Intracranial Haemorrhage Types, signs and symptoms

hello in this video we're going to talk about intracranial hemorrhage now intracranial hemorrhage is a broad term because there are different types of hemorrhages that can occur within the skull and so you can divide these types of hemorrhages in broadly into extra axial hemorrhage meaning outside the brain tissue and then you have intra axial hemorrhage which is within the brain tissue itself some examples of extra axial hemorrhage include epidural subdural and subarachnoid hemorrhages and then examples of intra axial hemorrhage meaning hemorrhages that occur within the brain tissue include interest cerebral hemorrhage and intraventricular hemorrhage so let's look at these different types of hemorrhages let's begin by first looking at the extra axial hemorrhage and again the definition is bleeding that occurs within the skull but outside the brain tissue so let's look at the first example which is epidural an epidural hemorrhage is a hemorrhage that occurs essentially between the skull and the dura membrane so here I am drawing a cross-section if you look if you're looking straight ahead we're cutting a section running right through the head and we can see obviously the brain inside there with the brain stem and the cerebellum now epidural hemorrhage occupies the space between the skub skull and the dural membrane so let's just revise the lay layers of the cranium now so the layers of the cranium from the top is the scalp which is you know your skin subcutaneous fat etc and then you have the bone itself and then you have the dura mater the arachnoid membrane the arachnoid space the Pia mater and then you have the brain tissue itself so again an epidural hemorrhage occurs within the dura mater the dura membrane and the bone epidural hemorrhage often um as a result of a trauma to the head and so about 72 to 70 to 95 percent of epidural hemorrhages present with skull fractures as well some examples some causes of epidural hemorrhage include motor vehicle accidents Falls and assault such as you know a trauma to the head now just to give some more information on epidural hemorrhages the bleeding occurs between the dura mater and the skull the source of the blood itself is most often arterial for example from the middle meningeal artery clinical manifestations of an epidural hemorrhage include altered state of consciousness headache vomiting confusion and seizures as well as aphasia so that was epidural hemorrhage now the next one is subdural hemorrhage and as the name suggests suggests it's a hemorrhage that occurs below the dura mater so we're drawing the same diagram and we're zooming into this section here and essentially the hemorrhage occurs between the dura mater and the arachnoid membrane the causes of subdural hemorrhage are similar they include motor vehicle accidents Falls and assaults now some more information on subdural hemorrhage bleeding is between the dura and the arachnoid membrane the source of blood is often tearing of the bridging veins so the source of blood is from the veins clinical a station of subdural hemorrhage are similar to those of epidural hemorrhage coma occurs in 50% of cases usually they have lucid interval which then leads to a progressive neuro a decline and then coma the final type of extra axial hemorrhage is a subarachnoid hemorrhage and as the name suggests it's within the subarachnoid space and usually because it occurs in the subarachnoid space the blood occupies the whole area so you can actually engulf the whole brain in a way so if we zoom into this area we can see that the hemorrhage is within the subarachnoid space and it's often a result of the cerebral artery specifically an aneurysm within the artery so the most common cause is rupture of a circular type of aneurysm and this would lead to a subarachnoid hemorrhage a secular hem a circular mm aneurysm is essentially where you get this sac looking thing coming off the artery and this explodes resulting in hemorrhage of course there are non aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage but we won't talk about that but it's just important to note now some more information on subarachnoid hemorrhage again bleeding occurs within the arachnoid space source of blood is from rupturing of an aneurysm and most common is the cerebral arteries the clinical manifestation of subarachnoid hemorrhage is similar to those that I mentioned earlier however one key point to make is that subarachnoid hemorrhage often occurs with a sudden severe headache thunderclap headache there's obviously also loss of consciousness consciousness and potentially seizure nausea vomiting and meningismus which is essentially a triad of symptoms relating to irritation of the meninges this include a stiff neck photophobia and one other thing which I cannot so those were the three types of extra extra hemorrhage epidural subdural and subarachnoid now let's look at extra axial hemorrhage which as I mentioned in the beginning of the video is hemorrhage that occurs within the brain tissue so an example is intracerebral hemorrhage and somewhere in some some examples are Loba hemorrhage so hemorrhage that occurs in specific lobes of the brain you can have thalamus hemorrhage so hemorrhage that occurs within the thalamus and then you can have quantum hemorrhage hemorrhage that occurs in the pons and also cerebellar hemorrhage in the cerebellum so some more information on intra cerebral hemorrhage is that interest cerebral hemorrhages is the second most common cause of stroke the first most common cause of stroke is embolus or thrombus formation otosclerosis the causes of interest cerebral hemorrhage include hypertension embolism brain tumor bleeding disorders and drug use clinical manifestations arm are include you the person possibly gets neurological signs and symptoms depending on the area affected headache nausea vomiting and decrease the level of consciousness now it's very important to realize that depending on where the hemorrhage occurs so for example the pons this would result in some serious neurological signs and symptoms include problems with respiratory the as well as heart rate because it's this area including the medulla where our respiratory and cardiovascular centres are located so you know so depending on where the hemorrhage occurs that is where you'll get the neurological signs and symptoms now the other type of intra actual hemorrhage which is basically within the brain tissue is intraventricular hemorrhages and essentially it's bleeding within the ventricles of the brain so bleeding is confined to the ventricle system of the brain it's most often occurs as a secondary phenomenon when interest cerebral hemorrhage ruptures or when subarachnoid hemorrhage extends to the ventricles so essentially intraventricular hemorrhage is secondary to another hemorrhage such as such as a subarachnoid hemorrhage or a interest cerebral hemorrhage so I hope this video made sense just to recap intracranial hemorrhage includes hemorrhages that occur outside the brain tissue and hemorrhages that occur within the brain tissue some examples include epidural subdural subarachnoid hemorrhage and then you also have interest cerebral and intraventricular hemorrhage thank you for watching I hope you enjoyed this video like

Channel: Armando Hasudungan

Views: 605,988

Keywords: subarachnoid haemorrhage, intracranial haemorrhage, subdural vs epidural haemorrhage, types of intracranial haemorrhage, intracerebral haemorrhage, layers of the cranium, skull fracture, head trauma, subdural haemorrhage, difference between epidural and subdural, medicine, intra axial, extra axial, signs and symptoms, overview, video, cause

Id: Kb_wzb7-rvE

Length: 9min 15sec (555 seconds)

Published: Tue Jul 19 2016