In this lecture, and in the subsequent
modules, subsequent lectures of this module, we are going to go through an understanding of
what is this industry 4.0, what is this 4.0 about, and what are the different changes in the
revolution that is happening in order to transform the industries towards Industry
4.0. So, 4.0 basically corresponds to the fourth revolution in the industries.
And what is this fourth revolution, what were the revolutions that happened
in the past in the industries earlier. We are going to go through each of these
in detail in this particular lecture. So, revolution, as you know, that English meaning
of this term is basically some kind of shift some abrupt change that is required in order to
transform the way things have been happening to something which is completely different. An
abrupt change in the way things are being done, so that is the revolution. So, if you look at
revolutions in the past earlier if we go back more than 10,000 years ago, our predecessors used
to collect food through foraging techniques. So, basically wandering around collecting food,
bringing them, eating the food through the collected samples and so on (collect)
collected food materials like fruits, vegetables, etc whatever they used to find.
So, foraging behavior was there and then it transformed to farming. So, where basically
you know different crops were grown, different vegetable plants, different fruits,
food plantations were started and so on. So, the result of this transformation from foraging to
farming was that there was increased production, increased communication between different humans,
and so on. So, there was growth of food production as the population growth increased. And this we
are talking about more than 10,000 years back. Then came the industrial revolution where
new technologies, new machines were produced, new approaches to the production processes
were introduced. And this basically shifted the economy from the primitive economy with simple
agrarian centric economies to more aggressive machine oriented production systems and so
on. So, that was the industrial revolution. So, consequently what happened is the economic
models changed, the social architecture, the social infrastructure, everything also
changed with the revolution in the industries, with the introduction of new
technologies and new approaches. So, the industrial revolution again went through
different stages. Back in 1760s to 1840s, it was the first industrial revolution. And
this first industrial revolution was started with the invention of steam engine, trains
introduction of trains, mobility increased, construction of railways basically
stimulated the overall revolution. So, this basically resulted in the utilization
of machines in production, so that was the first industrial revolution in the 1760s to 1840s.
Then came the second industrial revolution, which was during the transition from the 19th century
to the 20th century. And this came with the advent of electricity and increase of electricity in
the society. So, basically when the electricity came into picture, and the use of electricity
was increased, this basically resulted in mass production, machineries could use electricity for
mass production, faster production, and so on. Then came the third industrial revolution that
was in the 1960s and so on. And it was around that time that computers were starting to get popular.
So, gradually with the increase of computers, different, different computers, and
computing devices peripherals, etc, the transformation in the industries also
happened. So, there was more and increased use of digital technologies in the industry.
So, the use of computers digitization and so on was another revolution--the third industrial
revolution, which again increased the production of goods and commodities in the industry.
So, this basically this production was due to the increase in semiconductors and semiconducting
devices and that was almost in parallel with the growth of computers. So, the result was
increase in computing technologies such as mainframe computers, personal computers,
etc. And eventually the connectivity between these different computers, internet, world
wide web all of these basically gradually, gradually started, and these basically were
introduced in the industries to improve the efficiency of the machinery, improve the
efficiency of the processes in the industries, manufacturing processes and other processes in
the industries and so on. So, that was the third industrial revolution, which was basically the
introduction of computers and infra information technology in the different machinery and
manufacturing processes in the industry. The fourth industrial revolution or this
industry 4.0 this basically is something, which has the origin in the German economy. So,
it was required in that early 21st century to uplift the German economy. So, basically it
all started that individual industries having individual IT infrastructure everything was
there through the third industrial revolution, but then the question is that how could we
improve the production even faster and how could we make the processes even more efficient.
So, people thought about how things could be done. And this happened that there were different,
different sensors sensing technologies which were also parallely becoming very popular. So, the
introduction of sensors, actuators, etc along with the regular infrastructure, the IT infrastructure,
the internet etc together basically was able to transform the existing IT based infrastructure
in the companies to much more efficient ones to connected, sensed machinery and so on, so that was
the fourth industrial revolution. And this is this fourth industrial revolution or the Industry
4.0 that we are going through at this moment. So, there is in this industry 4.0 or fourth
industrial revolution. We are talking about use of cheap sensors, use of cheap actuators. These
sensors and actuators are very small in size and they are also powerful. So, small sized, sensors,
actuators, much more powerful internet and IT infrastructure everything together, connecting
them together and autonomous monitoring, use of technologies such as artificial intelligence,
machine learning, cyber physical systems, use of all of these together is basically how
this transformation is happening in Industry 4.0. So, in the fourth industrial revolution the
industry 4.0, computers have become more sophisticated. They are smaller in size, but much
more powerful, less energy consuming. And these can these computers can be integrated together;
they can be connected together. And this basically has resulted in the radical transformation
of the global economies, the societies, and the different industries. So, the fourth
industrial revolution, this term was coined as the second machine age by Prof. Erik from
MIT and Andrew McAfee from the same institute. So, Industry 4.0, which is the synonym of
industrial fourth industrial revolution; this term Industry 4.0 was coined in the Hannover
fair in Germany in 2011. So, as you can see it was not too long back that this revolution and the
popularity of this revolution the Industry 4.0 started. So, only a few years back, back in 2011.
