Prisoners are said to have been beaten on their orders. Murdered and skinned. It is said that she had lampshades made of human skin. Half-naked she would have walked along the camp fence. I'm a prime example of sadism and perversion for newspapers. Use Koch. Her name is still a synonym for the most deviant Nazi crimes. Have you ever owned gloves made of tattooed human skin? She went down in history as the ice-cold mistress of Ettersberg. How did the working class child become the dreaded "Witch of Buchenwald"? 45 years have passed since the death of the concentration camp commandant's wife. Our archive finds now shed new light on the Koch case. Augsburg, Bavarian State Archives. This is where the trial files of the "Ilse Koch" case are stored. 11 cardboard boxes, 2 running meters of files. Statements from over 1,500 witnesses. All allegations that have ever been brought against Ilse Koch in court. Ilse Koch was on trial in 2 spectacular trials. She was convicted of the crimes committed on the Ettersberg. But who this woman really was remained in the dark. It remained unclear what drove them to their atrocities. The world of the Kochs, 190 hectares in the heart of Germany: the Buchenwald concentration camp. It counted a quarter of a million prisoners in the eight years of its existence. They were exploited as work slaves. Abused, tortured and murdered for medical experiments. Over 56,000 people died here. From July 1937 until the camp was liberated. Those responsible for this are on trial in April 1947. (Original soundtrack) A US military tribunal in Dachau: The trial against SS members, doctors, and staff from the Buchenwald concentration camp. For American military justice, Buchenwald is one thing above all else: a killing machine that violates international law. A deliberately constructed and operated criminal facility. So everyone is jointly responsible for the crimes committed there. Everyone who was responsible in the concentration camp. It doesn't matter whether you can prove an individual guilt or not. In Dachau, for example, one and the same punishment is demanded for all defendants: death. Use Koch, the wife of the first commandant, is threatened with the rope. She is the only woman among the 31 defendants. (The interrogator) Your full name? Use Koch. When were you born? September 22nd, 1906. You can sit down. She was a special person. A great deal of public opinion has been projected onto them. It symbolized to a certain extent what this Nazi terror was all about. What really made the Nazi terror in the concentration camp. And then that certainly also plays a role: that as a woman one would have expected her to act soothingly on her husband. She did just the opposite of that. * Original soundtrack: * Prosecution: Most serious crimes against humanity. This includes the possession of prepared heads of murdered victims. And lampshades made from human skin. Evidence is in court. In the cross-examination, Ilse Koch comments on the crimes she is accused of. She comments on it for the first and last time. There are no sound recordings of this performance. All we have is these few weekly charts. And the files stored in Augsburg. Here we come across the photocopies of the American trial protocols. They were precisely translated by German court assistants. (Interrogator) Well, Frau Koch. You were occasionally called the Buchenwald Commander? I only recently read that in the newspaper. I didn't know before that this was my title. That was not customary in the SS. That the officer's wife was addressed by that title. On the contrary, it was even forbidden. Ilse Koch had no SS rank and no authority. Nevertheless, she is on trial in Dachau. Her is a little different from the wives of the other SS officers. She should not only have known about the crimes in Buchenwald. She is said to have instigated her husband to numerous atrocities. Out of sadism, it is said, and greed. Your villa, your furniture, your BMW convertible. All of this is said to have been paid for by their neighbors. From the inmates on the other side of the barbed wire. From those who were exploited and tormented every day. By those who were cheated of their previously meager food rations. The inmates looked emaciated, didn't they? I can not say anything about this. I never looked closely at an inmate. Sorry? I never saw an inmate so starved that I noticed. How do you become like that? When did it start? When does the working-class child become the ice-cold mistress of the Ettersberg? In 1932 Ilse Koch, née Köhler, joined the NSDAP. Membership number: 1.130.836. She is still single and "very ambitious". This is what her mother later told the American interrogators. A 25 year old typist who knows what she wants. Her heart was definitely on the rising right side. We do not know how ideologically