Introduction To Horticulture Part 1

you you we're going to be doing the introduction horticulture or grab your pillows and get ready time it's fairly its again this is something that would typically be covered in in a college course over easily over a semester some of these pieces of it went by themselves would be a semester class so we are trying very much and in those of you who they read the chapter you know I mean somebody said I have know everything in the channel everybody who's pretty read the chapter it looks like there there's a lot of technical information there we're going to try to we're really trying to not necessary I don't like use we're dummy down but we're kind of trying to drill down to the things that we think are you as Master Gardeners need to know about all that stuff that's in the book because you know you will very rarely actually get a hotline call on any specific thing in that chapter so rest assured of that so we're going to try to drill that down it to what is important for you as a Master Gardener and understanding what some of these principles of horticulture are that will fall into play as you go further in and and that type of thing with the course so that's where we're heading again we're going to be talking about this is the introduction of horticulture and murder culture is a big long word basically driving from the Latin words portas and cool air which Portis means garden equal areas to cultivate and when you see somebody's studying horticulture its horticulture versus agronomy which is the study of like fields of crops which require a lot less intensive management protocol Chur is a little bit more difficult you're usually dealing with higher valuable type of crops things that are more perishable they're the type of things that we will be dealing with mainly as master gardeners there are things like fruit gardens vegetable gardens your ornamental crops I said as a general like your landscape plants your herbs and your specialty crops and again when I say crops I mean type of plants like specialty crops could mean native plants mediterranean area plants as we get into more drought tolerant plants so we're going to be looking at those things and the understanding of horticulture you have understand some of those underlying principles so that because it is part a science and part an art to managing these type of things so in looking there's a lot of people that is that contributed to this field and but I chose these two because I think they kind of give us the most run for our money in terms of what we're looking at Carl Linnaeus no was going to talk a lot about about his system that he developed he said he's the guy we have responsible for all of this Latin jargon that we use in horticulture he's an interesting guy who's lived in the 1700s he was he was a physician he was a zoologist he was a botanist he was a son of a minister from Sweden and he realized in his work as a physician that you know it's talking across the board with physicians from especially coming from Sweden where there were a lot of people speaking Swedish when doctors had to communicate they had to communicate on a common language so they knew they knew that they were talking about the same thing he realized in the world of plants and animals which is you know again being a botanist and a zoologist on top of being a physician he realized there was probably a need to bring that kind of some kind of common naming classification there so he developed this binomial nomenclature which Moe is going to talk about and with that he developed this way to kind of a nested hierarchy to kind to differentiate a down down them downward way so he's responsible for that we call him the fatherís of taxonomy I will admit a lot of the things that in the Linnaean world that he classified have been reclassified because he didn't have the advantage that we have today of even microscopic evidence or looking at DNA structures and plants so you'll often see sometimes people will if you read about a plant in particular you know specific species you'll say you'll see things that were lenay Linnaeus identified it as or under the Linnaean system they identified it as such and it had since changed and we're especially starting to see with DNA sequencing things are really changing a lot in the last you know probably in the last 15 years 15 to 20 years more than they had in the 200 years before that the other guy I have up here is Charles Darwin and again I look he was a botanist and he traveled the world and he we think of him as the guy who had the theory of evolution and he did that by basically studying plants first he's when he would go off on his voyages he would see things with plants he developed a lot of a theory about survival of the fittest and and that type of thing as he would see how plants survive and different under different circumstances and so he actually by looking at plants first he was first before he developed that with humans he actually developed that with plants looking at the way flowers were structured and seeing how how easy it was to cross pollinate a flower and how therefore helped how plants had developed systems in which they could protect themselves against cross-pollination to keep themselves pure and keep themselves viable and keep them to keep reproducing so Linnaeus during Linnaeus this time Linnaeus identified these two kingdoms as the plant kingdom in the animal kingdom but today we have five kingdoms of living organisms these top two kingdoms are probably the most boring those are those consists of the top one is the lowest Kingdom the kingdom of the mana and those are basically they are complex single-celled organisms they are your bacteria that type of thing the the kingdom next to it I that's kind of an odd Kingdom that's they basically throw anything in there that's not a bacteria