So, basically about 7 years back the whole thing started. So, it is this phase we started about 7
years back that we are going through now in the industries through this kind of transformation,
with the help of sensors, actuators, computers, IT infrastructure, much more efficient one,
smaller in size, cheaper, and so on and everything connected together this is this fourth
industrial revolution that we are going through. So, what is the scope of the fourth industrial
revolution? Smart connected machines. So, is connected means that we are talking about
this internet work. Internet work, communication, connecting different standalone machinery,
typically which used to be all IT driven, computer driven; and smart means we are using different
(different) for smartness we need autonomous behavior things which can be detected, corrected
and taken forward in an autonomous manner that is basically the smartness. And this for smartness
the introduction of small, cheap, energy-efficient sensors and actuators have made it possible to
make machines and connected machines smarter. Then comes the smart factories. It is basically
similar kind of concept extended beyond simple machinery, but you know having the entire
factory operations, machinery in the factory, all of which made smarter with the introduction
of connected sensors, connected machines and so on in the industries and so on. So, we have one
lecture on smart factories, where we elaborate further on what is this smart factory all about.
Then came technologies such as nanotechnology, renewable energy (technology), quantum computing,
biotechnological interventions innovations like gene sequencing and so on. So, everything
together has helped in the overall growth. IT, then sensors, sensing technology, sensor networks;
then we have the biotechnology - gene sequencing, DNA sequencing and so on; nanotechnology
and quantum computing, everything packaged together is helping in the transformation to
the fourth industrial age which is Industry 4.0. And these are all the different dimensions
of this fourth revolution or Industry 4.0. So, there has been some profound and systematic
change in the fourth industrial revolution. This change has been in innovation disruption;
disruptive technologies have been introduced. And this disruption and innovation has happened in
both the scale and scope. So, scope has increased manifolds, and the scale has also increased.
So, the number of disruptive technologies and the different dimensions of these different
disruptive technologies and the innovations etc, all of these have been possible with the
introduction of all these newer technologies that we discussed just a little while back.
So, the scale and scope of innovation of fourth industrial revolution has basically defined
today’s acute disruption and innovation in technologies and the transformation of
industries accordingly. Companies like Alibaba, companies like Uber, Airbnb, Amazon and
Flipkart in India, so all of these companies are basically essentially transforming the way the
operations, delivery, etc have been carried on in the past. Everything has changed the way
things are happening at present. These are the disruptive disruptors in the industries these
companies Airbnb, Uber, Alibaba, Amazon, etcetera. These are using different state of the art
technologies (technologies) such as cloud, sensors, sensor networks, technologies such as
drones, networked drones and so on. And many (many) different other technologies are being
used by these new players in order to transform the industries and their operations from the
way they have been done in the past to the newer ways of doing it. So, these are newer
ways in which these companies are working. So, take the example of the iPhone. iPhone
was launched in 2007, but since then only within few years, billions of smartphones
are being mass produced at present. So, almost like everyone has an iPhone now, almost
like everyone, not everyone, but almost so. So, you see that how this disruption and penetration
of these technologies are happening and how fast they are happening and in what scale they are
happening right. So, these are all like different (different) phenomena that are happening in terms
of change, systematic and profound change that are happening in this fourth industrial age.
Take the company Google we all know how Google is transforming the world at present. In 2010,
as many of us know just still few years back, Google basically announced the fully autonomous
car, full autonomous car. And you know, now already we have seen that self navigating cars,
fully autonomous cars are already in the roads. In many countries self-autonomous, self-driven
cars, self-navigating cars, autonomous cars are already in the road, they are already being used.
