able to say anything about the sequence of those events you don't know exactly which one is 1st 2nd 3rd 4th or 5th because they're still yet future and they're sometimes gaps in between and sometimes there's relationships that show that actually one event actually preceded another but you only know that by a careful examination of the context or of other parallel passages so in future context like that as in prophetic passages the while correlative is used because the sequence events cannot always be clearly seen or understood or is not clearly revealed that's why it's characteristic of a prophetic passage so it's the wild correlative and it's sometimes then known as the way cut tall form because qatal is nothing more than taking the perfect form like cattle and giving its form the same as in the why you toll we took Nick toll as part of the name because it's still an imperfect it's why you toll because it's a WoW on an imperfect and you toll is the cow imperfect 3rd masculine singer so it becomes the name for all imperfect instead of imperfect you can say gig toll you can also call it prefix forms of the verb because the imperfect has prefixes the perfect has suffixes and no prefixes so it can be called the suffix conjugation so imperfect can be called imperfect Yeek toll or prefix conjugation the perfect can be called perfect can be called k'tau it can be called suffix conjugation those are three names of exactly the same thing there's no difference there's no distinction so we call this wet qatal the wet because of the Wow the simple well with the schwa now when we get into third semester we'll talk about how that there's two different major functions of the wet cut all form of the Hebrew verb we will not get into it in this semester so when I talk about the Lao correlative there's also what some would call a non Wow correlative wet cut all while on a perfect and Chism talks about that I think it's legitimate and I think that the reason he has to say none is because he stuck he's been using Wow consecutive for the wicket all and so he has to admit that 50% of wicket all is not consecutive it doesn't have sequence to it by context and by understanding and so he divides them into those that are sequential and those that are not so he has a Wow consecutive Weka tall and he has an on Wow consecutive Weka tall you avoid that if you just use our terminology of Wow correlative for all of those forms and understand that some will be sequential by context because cause and effect is a logical relationship that is sequential conditional sentences are normally while can swell correlatives and they are normally sequential by definition the if precedes the then usually you have to do something before then the condition is fulfilled and so in those cases yes those are consecutive but it you just cause confusion by dividing it all up it's just simply better to say the way qatal as well correlative and that's what we've done that way you can identify all Wow's on perfect as while karela they all show logical relationship and some will have a logical relationship that happens also to be sequential in nature okay that helps to explain our thinking our philosophy and why we've written the definition and use these terms any questions now how do you translate these most the time a simple and will do but as we've already seen in Deuteronomy chapter 23 verse 10 the web nish Marta a while correlative perfect there had to be translated as then the wild translator then because the relationship that it's in its correlated with a proptosis of a conditional sentence therefore then is the proper translation so then will be used sometimes so or thus to show logical relationships there will be times when will be translated as because where the cause will be the wild correlative and the effect will be ahead of it so that the order is not sequential although there's a sequential concept involved the order the verbs is not going to be sequential because the because can be placed first or it can be placed last because he was overweight he decided to have an exercise program that because is sequential in nature it is first and the following is the result but if we say he took a he entered a weight reduction program because he was overweight the because the overweight comes after the first verb but it's actually before so it's not sequential but it has the same logical relationship of cause and effect and that same fluidity that we have in English to put because either before or after we can put the effect before or after the cause before or after is the same thing you have in Hebrew cause always comes before effect logically in our thinking there's a sequence but not in grammar and in our sentences it does not is not always placed first therefore it's not a sequential verb form in those situations where it's placed differently if the cause is placed first it's sequential if the cause is not it is not sequential and that's why you have these differences and why we say the while correlative has that flexibility there is not that kind of flexibility in why you toll way toll is in flexibly sequential okay so that as you say it that is the order both logically and chronologically I think that the textbook is self-explanatory on the forms for the wild correlative and the wild consecutive there on page 126 under to be on forms it gives you the variety of forms that can be found on the additional notes I think we've covered almost all of these at this time there is sometimes a change of the accent on these verb forms but that does not need to concern us at this point into any great degree the change in the accenting is sometimes pointed to as a means of indicating that there's actually a wow converse a function going on where they wow converts the verb form that's an old-fashioned concept that why ik tole converts an imperfect into a perfect and that wet qatal converts a perfect into an imperfect but it does not do that and the white tool is still an imperfect it is still to be treated as an action that looks at the nature and process of that action internally and the perfect on wet cut all is still a perfect and it still looked at as a simple statement of fact or looking at the action as a whole it does not convert it does not change it and that's an area that to get into the detail of it you have to get an advanced Hebrew grammar where we have a thorough and full discussion of that and the argumentation for it but just take my word for it for the time being and today the vast majority of he breas do not hold to allow converse Eve I would say it's down now to about 5% of he braced s' still hold on to a while converse Eve when I was in seminary it was like a 90% held to a while conversing and so it's changed a lot and I think it's changed for the better it's changed to be more consistent with the actual facts of the usage and the forms and the consistency of the verbs is used in Biblical Hebrew my hero Alexandre Sperber used to hammer the concept that if you're going to talk about Biblical Hebrew grammar you must describe the grammar as it is used in the biblical text and not to impose upon it the grammar of Akkadian or of Ugaritic or any other language you must look at the usage in the Hebrew Bible in the Hebrew Bible alone to define classical Hebrew grammar and people have finally begun to do that and it took all of the 40s through 60s to hammer this