INTRO TO HUMAN ANATOMY by PROFESSOR FINK

okay um all right so we're going to begin talking about what Anatomy is and now uh what does the word Anatomy what is anatomy it M is they we wrote the scientific study of body structure another word for structure is morphology morphology just as in other word for structure morphology comes from the Greek morphus meaning shape or structure but let's look at what the word Anatomy itself means one of the things that we're going to be learning about in this class it is as we said earlier is terminology anatomic and medical terminology has anybody had a class in medical terminology so you'll know that when I say this that when you take a class of medical terminology you they make you learn all these Greek and Latin roots and all these clinical words are just made up of lots of Greek and Latin roots that are joined together that's basically what all creates all these medical terms so Anatomy is made up of two Greek roots and the and tongue anatomy and in tone so what does it mean to' means to cut and ana means up so Anatomy is basically a the study of cutting up stuff because obviously that's how they studied Anatomy as they cut up a cat's they cut out the human body and and so that's what it is but I want to before I go any further show you how we use these roots so I want to focus on the root tone toe means to cut so let me give you a couple of other examples where we see that root tone so if we have the word for example how about a tonsillectomy so in the word tonsillectomy can you see the evening toe me that's tone so it means literally to cut to cut out the tonsils a appendectomy right to cut out the appendix but let's use a use an example of tome where Thome where it's a little bit more complicated uh earlier today I showed you my website and we squatted you to watch a video that describes a cat-scan machine does anybody know what CT or CAT stands for all right you've heard of a cat skin so it stands for computerized computerized axial tomography all right well we know what computers are so this device must use a computer axial refers to the axis of the body so our major axis is this vertical line that goes or that extends right through the middle of my body and divides me into a right left half all right and then tomography notice the road here's the route Oh as in the word anatomy or tonsillectomy there's the tone toe means to cut graph is a picture an image or a picture so computerized axial tomography gives us a picture or image as if we had made cuts or sections through the body so a cat scan creates these images as if we had made a whole bunch of sections or cuts through the body so they give these serial sections and without actually having to cut anybody or chop them apart so that's how it gets that term axial tomography sometimes for short is only about the word axial they'll just write CT right computerized tomography so we could give you lots and lots of examples of tomé where it appears now I mentioned Anatomy is the scientific study of what the body looks like its structure in addition it's how the body develops and we're not only going to learn the structure of an adult we're going to learn the structure of an embryo and the fetus and in fact in my mind that's one of the most fascinating parts of anatomy is learning about how the baby develops actually starting out from a single cell and developing into an embryo into a fetus and into the adult structure so we will learn about the development of the body as well now many fields when you take a course in sociology take a course in psychology they will commonly tell you about some of the major uh so-called fathers of that field who are very important in the initial development of that discipline or field in the case of modern human anatomy the father of modern human anatomy is named Andreas Vesalius now it's not so much I'm going to test you on the name of this guy but Andria's defense of say leus or his real name was Andre vesali was a Belgian physician who lived in the 16th century 16th centuries the 1500s and he's considered the father of modern anatomy uh what he did is as a physician he taught at a medical school in Belgium and he would pay a gravediggers to dig up human bodies out of the cemetery so that he and his students could detect the human body and see what's inside and he made some very beautiful drawings that are still considered some of the finest anatomical drawings that have ever been made he compiled all of these drawings into a seven-volume work called the home on eco porous fabrica you don't have to know that you do not which is Latin for the workings of the human body and these are all these beautiful anatomic drawings that he did based on these bodies that were dug up out of the ground now there's a lot of controversy about how he did this uh technically he was paying grave diggers to dig up bodies that had been buried but he prefer earned fresh bodies that had not decomposed or deteriorated so they the gravedigger started bringing him some really fresh specimens and it was always suspected that to bring very fresh specimens and to reduce the amount of work of having to dig up the body out of the cemetery they were just killing people they were murdering people and bringing a really fresh body and that way they didn't even have to expend effort to dig the body back out of the grave and they got paid for it so the beginnings of modern Anatomy have some questionable origins another thing I