conscious she was. But whoever married an SS man could not have been clueless. In addition, a man who is making a career in the camp SS. She wanted to support a powerful, influential man. And above all, enjoy his privileges. In 1934 Ilse Köhler met Karl Otto Koch, who was 10 years her senior. He is SS-Hauptsturmführer. Koch was an accountant convicted of theft. He had just been transferred to the Elbe. Here Koch sets up the SS special command in Saxony. The SA maintains collection points for opponents of the Nazi regime. The so-called "wild" concentration camps. The Sonderkommando is supposed to convert them into regular prison camps. Even here, Koch shows certain qualities. Qualities for which he would later be feared in Buchenwald. Koch stands for the construction time. This was extremely painful for most of the inmates. There was far more violence than in other camps, more terror. And the ideas of torture measures. Also of "playing" with the prisoners. That is what the Koch era means. Karl Koch quickly rose to become an SS camp expert. Thanks to his ruthlessness and brutality. In July 1936 he was commissioned to set up a model concentration camp near Berlin. And his fiancée Ilse Köhler accompanies him. Koch becomes the first commandant of the Sachsenhausen concentration camp. Monthly pay: 1,000 Reichsmarks. Five times the salary of Ilse's secretary. When Koch asked for her hand in 1937, she agreed. But someone else decides whether they can marry. Heinrich Himmler, the Reichsführer SS. * Quote from Himmler: * I want the SS members to do this: They should found a racially valuable, healthy German family. Therefore, the highest demands are to be made of the future women: Appearance, health and hereditary health. (Weckel) His ideological idea was this: You could found a clan community. An order, so to speak, a Nazi nobility, to which one belongs by blood. If you choose the right people, they will be part of it for a lifetime. They should then not marry for private pleasure. The order decides which women are chosen. Ilse Köhler is examined gynecologically. Your pedigree will be screened back to the 18th century. She meets Himmler's strict requirements and is allowed to marry. Ilse Koch feels lifted up from the crowd of national comrades. Through this supposed accolade. This becomes evident when her husband is transferred to Thuringia. He becomes the ruler on the Ettersberg. (Interrogator) Ms. Koch, when did you come to Buchenwald for the first time? December 1937. And you weren't curious? Didn't want to know anything about the prisoners there? And the life that you had to lead? No, it didn't pique my curiosity. Buchenwald Concentration Camp is a men's camp. It is surrounded by the barracks of the SS. Women only live in the villas of the camp management. Most of them avoid the camp, entrench themselves in their four walls. Are invisible. Ilse Koch is different. She is the only officer's wife who is remembered. In the memory of the prisoners and guards. That is why she stands out from other Nazi perpetrators. Perpetrators who acted as guards guarding women. They had maximum violence over other women. Here's the fantasy: this is a woman who had violence over men. Picked the men who were killed. Witnesses in the Buchenwald Trial described this: Koch often tried to attract the prisoners' attention. And dressed freely. She only did this in order to then denounce her to her husband. These games had dire consequences. That is in the interrogation protocol of a friend of the Koch family. In the minutes of SS-Hauptsturmführer Hermann Hackmann. Hackmann had been the camp commandant's adjutant since 1939. * Quote: * Sometimes parking tickets got to me via the protective custody camp leader. On these were the number and the number of strokes of the stick. The person was behaving disrespectfully or immorally. And across from the commandant's wife. Hackmann is already one of Koch's confidants in Sachsenhausen. He's the man with the stick in hand. Koch sets up another concentration camp in Buchenwald near Weimar. Hackmann also accompanies the Standartenführer there. The SS service apartments are being built in parallel to the construction of the camp. Only the remains of the wall remain from the Kochs' villa. A seemingly peaceful idyll. Less than ten minutes' walk from the camp gate. These photos come from an album that the couple created. The occasion is the birth of his son Artwin in 1938. The recordings are developed by the prisoners in the camp's laboratory. The family pictures of the cooks are neatly labeled. The inmates take care of that too. Nothing in the photos reveals ... ... that people close by are being tortured and murdered. Nothing suggests that the "dear papi" is responsible for it. And that "Mutti" knows everything about his bloody craft. A DEFA film from 