So, and that was only a few years back. And you see the how the transformation has happened. And
this has happened due to different (different) technologies being used in order to enable the
use of these autonomous cars, self-driven cars. But what is very important also is the increase
in the use of technologies such as artificial intelligence and machine learning, that is making
these kind of newer technologies, a reality. So, not only the speed of change, but also the
scale of change, the profound change both are very equally important and are increasing in rapid
pace. So, like going back to the 1990s, there were different industry giants in the Detroit area,
in US, which had a combined market value of 36 billion dollars in terms of capitals. And their
overall revenues were in the order of about 250 billion US dollars and the number of employees
working in that area was about 1.2 million. In 2014, if you look at in the Silicon Valley, the
different industry giants together had a combined market of about 1.09 trillion dollars. So, you see
that the capital has increased manifold. And on the other hand if you look and compare with these
industry giants in the Detroit area in 1990s, in the Silicon Valley area the number of employees
was only 1,37,000. So, you see that there is a drastic reduction in the number of manpower that
is being used in the industries. So, 1.2 million employees to 1.37 lakhs employees being used.
And on the other hand capitalization has increased manifold. So, with reduced number
of workforce, we are able to increase the number of the value of capitalization and
growth of the industries. And consequently, the revenue also, the revenue that is obtained
from the different sales has also increased. So, with marginal costs the digital
business basically creates unit of today’s wealth with fewer workers.
We are able to increase the wealth, but with the use of fewer workers and that
has been possible with the introduction of digitization, and all these technologies
that we just mentioned just a while back. So, business providing information goods has
virtually zero transportation and replication cost. Consider companies such as Instagram,
WhatsApp, Facebook, Twitter and so on they basically are able to supply information-centric
products, information-centric goods and so on. So, there is almost like zero transportation cost that
is involved and that is unlike the manufacturing industries which have lot of capital goods,
lot of transportation costs are involved, shipping from one location to another, logistics,
so many, so much of complications are there. So, this transformation to the introduction of
digitalization and advanced IT and different other technologies is making the scaling up a
possibility in this Industry 4.0 revolution. So, in this context of Industry 4.0, digital
fabrication technologies are able to communicate with biological world. Now, it is possible that
through the advancement in technology, it is possible that we can have different, different
sensors inside the physiological systems. These sensors and different other advanced
technologies are able to communicate with the outside world that means outside the human beings.
So, it is now possible that remotely you could send signals to the human body to perform certain
physiological operations within a human, without basically having the human go through or rather
the human being or the patient being able to know what is actually happening. So, all these things
are possible with the introduction of all these new technologies. And consequently transformation
has been possible in this fourth industrial revolution age transformation of the biological
systems, physiological systems and so on. Now, it is also possible to manipulate
the way the biomolecules within a human body they operate. It is possible to sequence
the different genes in the body. It is also possible to basically manipulate the DNA within a
body. So, all these things are possible and it is all possible due to this profound change with the
introduction of all these different technologies, IT, biotechnology, nanotechnology, quantum
technology, everything, you know, coming in order to make all of these transformations
possible in this fourth industrial revolution age. So, designers and architects are, now, combining,
computational design, additive manufacturing, material engineering, synthetic biology and so
on. And consequently, they are able to increase the number of production of the number of objects
and so on. So, all of these different technologies will be used in order to increase the production
of number of objects and these objects that are also being produced, because of the use of all of
these different types of technologies. It is now easy to mutate these products, and also have
these products adaptable to different changes in the environments of their operation.
So, mutation of these products some small component you can change within these
products without basically changing the entire product. You can change some product;
you can mutate the product, and also have some new adaptations of these products with the newer
circumstances, newer changes in the environment. So, in the context of the fourth industrial
revolution, use of AI or artificial intelligence and in fact, not only artificial intelligence
but machine learning also has made it possible to have self driving cars, virtual assessment,
transitional software, discovery of new drugs, prediction of cultural interest, and many
(many) different other things have been made possible with the use of artificial intelligence.