wanted to mention is the nomina anatomica no mana anatomica this is Latin it literally means an atomic names yeoman is names and every year or every couple of years the International Congress of anatomist meets and it's an international body and they agree on the official names of the different parts of the body now the main point that I want you to appreciate is that when we learn make it mr. skeleton man here so when we learn that this thigh bone this bone of the upper leg the thigh bone is called the femur that name femur is internationally agreed-upon that's the name that it's called everywhere in the world so if you were taking an anatomy class or attending Medical School it wouldn't matter if you were studying anatomy or medicine in the United States in Iran in China in Kenya in Germany the technical scientific name of the thigh bone is the femur now how they spell it would be with their own alphabet because different languages use different alphabets but everybody when they said say the word out loud it would scum out femur that's what it's called that's the international scientific name and so when we're learning these names these are not just names that we use in English people who know English don't know these names because they are the scientific names they're not English names they're not German names they're not Chinese names they are scientific names now many of you have to take physiology and commonly students will say anatomy physiology I think they're the same thing well they're in fatica Li not the same thing they're very different physiology is a scientific study of how the body works how it functions not what it looks like but how it functions and physiology the way we describe how things work is largely in terms of biochemical processes that's why physiology we want you to take chemistry before you take physiology because there's a lot of biological or physiological chemistry that is used in describing how the body works let me try to drive home this difference between anatomy and physiology using a car as in an example in analogy let's imagine we're looking at a car I open up the hood of the car we're looking down at the engine so if I start to point to the different parts of a car engine I say see this that's the battery you go dude yeah I knew that like I said I said this is the battery this is the radiator this is the here's the fan belt this is the engine block let's open up the engine block and inside the engine block there are these chambers called cylinders and what goes up and down in those cylinders are Pistons what I'm describing is the anatomy of the car engine we're learning what these different things are called what they look like and what they're called what would the physiology of a car engine be if that's the anatomy the physiology of a car engine is explaining internal combustion because the way that car engine functions or works is through a chemical reaction called combustion and we would have 2x how hydrocarbon molecules are combusted with oxygen releasing an explosive release of energy that makes these Pistons move up and down obviously before we can learn how the engine works we first need to know what the different parts of the engine are called similarly before we can learn how the human body works we first need to know what the different parts of the human body look like and what they're called they're they follow the difference so physiology is more advanced more sophisticated more complicated than anatomy anatomy is really memorizing a bunch of names physiology is understanding these chemical and physical processes that to explain how it works in Physiology you abuse concepts that you learn about in chemistry courses like Boyle's law and Laplace's law and you learn about volumes and pressures and so on in order to explain how the human body works okay let's talk about anatomy though that's our course so the human body the study of the macroscopic the macroscopic macro means big the large structure macro the macroscopic body is called gross anatomy gross means big right so if you learn the different parts of a human body the whole macroscopic meaning what you can see with your own eyes that's called gross anatomy I guess some people think it's called gross anatomy because it's gross you know disgusting but it's called gross because it's big now in this class not only are we going to learn gross anatomy what the different parts are called what they look like we're going to also tell you a little bit about surface anatomy I want to give you two examples of surface anatomy right now we're going to learn much more about these examples later one example of surface anatomy I want to mention is something all the sternal angle the sternal angle or angle of Luis so it's called the sternal angle or angle of Luis you'd say what's the sternal angle so if you were to take your finger and rub this bone right here now in English we would call this bone the breastbone I don't care what it's called in English I'm not going to test you on English names and the scientific or anatomic name is the sternum this is the sternum when you rub your hand your finger over the sternum you'll feel a bump go ahead try it rub your finger right over your sternum and as you rub it up and down you'll feel a ridge a bump that bump is called the sternal angle or sternal angle of Luis now why do we care feel that bump that Ridge go ahead do it if you can't find it on yourself how are you going to do it on a