1959. The scenes shown are historically documented for the Buchenwald concentration camp. Hours of punishment, deprivation of food. The so-called tree hanging and whipping on the box. All of this was part of the common torture methods in the Koch era. But Ilse Koch does not want to have noticed any of this. Did you hear in Buchenwald that prisoners were beaten? No. Did you ever hear about the murders? Murders that took place in Buchenwald? No, even less of that. Buchenwald Zoo. The remains of the bear pen. Camp commandant Koch had the animal enclosure built. To the amusement of the guards. Paid with extorted "donations" from prisoners. Only they never come here. All the more often for the Koch family. The camp begins right behind the zoo. In between the fence, electrically charged with 380 volts. (Interrogator) Was it possible to see through the warehouse fence or not? I don't know, I never paid any attention. But next door was the zoo. How often have you been there with your children? Well, to appreciate it, let's say about 20 times. Pictures from the Kochs family album. The couple with their son Artwin and Gisela, who was born in 1939. During a Sunday walk in front of the concentration camp. Mama in the new, warm fur. The prosecution knows these photos. And she has witnesses who contradict Ilse Koch. Witnesses who claim this: The commandant's wife knew very well about it. She knew what was going on behind the warehouse fence. Witness Kogon, did you see Ilse Koch at the fence to the camp? Yes i saw her. She ... She was standing by the barbed wire fence. While the prisoners had to line up naked on the roll call square. And were searched by the SS. Searched? Yes. As a wife, as a mother, she didn't have to be present in the camp. She could have lived in the villa and been served. But she was present in the camp. An aspect that has to be named. Why is she doing this? A young man sits among the SS members accused in Dachau. Perhaps he could give an answer to that. But he is silent. It's August Heinrich Bender. Bender was a camp doctor in the Buchenwald concentration camp. We research in the Federal Archives in Koblenz. There we come across the estate of the SS officer who died in 2005. Not only do we find the original indictment here. We also find Bender's 1993 Buchenwald memoirs. There are hitherto unknown details from Ilse Koch's camp life. Which Bender puts on paper in it. (Quote) She was my neighbor for a short time in the SS settlement. And my patient too. Ilse was highly educated, a beauty. Reddish, long blond curls, snow-white skin, greenish eyes. She could have made a career in film. And first the figure! Bender worked as a family doctor for almost four decades. Here in Kelz in North Rhine-Westphalia. The retired Sturmbannführer was popular as a doctor. And as a member of the Culture and Nature Friends Association. Didn't talk about his camp experiences. But he wrote it down: Doctors, without health insurance and the bureaucratic stuff that goes with it. Never again have I been able to do so unrestricted as a doctor later. Bender came to Buchenwald as a doctor in 1938. Here he meets Ilse Koch. Officially, the wife of the concentration camp commandant is a housewife. Nevertheless, everyone in the camp knows them. Witness Kogon. What points of contact were there between prisoners and Ilse Koch? The inmates worked in the cook's household. Eugen Kogon is half-Jewish and an avowed opponent of the Nazis. After the annexation of Austria he was brought to Buchenwald. Here he is a doctor's clerk. In 1946 his book "Der SS-Staat" was published. It is the first major settlement with the Nazi camp system. The commanding officer reported prisoners from the work units. When she passed or rides by. And they were put in the bunker. As soon as they had a collision with her. The detention cells of the Buchenwald concentration camp. Only called "the bunker" by the prisoners. That means torture and punishment. There is an official catalog of punishments. This provides for certain punishments for offenses in the camp. They should also be made public. The bunker is centrally located on the roll call square. Prisoners perceive it, should perceive it. They also witness this torture. The official SS catalog of punishments: 3 to 42 days in the cell, standing during the day, with bread and water. Dark. But that's not all. Because more is happening in the Buchenwald bunker. Countless prisoners are tormented by sadistic guards. Tortured to death in the most cruel way. Ms. Koch, did you ever report that? What if prisoners violated the camp regulations? That was hardly possible with a man like my husband. That I take care of camp matters. He would have objected. In his eyes, my job was to be a good mother. I always tried to create a comfortable home for him in the evening. That doesn't