Everybody knows about the application Siri. Siri basically is nothing, but an application of voice
search, it is an Apple product which basically uses artificial intelligence techniques in order
to have and in order to perform voice search. So, basically you know somebody speaks and this
application will automatically recognize the voice and make searching in the internet
possible, so that is the Siri by Apple. And it is very similar to the Cortana
by Windows. So, this is basically the voice search with the introduction of use of
strength of AI machine learning and so on. So, there are different drivers. These drivers are
basically driving this change. Change in terms of breakthroughs, scientific breakthroughs, that are
happening. Introduction of newer technologies, transformation overall, current
transformation in terms of changes in the megatrends that are happening, future
transformation the (trip) tippling points, everything are happening at present with the
introduction of all of these technologies. These megatrends are due to the introduction of
recent technologies and using or leveraging the pervasive potential of digitization
and information technologies. So, trends in terms of physical transformation
of machinery, manufacturing machinery, digital transformation in terms
of the introduction of IT, biological transformation through
the introduction of biotechnology, biotechnological systems, all of these are
newer megatrends that are happening at present. So, in terms of the physical megatrends, we have
now autonomous vehicles, 3D printing, advanced robotics, connected robotics, new materials,
lightweight materials, cheaper materials, stronger materials and so on. These are the
physical megatrends that are happening at present. Autonomous vehicles are already in place. We
now have autonomous trucks, autonomous drones (self). So, drones are basically autonomous
self-driven, you know, airborne vehicles which where there is typically no pilot or any kind any
kind of human pilot or machine pilot. There is no pilot basically, these are self-driven airborne
vehicles. Aircrafts, driver-less aircrafts are a reality now. And also driver-less boats and many
other like particularly in agriculture people are now talking about use of driver-less, driver-less
tractors right. So, all these are possible with the introduction and use of artificial
intelligence and advancement in robotics. 3D printers, basically, you know, you give
any shape these machines 3D printers. They will manufacture a particular product according
to the specified shape. So, these have basically, 3D printers have applications in wind
turbines, medical implants and so on. Advanced robotics, different robotics, robotic
equipments, connected robotic equipments are being used in the automotive industries.
Robots are also used in medical domain for robotic surgery. Robotic surgery is basically
something that is happening worldwide. Robots and their use in agriculture robots and their use
in nursing. Connected robotics is something that is quite common now in automotive industries
in agricultural, you know, fields. Connected robots there are different robots you know
we ourselves have developed some robots which will go and plant some seeds in the agricultural
field. So, these are all these advancements that are happening in different industrial fronts with
the advancement of robotics and connected robots. Newer materials, lighter materials, stronger
materials, materials that are recyclable, recyclable plastics are basically a
reality now. Use of nanotechnology, Graphene, carbon, nanotubes these are
also making these materials lighter, stronger having different advanced properties
for being used in different application domains such as aviation industries, for different
other manufacturing industries and so on. This digital transformation has been happening.
And now we have the introduction of sensors, connected sensors, connected actuators, and
so on. These are all about the use of internet of things. Sensors being used RFIDs, NFCs,
tracking of package delivery, typically by courier companies this is quite common. Complex
supply chain, monitoring systems, these are all a reality now in this fourth industrial revolution.
We have all heard about use of digital currencies Bitcoin for example is one such, and use of
Block chain, for securing bank transactions and government transactions and so on.
Companies such as Uber are transforming the models of transportation. Car pooling
has increased the revenues that can be earned by these companies. So, and also the
reduction in fuel consumption overall and also consequently reducing the pollution in the
environment through the use of car pooling, basically you know reduction in fuel consumption,
increase in revenue, making everything very you know smart in the sense that you know you have all
of these different cars and vehicles connected to each other. Instantly you know which car is
where, and what is the availability status, and protecting the environment from unnecessary
pollution all of these things are now possible. Biological transformations adoption of different
technologies such as gene sequencing, DNA writing, recommender systems, so recommender system in
the physiological domain is about like if you tell some of the molecular level, you know,
composition of a human being then what is the best precise drug that should be administered to
that particular human that recommendation can come in through the use of different (different)
advanced systems that have been produced now. Cell modification is possible now, and also
advanced genetic engineering is a reality. Tipping points or the changes that are
coming in the future. So, basically by 2025, it is expected that we will have the different
clothing, the different fabrics, etc connected to the internet. There would be unlimited and free
storage available to everyone. There would be trillions of sensors connected to the internet.
And we are going to have a world, where there would be some robotic pharmacists, which is
going to help in the pharmaceutical industry. With this we come to an end of the fourth
industrial revolution lecture. We have understood, what is this fourth industrial revolution, what
were what were the previous three industrial revolutions that we have seen. And in
this fourth industrial revolution age, what are the new things that have come in
technologies such as self driving cars, technologies such as AI enabled Siri, and so on.
Technologies such as connected robots, standalone robots, smart robots being used in
different application domains such as agriculture, medical industries, manufacturing industries,
and so on. Technologies that are going to come in the future and people you know worldwide
there are lot of research words that are going on in different labs in the academia
and in the industries R & D industries. All of these things we have gone through. And we
have also seen how that these transformations are happening gradually and what is the benefit
of all these transformations that are happening. So, with this we come to an end, these are
some of these references that you might want to go through if you are interested to
know further about any of these. There are many more references that would be there
if you search in the internet or if you look at relevant books like the ones that are
listed over here. You are able to get much more information about this fourth industrial
revolution and Industry 4.0. With this we come to an end.
Thank you.