patient all right when you feel that bump just to the sides of that bump our ribs that's the second pair of ribs the second pair of ribs are attached right where that bump is this is the first pair here's the second pair you'd say why do we care who cares second pair of ribs so what that's the top of the heart so the top of the heart how we locate the top of the heart is right we feel that little bump or ridge called the sternal angle that's the level of the second pair of ribs that's where the top of the heart is right we don't just say as a future nurse or a physician's assistant or something we don't just say oh your heart but somewhere in there we need to be a little bit more precise than simply say it's somewhere in here all right so that's how we locate it now in second example a second example of surface anatomy I want to give you is the the spinous process the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra all right the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra now we'd say what the hell's that mean so on the back of the our vertebral column we have these spines you can feel them right you feel those spines or spinous processes on your back now what is cervical me if I know it's cervical is neck cervical means neck so we want to specifically locate the spine or spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra the seventh vertebra of the neck that's very easy to locate because you can palpate it does anybody know what the word palpate means palpate means you can touch or feel it so to touch or feel so you'd say what do you mean palpate to touch your feel if you feel the back of your neck on the back of your neck you'll feel a spine a prominent spine a bump on the back side of your neck that bump that spine is the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra so it's used as an anatomic landmark these are called anatomic landmarks now you'd say wonderful now that I failed now that I palpate or can feel this bump or spine of the seventh cervical vertebra so what could you feel a spine right below it all right well there's the spine below it can you feel the spine below that you'd say yeah it's a little bit harder to feel well if you count two spines below the seventh cervical that's the top of the heart on the back side the top of your heart when you're trying to locate it on the back side of the body is two bumps two spines spinous processes below what's called c7 c7 is the seventh cervical vertebra it's called seven so you count two bumps or spines spinous processes below that prominent bump and that's where the top of the heart is on the backside these are known as anatomic landmarks anatomic landmarks there's a lot of this in medicine so that we feel or palpate different parts of the body so we know where the different organs are located and in fact the vertebral column is really a many ways use like a yardstick for locating not only where your heart is but where your kidneys are and whether where other organs of the body are located we're going to be learning more about this so you know this is just an introduction for right now these are examples of what we call surface anatomy if you're going in you want to become a nurse you want to become a physician's assistant a physical therapist and occupational therapist a radiology technologist you're going to be learning how to feel or palpate the different parts of the body so you know where they are so that's part of what's known as a physical examination of the patient alright a regional Anatomy what's that regional anatomy is when we study the anatomy of the body by area by region for example who's who in the class is interested in going into dental hygiene or dentistry alright so dental hygiene I know anybody interested in dentistry or dinner I did so alright so when you enter the dental hygiene program in the very first semester you're going to have head and neck anatomy your this is the area you're going to have an entire semester long course just on this because if you're working in the mouth you sure as hell better know the head and neck because that's where you're going to spend all your time every day looking at that patients head and neck that's called regional anatomy you could not only is their head and neck if somebody wanted to go into diet REE what's podiatry all right so a podiatrist is somebody who's licensed to do medical procedures on the leg and foot so they don't study all of human anatomy they focus on leg and foot anatomy that's the region that they study you can have a neck regional Anatomy leg and foot you could have chest or thoracic anatomy a hand surgeon is going to be focusing on hand anatomy people going into physical therapy or occupational therapy is anybody know what the major one of the major distinctions is between a PT and an OT anybody what is it yeah any other CS one of the main distinctions between a PT and ot OTS primarily work with the hands the arms and hands the upper extremities PT's primarily focus on the legs and that's not the only distinction some of you mentioned others but most physical therapists are helping people walk most occupational therapists are helping people use their hands so that has to do with which region or part of the body they focus on now both OTS and pts will learn both arms and legs but they focus more on either the upper part of the body or the lower part of the body on the alright so that's a regional anatomy if somebody wanted to go into obstetric owner