work because she broke that picture. There was already rivalry among SS women: she was a slut and a bad mother. The others were good mothers, after all. Even if they lived next to the concentration camp, the men had their backs free. What we should think of it morally. That couldn't work for her to say that. Ilse Koch's credibility is mainly shaken by a witness. Kurt Titz, her former house boy. In 1939, at the age of 24, Titz was arrested by the Gestapo. Because of the decomposition of military strength. From 1940 he worked in the Koch household. Tell us about your daily routine in the chef's house. Every morning at 5 am, a guard took me to the Koch house. First of all, I had to start the fire. Then clean up the rooms on the lower floor. Yes, and then I took the children out of bed and dressed them. How long did you work each day? From 5 in the morning until 7 in the evening. I did not receive any food. I wasn't even allowed to use the toilet. Titz did immeasurable harm to me! He broke china, crystal things and vases. He is not an impartial witness! Was that why he didn't get any food? Titz received his meals from the camp like any other prisoner. It was war and I had to make do with the assignments. I should have taken food for him from my children. How was the care of the high SS officers? And about those of their families? This emerges from the records of SS camp doctor Bender. (Quote) The kitchen of the commandant's office: The cook, of course a prisoner, was the head chef of the "Hotel Adlon". Fine meals, some a la carte, and top quality drinks. It was a life there, morning, noon, evening. The Führer's settlement was also supplied from this kitchen. There was no cooking there. The prisoner's official daily ration: 500 grams of bread, one liter of cabbage soup. A spoon of jam, some margarine. In fact, for most prisoners there are even fewer. Administratively, the concentration camp belongs to the classic city of Weimar. There is no resistance to the construction of the camp here. On the contrary. One hopes to benefit from the neighborhood. The concentration camp settlement has some beneficiaries. The municipal cemetery administration was one of the first. The dead from Buchenwald are cremated in the Weimar crematorium. From 1937 on. In 1939 that was 1,235, and the number is steadily increasing. The city bills 20 Reichsmarks for each cremation by the SS. But the communal incinerator failed in 1940 due to overload. This ends the lucrative business. The concentration camp gets its own crematorium. The furnaces for this are supplied by the Erfurt company "Topf und Sons". The concentration camp is an attractive partner for many companies in the region. Commander Koch shamelessly exploits his exposed position. He allows himself to be corrupted, goes into his own pocket. You can also find out about this in Berlin. In 1941 Koch was released from his post and transferred to Majdanek. Himmler does not want to drop it completely yet. The SS begins to investigate internally. For embezzlement and arbitrary murder of prisoners. Camp doctor Bender in his memories: A bad guy. Got infected with syphilis. Wanted to keep it a secret. He was not treated in the SS hospital, but by two prisoners. It worked. Then he arranged for them to be transported to another camp. With the stipulation "Shot on the run". That’s what happened. In just 4 years, Koch's fortune grew to over 100,000 Reichsmarks. A sum that is many times more than his regular income. One had murdered like everyone else, one had enriched oneself like everyone else. Apparently that could still be justified. As a man's morality, as a man's morality. We are entitled to that, we rise above these average existences. We are better. But in your own pocket, against others in the group? Then there were already taboos that you have to take seriously. I am also reluctant to call that morality. But of course it wasn't beyond any rules at all. The investigation against Koch is ongoing. As long as his wife continues to live in her villa on the Ettersberg. Rumors began to grow around the house. And about its residents. The cook, it is said, neglects her children. She takes riding lessons. While prisoners have to take care of their household. She drinks and cheats on her husband by the dozen with other SS men. This became known even before the Buchenwald trial: Ilse Koch had at least two intimate relationships. With married SS officers from the camp. The prosecution tries to address these affairs. But Koch's American public defender intervenes. The public's interest in the case is now very high. Every new detail is gratefully taken up by the press. Every detail of the "abnormal" intimate life of the accused. There is no German expression that was not common enough. To be applied to me. I am a prime example of sadism and perversion