that's not a plant animal or fungus is thrown into that so that includes things like your algae your slime molds all kinds of weird stuff and that would probably someday probably scientifically that Kingdom will break out as they understand those organisms but they are also single-celled complex organisms we get into the smallest of these kingdoms here in the kingdom of the fungi fungi as they call them and those are your mushrooms your yeast your molds your mildews those are all there multi-celled organisms like plants for the thing that differentiates them from plants is they do not produce their own food so they live off decaying matter in the error in soil and that's what differentiates them they're not that many members of them but there are there are but less than me less than the other one two on top the kingdom of the plants they have like probably a little over 300,000 species they are all the flowering plants that we know and love in our garden and they do include the thing that makes them unique is their multi-celled organisms they produce of all of these kingdoms are the ones that produce their own food through photosynthesis which we'll talk about then the animal kingdom is the very largest they're the most complex they are they have over a million species in there and they rely very much on on the plant King and they wouldn't exist without the existence of the plant kingdom because basically anything that they eat and wear and do is dependent upon that plant kingdom so what is a plant we know that they belong in the member of the plant kingdom they are living multi-celled beings they are basically immobile although we think of them moving by the way that they were their seeds are able to move by themselves they can't move anywhere they have no conscience even though there's studies that say they react to things like music and talking and and and that type of thing they have they're made up of multiple cells with rigid cell walls made of cellulose those cells are 90% water which allows the things to move in between them almost acting like SAP in between they can generally they can regenerate their lost tissues and organs they carry out photosynthesis which is a highly complex process that that only they can do and they are able to make it by in that process of photosynthesis they're able to make their own food and we call that being autotrophs big you know filling their own troughs almost say versus man we are heterotrophs again looking at a back to darwin's theory and this evolution of looking at plants and kind of where they started from they all started from basically this common green algae ancestor this was probably about 450 million years ago starting way back there and a long time with evolution they develop things like one thing that was out of the box for them as they get into about 400 million years ago they started to develop these spore like structures that enabled them to kind of move and those initial folks for like structures were you know needed to exist in a very wet environment and over time with evolutionary process they they were able to develop these spores that were actually able to exist in in a drier climate even though when we think of spore plants now like our firms and stuff like that they typically exist in them in a more moist environment for Southern California but even their ability to even move into those kind of environments and away from large bodies of water really distinguish them and so they start as that process starts they start we start to see more and more species evolving eventually we get into we get way up here into about 200 million years or about 250 into those gymnosperms and those are that's actually we now see plants that are actually producing seed it's highly evolutionary for them the gymnosperms which are your your pines your other conifers your use your up I think cycads are even in here to a degree they again they have they have seeds but those seeds are open so they can be easily culminated by by the pollinator much more complex and there are the new kids on the block are the angiosperms which means a covered seed those are our flowering plants and I'd say flowering plants they're called the flowering plant kingdom but that includes almost all like a lot of our broadleaf trees or shrubs things like that that even though we don't see they're unlike Thea the pines and that the thing they do they do produce a seed that is covered even though some of them in the classic sense we don't see them producing this big magnolia type of flower but and the Magnolia is probably speaking of the magnolias is kind of the the signature plant that's one of the first flowering plants that got this scene in that division as by actually the flower structure in Magnolia is really it's really peculiar if you look at it in that angiosperm family we have there's two types of plants we see in here our monocots and our dicots and again why do we need to know some of this where you know we're kind of understanding how plants are kind of evolving and different things which are older the monocots and the dichotic the one thing that was always different to me is like you know you pick up a bag of weaving feet of your at your local home center and it's like I was always like how can I feed this to my lawn and have it killing these leaves while it's feeding something else and that's kind of where it's looking at that that we the feed you're buying is feeding the monocots which are the the grasses and killing off the die cuts which are a lot of your broadleaf weeds like your dandelion and so forth that exists in your lawn so what makes them significant from each other is you know classically when you were a kid and you put that that bean seed I don't know how many of you did that between that wet napkin and came out a couple days later and you saw those two