Seng you'd say what do you mean obstetric owner Seng if somebody's going to be a midwife or basically work in the maternity ward then they sure better know the pelvic Anatomy very well shouldn't they because all day long they're going to be delivering babies out through the bottom of the pelvis so they really have to know pelvic Anatomy well okay radiological anatomy radiological anatomy is where we use different techniques to see the inside of the body so radiological anatomy basically involves using various types of scans scans of the body images of the body so let me mention a few types of scans of ways of scanning the body so one example first when the simplest would be x-rays x-rays right you can get an x-ray scan now x-rays and we'll have more to say about this later at another time x-rays primarily allow us to see bones and teeth so will you take x-rays to see if you broke an arm bone right is the bone fractured or broken we uh in people in dentistry or dental hygiene use x-rays to see if there's holes or cavities in a tooth so the x-rays primarily allow us to see hard structures like bones and teeth now we can actually use x-rays to see soft tissues rather than bones and teeth if we use dyes so an example of using a dye along with an x-ray would be something called an angiogram we're gonna not I didn't do it today but maybe next class meeting we're gonna put out some x-rays and other types of things so you can get a sense of this I've ever heard of an angiogram so an angiogram is when they inject a dye into the blood stream so they can see a blood vessel without the dye you can't use an x-ray to see a blood vessel it won't show up on an x-ray it only shows up bones and teeth so they yep yeah it's called a contrast medium it's usually a type of iodine there's all kinds of contrast mediums or dyes as it were that can be introduced into different parts of the body if anybody's ever heard of an upper or lower GI it's where they introduce barium which is a metal into the digestive tract and take an x-ray image and then you can see the outlines of the intestine so without the using the dye that you can't see it with an x-ray but using the dye allows you to visualize it other things besides x-rays and angiograms we mentioned earlier a CT scan or cat scan so what's a cat scan well this is where I'd like you to watch that video that's linked on my website if you have the textbook your textbook and I didn't require you to use it get a textbook but textbook all these things I'm covering right now are in chapter 1 of every Anatomy textbook and in chapter 1 they would talk about the different ways of visualizing the inside of the body we already said earlier today CT or CAT stands for computerized tomography this is where they use x-rays and they basically beam x-rays in a 360 degree a plane through the body and by creating these images around the entire body they use a computer to reconstruct what a section of through the body looks like and again watch the video that's linked on my website it's a YouTube video so you can understand this better so it shows as I've ever had anybody ever had a CT scan done so you remember if you've had it done they wheel you on a you're like a gurney and there's this thing spinning around it's really like a camera as it were and it's taking these images and they'll move you through in a whirl or right out and then they'll move you a little bit further and it a whirl around again and each time it whirls around you 360 degrees it creates an image as if they had made a section right through your body no like that's we're getting to the one that has the really loud sound - Tom ography and then it's this word that we wrote here earlier tome isn't to make a cut like a natalie is to cut um so that's a I can't say it does use x-ray so it's a it uses x-rays so to the extent that x-rays can be harmful to us and obviously our simple x-ray and angiogram which uses x-rays or a CT scan uses x-rays this is radiation now there are other devices that allow us to see the inside of the body that do not use x-rays an example of that is an MRI and I know what an MRI stands for yeah it stands for magnetic resonance imaging magnetic resonance imaging sometimes we'll just say mi resonance imaging and this is where they use a magnetic field now creating these very high magnetic fields to visualize to create images as if they made sections through your body creates a very loud noise right and they use it very commonly for images of the head so it allows images of the brain for example to be probably the clearest even better than a CT scan so this is where they'll put you into basically a tube you get very claustrophobic and you hear this hammering sound which is the magnetic field the change in the magnetic field and usually that procedure takes about 45 minutes now 45 minutes you're inside an MRI machine so instantly they have technicians who do all these things so as other types of health-related fields are to be a CT technician an MRI technician and so on to run these devices watch the video linked on my website that shows you an MRI want you to understand the difference between MRI and a CT but this end does an MRI use radiation no it uses a magnetic field the big concern here with an MRI is that somebody doesn't have any metal in their body because a magnetic field magnetic field causes metal to move so if somebody has any piece of metal that magnetic fields can cause that metal to start moving through their body