for newspapers. But I managed to keep a little distance from these things. So as not to suffer too much emotional damage. The public eagerly pounced on testimony. On statements that revolve around Ilse Koch's alleged preference. Your preference for tattooed human skin. There are pictures of the macabre finds from the camp pathology. These images go around the world. This sparked anger among the population. This is what made Ilse Koch so symbolic. Nevertheless, it cannot be explained in the end. Because a lot is based on rumors and prejudices. I say that, of course, knowing who we are dealing with. Namely, in no case with an innocent person. One thing is certain: In Buchenwald, inmates served as test subjects against their will. As subjects for questionable medical experiments. Carried out by the SS camp doctors. Hundreds of them lost their lives in the process. And one thing is also certain: the concentration camp delivered prisoner corpses or prepared body parts. It delivered to the University of Jena for research purposes. The Buchenwald Memorial Collection. There they show us these scraps of tanned human skin. Were prisoners killed in the camp because of their tattoos? This has not yet been proven. What is certain is that parts of the skin that were tattooed were preserved on a large scale. This is also in the memories of camp doctor Bender. It also says that gifts were made from the heads of dead prisoners. He would have been offered a so-called shrunken head. Made from the head of an executed Polish prisoner. (Quote from Bender) I refused. What should I do with such a bogeyman in the apartment? A photo from Ilse Koch's family album. It shows her husband's study at home. Behind the desk is a bronze Hitler head. A skull on the table. Were other things made of human material in the Koch house? Yes, there were two lampshades in the hall. I was told that they were made of human skin. In between stood a skull. Little Artwin always played with the skull. He pulled out his teeth. I then had to use them again. Other witnesses saw lampshades and book covers made of human skin. In camp pathology. They were intended for the Kochs. However, the prosecution cannot produce any of these objects. And Ilse Koch categorically denies that she owns it. I've never heard of such lampshades. As a result, I could not give orders to make them for myself. Mrs. Koch.! Have you ever owned gloves made of tattooed human skin? No, I always bought my gloves. The prosecution drops the charge. The accusation that Ilse Koch had ordered the skinning of prisoners. Nevertheless, it is precisely this story that burns into the collective memory. The GDR set up the "National Mahn- und Gedenkstätte" in Buchenwald. This small "lampshade" was part of the exhibition inventory at the time. Karl Straub handed it over to the emerging memorial. In the 50s. Straub was a former inmate of Buchenwald. He handed it over with the note that it came from the camp. The first museum opened in 1954. On the site of the former camp. The shade is exhibited as a "lampshade made of human skin". It can be viewed in Buchenwald until the 1980s. This lampshade supposedly made for Ilse Koch. After the fall of the Wall, it was scientifically examined for the first time. It is classified as "not made of human material". Only these photos of the actual inventory of Villa Koch have survived. Because in the summer of 1943 Ilse Koch's life on the Ettersberg ended abruptly. After 2 years, the investigation into her husband is over. On August 25, 1943, a SS detachment arrested Karl Koch. It takes him to the Gestapo headquarters in Weimar. One day later, Ilse Koch was also arrested. The investigators found 25,000 Reichsmarks on their account. That is enough to accuse them of complicity. But Ilse Koch succeeds: she presents herself in front of the court as the innocent victim of her husband. In December 1944 she left the Ettersberg. Acquitted for lack of evidence. Karl Koch, on the other hand, is sentenced to death. For stolen goods, fraud, incitement to murder and embezzlement. In April 1945 he was executed in the camp. SS doctor Bender is present at the execution. (Quote) Fire as usual, a shot in the forehead. Last words from Koch: "Boys, shoot well!" He had guts. Issuance of the death certificate. The Koch affair ended. A few days later, the Americans arrive at Buchenwald concentration camp. The SS has already left it. It is the first large German concentration camp that they come across. The American soldiers are horrified. Your general wants this: The inhabitants of Weimar should also see this horror. On his orders, hundreds of citizens of the city are shown through the camp. Past starving prisoners and mountains of corpses. Lined up on a table: the macabre products of camp pathology. This arrangement is a popular motif. A