out and make the transition and what was the catalyst for all that well the catalyst came about by the discovery of Ugaritic number one when the Ugaritic tablets were discovered at U Garrett ancient the ancient city of you got it in Syria also known as Raja Mora and those were discovered in the 1920s and then the 1940s the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls and the transition of greater and more accurate knowledge of Akkadian so that people now could understand that there were distinct differences it was a very distinct language even belonging to a different language group within the Semitic languages than Hebrew so that then people began to understand and didn't what we had there is pan kadian ISM panic idiotas lament that those during that period time that we're studying Akkadian and getting into it just attributed everything in Hebrew to Akkadian we've passed by that we're no longer pen Arabic were no longer pan Akkadian we're longer pen Ugaritic we look at things now very carefully scientifically and objectively and that has caused all this change and with all that increase of knowledge and increase of materials of these various Semitic languages from the 1940s through 1960's then in the 1970s the debate just flowered and with that debate being expanded and being fought in the journals and at meetings and conferences and in textbooks and in commentaries then gradually in the late 1980s and early 1990s the transition began to be made and now that transition is virtually complete I think one of the evidence of that was practical and Van Pelt's textbook of Biblical Hebrew when they first published it their chapter on the way you told form the verb dealt with a while converse Eve but very shortly they discovered that that was an error the more study they did the more writing and research they did the more interaction they had with others after that was published they decided it was in error and they wrote a totally new chapter but then the publisher I think was on Dervin refused to reprint it so they posted the revised chapter on their web page where they then come into agreement with what we've published here in our grammar as opposed to what they had published originally and so that's just an evidence of transition theirs came a little bit too late it was always amazing how could you go that far and publish a grammar without settling that type of issue but that's what happened to him and they ended up by changing and then the publisher was unwilling to reprint it with a change chapter in it we're our publishers grace books international and it's going to stay there for the time be until we've finished up all the revisions and then log us we'll put it in electronic format publish it there kragle at one time was going to publish our grammar and we got to talking and the copyright and everything officially is with grace books international and there a formal publisher look at their book catalog online they publish a lot of books and we've decided that if that's the only way to get it published there then that's where we're going to leave it and we'd like to once we've gotten all the revisions done and have it published electronically we'd like to have it a little bit more permanent binding and so we're negotiating with grace books international to do that or transition into some other publisher who has the resources to be able to do more of the hardback because grace books international specializes primarily in paperbacks and we've used the spiral binding because we felt the paperback binding was not good enough it wouldn't hold together it falls apart too quickly so that gives you a little bit of background what's happening there and it gives you a little bit background on the development that took place in the doing away with the concept of a while converse Eve and if you have anyone today that speaks of a while conversing or some of quality even a WoW inverse Eve you know they're living in the past and they're ignoring all the research and all of the evidence from the 1940s through the 1980s and have decided they're just going to live in the past and use the outmoded and the outdated form of referring the Hebrew verbs and that system does not match that can be demonstrated over and over and over and over again in parallel examples and none of the major grammars will agree with it so that's just the way it is all right niffle conjugation do you have the stem the of this verb then if I'll given for you on page 129 in the chart all the way down that right-hand margin notice you have Nick tell Nick Talty that's the first common singular or the perfect now it all has the neon it nicht Alta the second mask of singer Nick calt second feminine singular notice the endings are identical of what you've memorized with the cow perfect look over on the left-hand side there under the cow act even state Eve the same endings but you have an e prefix in the perfect that's why if you know the name you've got the game methyl nicht al t nicht Alta meet out Nick towel notice the third mass consumer is exactly knee foul Nick towel you have Nick to LA nicht al noon Nick tell Tim Nick towel 10 Nick to Lou neon all perfect on the imperfect we have what is called the NIF al triangle by the NIF al triangle is that you have the prefix the same imperfect prefixes used as anywhere else let's take the yo to the third masculine singular and you go through it here and the and what you have you have a doggish in the first root letter that's because the noon of the NIF vowel is being assimilated into that root letter alright and so you have here ye cocktail geek got tale and what happens is this doggish plus the comets and the hearing under the prefix form three elements of the NIF al imperfect that we call the NIF al triangle the NIF al triangle here ik doggish Komets NIF al triangle it shows the noon has been assimilated that's the third match missing here the old prefix you have the same thing if you have a cocktail you have the same triangle except because you have the olive here you have the triangle this way and I wiped out the one point here all right you still have the triangle you have an eye re class Val under the prefix you have the doggish in the first letter of the route you have a comments under that first side of the root all NIF al imperfect will be like that you go down through the line there you look at all the forms and all of them have the NIF al triangle the only one that has the goal is the olive that's the same you learn for the cow ech toll at cocktail for the NIF al alright and we'll come back we see the same thing in the imperative because the imperative is formed from the imperfect notice there's a hay prefix put on the imperative and we'll come back later on Thursday and we'll talk more about the infinitives and the participles but that's the key the name NIF fowl for the perfect the NIF al triangle for the imperfect you

Channel: The Master's Seminary

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Keywords: Dr., Bill, Barrick, The, Master's, Seminary, OT, 504, Hebrew, Grammar, II, Lecture, 01, Bible, Truth, Masters, of, Divinity, Grace, Community, Church, Sun, Valley, CA, California, MacArthur, Pastor, Teacher, Biblical Hebrew (Human Language), Hebrew Language (Human Language)

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Length: 76min 58sec (4618 seconds)

Published: Wed May 30 2012