also if they have a battery-powered pacemaker not only is it metallic but that magnetic field is going to stop that battery-powered pacemaker from working so you will see wherever there's an my machine it has a warning to stay away from that area that facility if you have a battery-powered pacemaker it's not only for brain they use it further yeah it's it's commonly done though for brain spinal cord injury system well you can walk by they don't want you going into it where the magnetic field would be measurable yeah so and that's why they usually put the MRI machines in a separate building like at a hospital it's usually at a separate building or in a basement unlike the other devices now another way of visualizing the inside of the body is with ultrasound ultrasound doesn't use x-rays and it does not use a magnetic field it uses we will call it sound very high frequency sound and it bounces high frequency sound waves off the part of the body ultrasound is considered the safest of these various techniques and that's why they use ultrasound to see babies in the womb because they don't want to look at babies with an x-ray or because x-rays are radiation that can cause genetic mutations and they are also reluctant to use MRI magnetic fields so they use ultrasound so that's called sonography they also use ultrasound for other purposes earlier we there was a couple people said they were interested in going into radiology tech is that right or something anybody interested in radiology tech or ultrasound so you can get images of the inside of the heart and the arteries using an ultrasound that's known as an echocardiogram and again watch the video linked on my website that shows you an echocardiogram using ultrasound we want you to understand the difference between a sea an MRI and an echocardiogram done with ultrasound these are different ways of visualizing the inside of the body all of these ways of scanning for getting images on the inside of the body fall within this area called radiological anatomy using these various devices there are many others but we'll just leave it at that there's PET scans and other things as well um there is a radioactive isotopes and so on uh but in terms of radioactive isotopes if you know of anybody who has had diagnostic tests for cancer they will commonly use a radioactive isotope it tracers to see if the cancer cells have reached their lymph nodes and so on so yep that's that know the electrocardiogram is not a scan of the body it's not anatomic that's functional so electrocardiogram is something you learn about in Physiology that has to do with the electrical current flow through the heart all of these are techniques or ways that in the Medical Sciences we use to investigate and evaluate the human body and that's why that's why this is called Medical Science you have to learn your knowledge of science chemistry physics biology to understand how physicians and dentists and nurses and and occupational therapists and everybody else study the human body way of use scientific methods to analyze it they used we've all had blood tests where they analyze chemicals in our bloodstream and they will measure cholesterol levels in your blood they'll measure glucose levels in your blood though they'll measure fatty acid levels though they'll measure red blood cell counts and white blood cell counts all to evaluate and assess the condition of the body so this is uh what medical science is about all right ah now we can divide the human body into organ systems so in chapter one of the textbook or also I believe exercise too I think our exercise one in the lab manual and you don't need the textbook so let's focus on the lab manual which you do need to get and exercise one on the lab manual insert summarizes the major systems of the body I'll say them very quickly you don't have to write it down because you're going to look at exercise one in the lab manual alright and also I've got links on my website so we're going to be learning in this class the skeletal system the muscular system the digestive system the respiratory system the urinary system the circulatory system the endocrine system the lymphatic system the reproductive system and the nervous system and the skin or integument I think there are nine systems so we're going to be learning all these different systems of the body and when we end study the human body by systems digestive system circulatory system reproductive system that's called systemic anatomy learning the body by systems and that's the most common way that introductory anatomy class analyze the body is by systems now the nervous system is without question the most complicated of the systems and they give a special name for the nervous system they call it neuroanatomy neural Anatomy is so damn complicated that you can literally take an advanced course in just neuroanatomy the nerve anatomy of the nervous system it's usually offered as an upper division or graduate course just on the nervous system because of its complexity now are the organ systems of our body such as the digestive system or the reproductive system or circulatory system can be further subdivided into organs so for example and this is all covered in exercise one of your lab manual ah the digestive system would include it would include the esophagus the stomach the duodenum the jejunum the ileum the different parts of the colon and would include the liver the pancreas and gallbladder all of those are organs of the