little seed leaves I'm coming forward well that was your classic that bean plant is your classic daikon it had two cotyledons cotyledons are the seed leaves you saw those seeds emerge if you were to do that with a grass seed or probably most of you working around your garden you see those those weedy palms and you see that one blade kind of coming up which you don't get right away is going to be get away from you really quickly that is that's your classic monocot those tough things they have one seed leaf that comes out okay um there's also differences in the in the Leafs and when you win you typically if you see a leave from either one of these divisions you're monocots if you look at the leaf that the veins of the the lease would run parallel up the Sims and you think of this a lot when we look at your strappy plants like your grasses or your agaves or your day lilies and flax and those type of things you know you'll notice the leaves if you try to break it across the leave that be the veins are running parallel verses and the dicot family the leaves are have a net-like structure and there's a lot of different types of net-like structures they have it they if you look at if you look at it and I think you may be looking at some of this in your lab today but you'll see the the veins kind of running running out across across the leaf also if I were to cut the stem in half of a either one of those plants I would notice in my monocots that the they're kind of scattered throughout the the little of the vascular bundles that I would see those kind of scattered around they mostly fall on the periphery but they're they're little scattered scattered bundles whereas when I look at my dicots they're all like in this nice little neat little ring right in the plant so I think I can tell that right away again in the in the monocots my root system is a little bit different their root systems are typically a real fibrous they don't have like a deep taproot so you notice this again when you're out picking out your plant you can kind of identify them when you get those plants after the rain you pull them out you can see you're typically your monocots are fairly easy to get to those those broadleaf weeds that you have in your yard if you let them go for a while they can be really tough to conquer and to deal with and the bottom parts unusually - in the monocots if I were to take apart of flower I would see in the monocots that my flowers are typically in in groups of three my petals sides my plants typically have three petals or six petals sometimes nine but they're in groups of three and then in my dicots they're usually in multiples of four or five so if you go out you can kind of identify something fairly easily based on that so so those are the kind of things that we are looking at it and know it's going to go on and talk to us about nomenclature volcanic nomenclature that's me we are so lucky that Linnaeus discovered the system if now you would have a tear - would have a terrible time explaining the their writings to people in other vernacular areas so pathetic you names are use the same use the same language worldwide Latin so who else other than the Pope uses Latin Rite botanist zoologist and many people in the medical profession as Liz said and both have authentic names do not have multiple meanings a boat a nickname references a specific plant and only one specific plant many botanic many Botanica names have specific meaning such as what you see here there are over 3000 and you don't have to write all this down there are over 3000 Latin names and here's just a little look at them say you're in the nursery and you see a plant called a plumeria Alba what do you know about that plumeria is down better have a white flower huh ok anyone hungry see a plant and it's got a label on it it says Angeles that means it's edible you see a plant and it says something repens you know that plant is going to be a creepy-crawly plant it is not going to be 6 feet tall so what do these three plants have in common and the ideas yelling out what do they have in common they're oohs as an answer they're all hoes yes that's the wrong answer none of these plants are hopes those are three common names poison oak silky oh and she oak completely different families they are not Oaks by any stretch of the imagination and that's part of the problem with using common names on try another one in there what do these three plants have in common they all have the name pepper in it that's true they do anything else they're all the same that's good that's the correct answer yes three different names for all the same plant it's called ask ina Molly something like I may be a little off on pronunciation but they are all the same plant and they are native to Peru I always thought the Californian pepper was native to California duh I'm incorrect so that's the problem with using common names there it can be very misleading if you don't these plants look like the California pepper there's also a Brazilian pepper you see around town right now it's blooming like crazy that blooming it's fruiting like crazy got those tiny little red balls on it to hair only invasive while she's going yeah it is it's terribly invasive plant as are so measured is this one what's next pronouncing pronunciation fast but probably the biggest reason why people do not want to use volcanic names is because they're afraid they are going to mispronounce the organic but take heart horticulturist don't always agree on pronunciation individual botanist complete rarely are completely consistent in pronunciation and people tend to pronounce names the way they first learned them regardless of any subsequently encountered information so don't worry about not being able to pronounce a botanic name this is you cute this pitar in there for me okay look at this name kind of a big one isn't