digestive system a female reproductive system would consist of ovaries and fallopian tubes and the uterus and the in the mammary glands these would all be part of the female reproductive system so we're going to be learning which organs make up different systems of the body and again this is all in the exercise one of the lab manyö I have an old addition here does it really matter in exercise one they may have pictures and let's see if everybody has that we just pay attention so the lab manual again you can't manage in but when you look at it I'll just show you what it looks like we're going to be talking about this you get it this is exercise one of the lab manual and this is and you here's where an X actually is exercise to exercise to says organ systems overview and it goes through right here there's a whole chart in exercise two of the names of the different organ systems and the organs that make them up right so here it is to show you this is exercise - here's the well we just talked about thee for example the digestive system and here it says digestive system is the oral cavity esophagus stomach small and large intestine and the teeth the salivary glands the liver and the pancreas so you so what do we have to know that yes you will need to know that that's the second exercise in the lab manual so this is why we stretch and a college-level biology class before you take this so you've at least got some introduction to the parts of the body rather than no knowledge of the body because we need to know the organs that make up the different systems now organs such as the stomach such as the heart such as the ovaries are in turn made up of tissues tissues now the study of tissues is called histology it comes from the greek root histo meaning tissue his bill means tissues of the study of the different tissues we're going to be learning about these tissues in this class we're going to be learning about epithelial tissues epithelial tissues I can spell it epithelial tissues connective tissues muscle tissues and nerve tissues these are the four major types of tissues in the body it's okay if you don't know what these are that's what we're going to be learning but we're gonna be learning what's an epithelial tissue it's a connective tissue what's a muscle tissue and what's a nerve tissue these tissues make up organs every organ is made up of two or more tissues every organ is made up of two or more tissues again you'd say is this something as if there's in the lab manual yes it is do you have links on your website that cover this yes I do it so can you show us okay all right so here's the website and here's the link where you can watch a video on cat scan a link to watch an MRI a link to watch ultrasound and echocardiogram and in terms of the different systems here's a link as an introduction the various body systems and you can watch that video so for all these different topics there's resources all right so the now the tissues the epithelial the connect of the muscle tissue the nerve tissues are in turn made up of stitches cells tissue cells an adult human is made up of about sixty trillion cells the study of cells is called cytology coming from the greek root saito meaning cell cyto means cell the study of cells is cytology and you that if you've had college biology you learn psychology you learn about cells but we're going to be covering it and it's in chapter 2 of the textbook it's a exercise 3 I think in the lab manual now one of the most amazing things that I could say about the human body in fact the one of the most amazing things I could say about any living thing is that all living things begin life as a single cell it's hard to imagine you started out one cell big all living things a whale begins as one cell a regular tree begins as one microscopic cell so all living things develop from a cell that's why we're so interested in cells now the very first the name of the very first cell you started out as was called a zygote a zygote is also called a fertilized egg a fertilized ovum or zygote we'll learn more about this and that's the name of the first cell you began as a fertilized ovum or zygote now that's I goat increased in numbers of cells and you grew in size and shape and then you were born now when you were born were you fully grown no you continued to grow after you were born before you reached your adult size and shape so then the question is where then why were you born if you weren't finished growing why don't you keep growing inside your mother the answer was because you're getting too big to keep growing inside your mother you're gonna have to do the rest of this growing outside your mother so birth simply it doesn't burn doesn't end the growth or development process it simply separates it where the rest of it after birth has to occur outside the mother the entire process of going from a zygote to an adult is called developmental Anatomy and we're going to learn how we go from a zygote to an adult it's one of the most fascinating parts of this entire course now we doomed separate this we talked about development before birth and development after birth the development before birth is known as embryology or prenatal development what does prenatal mean literally before birth prenatal you know at Christmastime it's common for people to put out what are called nativity scenes right of Jesus right nativity scenes why is it called a nativity because it's from the latin natal birth right birth of Jesus oh that's a natal prenatal or embryology now what is teratology anybody know what teratology is teratology is a study of birth defects birth deformities a very very important subject birth defects birth deformities they can range from things that are not too serious such as a cleft lip or a cleft palate right where we've all seen that where somebody might have a cleft lip or cleft palate they can be surgically fixed to things that are very serious people some babies are born with holes in their heart all right much more serious type of deformity or defect the study of these birth defects and deformities is called teratology and so what should we know that of course you should know what you need to know everything I'm saying right so whenever I cover you're responsible for all right so question embryology is just a prenatal development in the same thing that's the development before birth now what is comparative on a comparative anatomy comparative anatomy is when we compare different species different species now in this class our focus is human anatomy but we will be looking at a cat to help us learn human anatomy and Stanley almost all introductory anatomy class use a rat or a cat or something like that we don't we don't have beginning students to sect a human alright for two reasons number one most of us have no idea what to do and we don't want you butchering a human all right if you're going to make a mess we'd rather have you tear apart the cat than a human secondly humans because they're much bigger than a cat take much longer to descent much more deep much more more complicated more difficult to decide so that's larger takes more time so but in general the anatomy of a cat the anatomy of man are almost identical in the few cases where there's some differences and there are a few cases where there's a differences we will compare the anatomy of the cab with the human will learn for an example that's the way some of the arteries come off the aortic arch are a little bit different in the cat than in humans sometimes the way they come off in a cat we do see in a human that's known as an anomaly an anomaly that would be found in humans where it looks more like the cat rather than a normal human but now what is pathological Anatomy anybody know what the root patho means good disease patho is a Greek root meaning disease so the study of abnormal Anatomy abnormal it's abnormal because meaning it's not normal it's because of disease it's because of injury it's because of deformity that's pathological Anatomy in fact those doctors those medical doctors are physicians who study the group to the greatest extent disease are called pathologists most of us are familiar with pathologists because we've seen a TV show called house so if you've ever watched the TV show house I've ever seen that so that's about a pathologist who happens to be crazy but he's a pathologist so every episode they have usually a patient or at least one or two patients where they're ill and they don't know what's wrong with them and the whole idea is they have to go through a whole procedure of testing this and testing that and testing this to figure out what's the pathology what's the disease what's wrong so they're the most expert in identifying disease all right so we're going to be talking about these are different branches of anatomy so Anatomy is not one thing it's divided into many different subdivisions okay on the next page and I know you're thinking my gosh this guy is it's like the first day of the semester and he's like lecturing and it's like you know why don't you like all the other teachers and just let us out when you're done because we're serious all of us in this class want to go into health care fields we're a different type of group we're not like my bio three students bio three students are I'm going to meet and very shortly at one uh I've got a let's daily I'm gonna lecture to them the whole time too because that's how I am how I am as a teacher they're gonna go crazy because they're not used to it you are you are in the sense that you're serious as a student in this field they're not serving serious my final three students all right but all right so there's a lot to cover anatomy is a big subject all right uh anatomic relations now when we want to explain well we want to describe where is an organ compared to another organ where's one part of our body located uh we have to first degree on the position that we're in because we're a part of our body is located would depend upon whether we're standing up or lying down whether we're curled up so we first have to agree about a reference position we need a reference position a position of reference so that when we describe where is an organ or one part of our body relative to another we are describing that of the position assuming the person is in this anatomic or reference position what is the anatomic or reference position it's what mr. skeleton is in right now he's standing upright head facing forward the palms of his hands are facing forward that's called the anatomic or reference position that's exactly what we wrote so body erect arms are the side palms are facing forward anytime anytime every time we explain where something is we always assume anatomic position take a look at page a5 think it's a 5 a 5 a page a5 all right this is an atomic position right you an atomic or reference position so that's always this position we assume somebody's in when we describe how they're where something is