it a long name if you didn't know it you would think it might be rather daunting how would you say that name and you're just looking at it for the first time would you say I can't say that right kind of scary isn't it thought that we can all say it right can anyone say it pretty easy doesn't it it's a note anak name but it's easy so let's talk a little bit about promote an innate pronunciation I will first say I don't know any website you can go to where someone has actually rattle off a boat a nickname for you chrysanthemum chrysanthemum it won't happen however if you look at this how do you say that first one - my gosh she says to me you said tomato I think tomato how about the next one ah thank you again what part of the country are you from she's from Helen Reddy but she says Basel I say Basel last one Laureen I'll ask you because you know about these plans how do you say that one protea I sometimes I say protea sometimes I say from TIA it doesn't matter say one protea it doesn't matter they're all good the next one you don't have to try this one right now but that really is little intimidating isn't it so there is help there is help try this website how many you space garden comm a few of you by the way how many of you use volcanic names regularly you stay a few don't have some of you do okay this website is very helpful names garden calm and this little this little thing here this is a screen print so the first thing you learn from name is Gary calm is this particular plant and I'll pronounce it Ally agony you Julie I pretty easy once you say in a couple of times it's even kind of fun it rolls off your tongue so if it's plant Ally agony jujube I it's got four common names blue hibiscus Wagga hibiscus Purple Hibiscus in California hibiscus Oh mine so you pronounce it Ali I can be hugely I and what is down below it's in the family someone who got the family someone picked this family today for her plant and she didn't know how to say it it's the it's right here now these know they see a pretty easy the genus you've got the pronunciation Ally agony and the species you Julie I so users website it's very easy it really makes pronounce it really makes it easy for you to learn how to pronounce botanic names I know I use it all the time so Lutz talked a little bit about the hierarchy of biological classification not to be honest with you these things in green I never use them sorry Liz never use them but I do use bottom three the family family the genus and the species the genus and the species are probably the two most important items and but the family has a lot of importance as well so the purpose of this slide is merely to tell you to show you how to read and to write a vote a nickname so that is called format so the first thing we have is a family there are over 600 different families of plants and they'll all end in the suffix a c e AE you may see and you think about this this didn't always happen I'd say maybe 15-20 years ago there were some plants that didn't end in this suffix but now they do AC e AE the genus is a lower order of family and there are over 17,000 general and when you're writing it's very important to capitalize the genus and write it in italics the attorney is looking at me like are you crazy next we have the species and there are over a million different species the species is always in lower case and in italics I see a lot of people writing you know again you can if you didn't print the PowerPoint you can go back and print it it would be here I'd be very helpful the last thing is after species there is a further breakdown and you've got a lot of different things here you've got hybrids you've got subspecies you've got variations you've got trade names and if you've read your handbook which I'm sure you did they talk about all of these different things actually I don't concern myself with these things because I'm not creating hybrids I'm not creating new hybrids I don't know how to have to write them but I do read them the one thing you might want to consider is if apply has a hybrid it is there for a particular reason and I think this was covered in the manual like thinking otherwise maybe not so pretty flower prettier prettier colors sometimes they put something on a different fruit stock to make it stronger in that case it might have a hybrid after it or someone may find one out in the field well never mind that's my fight it let's give up so let's look at an example this is a plant family the Lori's a family and it's really funny because these flowers all look alike don't they but they are really three very different looking plants one of them flowers here are from a bay laurel tree flowers here are from a camphor tree and the flowers here are from an avocado tree and when botanists are grouping plants in families the first thing they look at is the flour and flour the plant families are typically grouped by flour and why does this that's because when you go from the flour we talked about reproduction and the reproductive organs and these flowers are very similar which kind of links them to the family so why would you care about the family if you know the family you know family mean what does it matter well I grow Proteus and if I get a seed of Proteus seed and I want to start it I know that I better smoke others I've been are sewing it in a small solution before overnight before I plant it because that's what you do to Proteus if someone says oh I've got this euphorbia you want to cut in I go mmm latex sac and damage the eyes can damage the skin maybe not you know that because it's a euphorbia what else the biggest family anyone know if the biggest family is or almost see she Lori says orchid others say asteraceae the Daisy family controversy over that and then the third one is the people say they see a family which is the lesion family so knowing families health