located now I'm back on page a2 back on page a2 so back on page a2 now what we want to do is introduce you to some terms there's a lot of terms in anatomy these terms are used to indicate relative positions so these are for describing relative positions to disk for describing relative positions alright and what I mean by that because you say what is it was that mean uh that means if I'm trying to describe where one part of our body is compared or relative to another part so relative means compared compared to another part all right so let's just show you what we mean and then they'll be more clear it's not that complicated I would suggest learning these terms in pairs so the first pair of terms are 1 & 2 superior versus inferior now a synonym for superior what's a synonym means the same another word that means the same as superior is cranial superior and cranial mean towards the head so when I say use the word superior or cranial it means towards the head a synonym for inferior is caudal inferior and caudal means towards the tail in the bottom in this is the head in this is the tail wind so here's an example of how we use these words example your heart at least in the anatomic position is superior compared to your liver let's say what okay let's think about it okay where's the heart the heart is up here in your chest if you don't know that you got to take biology okay the heart is in the chest your liver is in your abdomen which one is closer to your head your heart is closer to your head than your liver it's superior or cranial compared to your liver now I could have said it the opposite way your liver is inferior compared to your heart your liver is inferior or quatl compared to heart these term superior and inferior are used to compare one part of your body with another part so if we're taking we could take any two organs and we can ask which one is superior and which one is inferior which one's closer to your head which one's closer to your tail bottom end alright here's another example your stomach is located inferior compared to your lungs does that make sense your stomach again is down here near abdomen your lungs are up in your chest so your your what would you say Thea ah yeah so your stomach is inferior or caudal compared to your lungs or I could say your lungs are superior compared to your stomach now there are many many examples you know that you can practice with in your lab manual in exercise one of your lab manual so here's how you can practice this yet so you're gonna have to get the lab manual yes you are so you'll notice that this is right and exercise one and it's listed under body orientation Direction playing sections and you can see here's here's all these terms that we're going to be learning anterior distal frontal inferior lateral medial and it asks you know for you to write this out the heart is what compared to the vertebral column answer the lungs the elbow is what compared to the shoulder these terms are used in every branch of the healthcare field in Nursing MPA physician's assistant in dental hygiene it ot NPT the radiology tech they use these in all these different clinical fields they also use these terms in terms of describing surgical procedures this is the jargon that's used so when they're trying to describe where you insert a catheter where you make an incision they use these terms so that we are precise as to how you're going to do this it's not complicated none of anatomy is complicated but it requires reviewing and repetition and learning the terms and their meaning there is a lot of jargon a lot of terminology I really view an anatomy class as a medical terminology class this is really medical terminology let's just go a drop further than we'll call it a day the next pair of terms I would just learn them as a pair anterior and posterior anterior means towards the front of the body posterior or posterior means towards the back of the body a synonym for anterior is ventral it's not like your if to know that yes a synonym for posterior is dorsal so let's just yes well if it's in your book or lab manual yeah all right so the anterior ventral so an example is this is this is a very important clinical example the trachea is anterior to the esophagus it's or what the hell are those again this is why you should take biology before this class your trachea is your windpipe that's the tube that air goes through it's called your trachea or windpipe the esophagus is the food tube why don't you feel we're just going to do this and stop for today feel the front of your neck can you feel this thing with these rings of cartilage that's your trachea or windpipe right behind it is your esophagus so your trachea is in front of your esophagus it is anterior it is anterior or ventral compared to your esophagus in other words we have a trachea we have a guess which one is closer to the front of the body the trachea is that's an important thing as a future nurse as a PA you may have to trach or intubate a patient you better get the tube down the right pipe otherwise you're going to blow air into their stomach rather than into their lungs

Channel: professorfink

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Keywords: anterior, Embryology, ventral, Anatomic Position, MRI, posterior, CT Scans, dorsal, Histology, anatomy and physiology, A&P, Radiology, professor fink, Anatomy, introduction, terminology, supine, prone

Id: CdJgmD2-FWc

Length: 59min 6sec (3546 seconds)

Published: Tue Jan 08 2013