helps so let's look in detail at a at a plant family n genus and species in this case we have the literally have lemme see a we have the family is what I'm a CH you can see on the top right the pronunciation is there for you Leigh Lanie ACA it also has an alternative pronunciation you can say lamiaceae i if you prefer and the thing that's common about this family the levy ACA family is that the common name for the family is a mint family it has many flavorful herbs and menu with square stems so you probably know some of the other plants in this family basil may be oregano thyme rosemary they all have something in common right so that's what distinguishes a family we are looking at a lavender the boat a nickname for lavender is love on doula and this is the genus and so any plant in this lavender genius is a lower level and the plants and the lavender family are all very similar in that they have similar flowers fragrance and the leaves are pretty similar that a new look we take it down a layer further and in this case this is a Spanish lavender the UM the slide that I showed you a few slides back and had all the names on it those are mostly adjectives that describe the plant and that's what the species does normally describes something about the plant and most of you probably have sunset garden books in the back of sunset there are this bow Tanic names by category like categories that describe colors categories that describe the shape of the flowers and other things so that is an adjective usually the species and then the last thing if there is something there is the name of a person who discovered the plant or who who greeted the plant it could be sung as usually some sort of hybrid oh and I forgot to mention on the genus where the names come from the genus names often the genus names are named after a person who did something remarkable a botanist who did something remarkable or maybe a botanist who discovered a plant for example the Banksia was discovered by Sir Joseph Banks there is a genus called a Darwinian any idea where that william came from anyone Darwin what Darwin Charles Darwin this is a trick question I'm telling them actually the genus Darwinian was named after a man called erasmus ER asmu s you don't have to write this down he won't be on your final erasmus darwin who is the grandfather of charles darwin he was a physician a philosopher and a poet and he wrote about evolution he actually died seven years before Charles Darwin was born Erasmus did but he passed his information along and apparently Charles picked up on one other thing the real reason why Darwinian is named after her Asmus darwin is because this told you para Linnaeus broke his his system his binomial system in Swedish well who can read Swedish huh so Erasmus Darwin translated Karl Linnaeus's works from Swedish to English and that's why he got the genus named after him so there are reasons why this happens is that every kind of interesting sore in their question its sir she was Megan's Serb Joseph thanks Joseph you see I would have loved to live back and this time to go travelling on ships and and discover new plants that there's some really interesting reading about this oh thanks I'll come in a radiation now in it um it's a lot of work to write lab and doula and if you're writing about plants maybe you know you're doing the presentation or you're writing a pair of it's a lot of work to write Levin dualist Otis Levin to look in here against this lemon do live in town so we make it simple or someone made it simple once you use lemon dualist osius you can after that you need to keep it like in a paragraph or in the same page you can just have a capital L as we have here period and then Canary incest from capital L period dentata you don't have to write the whole garden lab whatever it is not unduly out every time another comment abbreviate our letter abbreviation is if I'm doing the presentation and I took a picture of a lavender I should real and I don't know the name of it I would write leaven dual o SP period and that means is that some particular species of lavender but I don't know what the heck it is or if I have many plural I would key it I would write SSP for several I'm referring to several unknown species simple enough subspace man thank you there's another helpful website here and this is called on tropicals at the coast it's the website of the universe was zero volcanic --all garden website has a lot of useful information on it and you can find out interesting things like which plants are in a family which genus are the species very helpful and I you need find different use that one other thing you know how do you recommend you learn the book - oh one other thing I highly recommend you learn the bow Tanic names but and I've learned them but I don't get carried away if I see a field with beautiful orange flowers I would say oh look at those California poppies I would say oh look at those beautiful eyes shall see is California cos there are some limits and I think I think that is the you and mo said it's important that you know you learn those botanic names or or you know especially if you're into a particular field you know when all those vegetables out regarding a botanic names and you would almost never refer to a vegetable by you know a tomato by I don't Canada Lyceum or whatever it is you know it just in some areas it's just not done but you know especially with your ornamentals and if you know for those you know anytime you're working landscape business or you know and again you do use that as somebody is sending you something to the hotline and you're identifying it because as no pointed out they have they have a lot of there's a lot of common names so and a lot of those common names are regional so if you come from a particular area I always think of like the snowmen summer plant which is like its it refers there's there's a plant that's a ground cover that's called snow and summer and then there's a big huge tree that's also it's called snow and summer so if somebody comes in specking out that they need five snow and summer you better figure out what it is that they need so that's why it is it is important that we that we use those or get familiar with it but you're always speaking to your audience and that's one thing I think sometimes people are turned off sometimes when we talk and be Latin at them and you know just you know depending on who you're speaking with yes okay and she's commenting that in her homeowners association that they redid a landscape and they people because again people were asking in them what it was they ended up labeling it in their front yard which is a great way to to do it and that you when you go on garden tours you'll often see like especially things that are you know done by like the san diego horticultural society and if when things are labeled most times you will see on gardening terms that things are labeled usually with both the botanic theme and the common name on there so we're going to be moving into plant structure and basically there are two parts of a plant there's the vegetative structure and the the sexual reproductive parts of the of the plant so in the sexual reproductive parts are like your your bud your flower bud your flower and your seeds the vegetative parts are your roots the stem and your leaves the and there are there are parts like you could think there's an argument you could say that like when we do when we do certain propagation using cuttings we actually are using some of the vegetative parts for reproduction like if you've ever tried to especially we see this a lot of times with succulents we're just sticking a leaf or a part of a plant and propagating and I think you're going to get into that from you did no do you have to this is probably a part of a plant that most of you have never heard about see which one most important parts of vegetative parts of plant is the meristem and it's really not it's so much a part of the plan as it is kind of tissue in certain zones meristems occur at many of the vegetative parts of the plant and they're responsible for that's it's a thin layer of tissue that occurs both at the root level at usually at the end of growing tips of a plant and at the at the bud a fixes that that give it that it is it is where the growth will occur it's largely composed of water the marrow stomach areas get most of the activity from the plants like most of the energy and food that's going to that plant especially as that plant is young and growing are going to the are going to these regions because this is where the growth will occur the again typically in the root area we call it a I think a rattle something meristem it's that the root is giving the plant energy for the root to to embed itself in the ground and to grow quickly to get that plant started and same thing at the tips and where this becomes important to you as gardeners and advising people is understanding kind of where those marrow stomach tissues or cells are in a plant help you as you get into into pruning a plant for optimal growth you understand where the growth is occurring when it's occurring some of its occurring by you know at the age of the plant obviously this is growing really quickly when a plant is really young and growing at a point sometimes with the mature plant you notice how your orange tree when you plant it takes a certain number of years to get to maturity a lot of the Maris meristems in that orange tree are looking to again develop that root in the ground develop you know get those leaves going get those stems going but would on that tree getting it ready and sometimes it takes a while you notice when we plant a lot of our fruiting plants it takes a while for it to actually produce its flowers because the energy for that plant is going into getting that plant grounded and sparking out that growth within the plant okay again it's a very thin layer but that's where most of the activity is occurring the apical meristems are basically more or less at the top and the bottom of the plant you've seen trees where somebody actually cuts off that tops off that tree what's happening is they cut off that that major development within the plant a lot of times the the what happened to the plant is it'll try to develop a new a primary growth or a new terminating meristem on the plant so that's why they'll see some kinds of tree that's been cut off the top you'll see a thick branch kind of trying to re-establish apical dominance in the plant same thing if we we relocate a transplant a plant we cut off the the main tap root of the plant that again same thing that will happen is but sometimes it oftentimes you can't get that we going again and that's why you'll see sometimes in transplanting that the plant a healthy plant will die because it just doesn't have enough to re-establish itself okay so those are our primary meristems are in the terminating areas on both on the roof and the end of the plant they occurring on also in the shoe area and they help the plant increase in length and oftentimes they stop at a certain point or severe way slow down and that's what accounts for our tree all of a sudden getting to a certain height and either weight slowing down its growth or stopping all together our lateral meristems are responsible for the increase in the birth of the puppy of the plant and we see this especially in our in our woody plants that those meristems will eventually lend themselves over to producing that cambium layer that wittiness on the bark of trees okay we're going to go into room snacks with

Channel: Byron Asakawa

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Length: 42min 37sec (2557 seconds)

Published: Fri Jan 29 2016