picture motif for the American cameramen and war photographers. The freed prisoners have to tell again and again. Tell what they know about the gruesome finds. There are rumors that the wife of a colonel had inmates killed. She had systematically killed and skinned tattooed prisoners. The US War Department confirmed at the end of April that the rumors were true. Ilse Koch has no inkling of any of this. She experienced the end of the war with relatives in Ludwigsburg. Together with their children Artwin and Gisela. Here she was arrested by the Americans in June 1945. Your photo albums are confiscated. Selected recordings torn out and leaked to the press. This is how the indescribable horror of Buchenwald gets a face. It's Ilse Koch. The American secret service already had information. About the fact that there was an ominous wife of a commanding officer. The rumor about the lampshades was already in the world, so to speak. Ilse Koch is brought to Dachau. The Americans set up a prison camp there. On the site of the former concentration camp. The women's area is separated from the rest of the camp. Through a barbed wire fence. Even so, some prisoners get to the other side unnoticed. One is Friedrich Schäfer. He is a friend from Ilse Koch's youth. In the Augsburg State Archives we find Schäfer's interrogation protocol: We were 5 men who regularly went to visit the women's camp. As a rule, they were all visits for the purpose of exchanging ideas. On this occasion, I had sexual intercourse with Koch more often. The verdict was pronounced in the Buchenwald trial in the summer of 1947. Ilse Koch is seven months pregnant. That alone saves them from hanging. The court shrinks from this with the expectant mother. Before imposing the prosecution's death penalty. * Original sound of the newsreel: * In Dachau, the verdict was pronounced after four months of negotiations. Against SS members, doctors and guards from the Buchenwald concentration camp. General Kiel was in the chair. The military tribunal found all 31 defendants guilty. Use Koch. Ilse Koch was the only woman in this process. She is the so-called commanding officer of Buchenwald. Ilse Koch was sentenced to life imprisonment. Ilse Koch is transferred to Landsberg. The US Army set up its war crimes prison there. Here Ilse Koch meets an old friend. August Heinrich Bender. In Dachau, the camp doctor was sentenced to ten years in prison. Now the Americans use the SS officer as a prison doctor. (Bender) Since I could move around freely, I was often with Ilse. I looked after her during her pregnancy. Then a thought occurred to me: The American flag was waving over our house. We were on American soil! The child would have been an American citizen! From the moment of birth. Ilse trusted my obstetric skills. And she agreed to my plan. But nothing comes of it. The Americans move Ilse Koch 6 weeks before the delivery. To the municipal hospital in Landsberg. Her son Uwe was born here in October 1949. The white-blue colors of Bavaria above his cradle. The child is cared for. And Ilse Koch returns to her cell. Meanwhile, a commission is reviewing the verdicts of the Buchenwald trial. In doing so, she encounters many procedural errors. Witness statements contradict one another. Relief material was withheld from the court. The American military governor General Clay is forced to act. Ilse Koch's "life sentence" becomes a 4-year prison sentence. This sparked a storm of indignation in the United States. The judgment is reduced because one says: We cannot keep that, the statements are not all solid. There is an uproar. Clay is also suspected of being a lampshade lover. There is no lack of taste. This population that is proud to have helped invent democracy. She is not now calling for a legally fair trial. She wants Ilse Koch, if she doesn't hang, then lock her up for life. You couldn't start a new trial yourself. The prohibition of double punishment applies there. Nobody can be tried twice for the same offense. But pressure was put on the Bavarian state government. You could do that as an occupying power. That a case is opened before a German court. This political pressure was massive. The Bavarian state government could not oppose. So it came to the 2nd case before the regional court in Augsburg. Ilse Koch is now charged with the murder of German citizens. And the abuse. But there is no proof of the killing of prisoners by hand. In the opinion of the judges, however, the incitement to murder can be proven. The reasoning of the court is based on this: Ilse Koch must have known what the consequences were. If only she pointed out an inmate to an SS guard. That this prisoner is severely punished. If necessary, is killed. * Original sound newsreel: * Ilse Koch was sentenced to life in prison in Augsburg. The conviction took place in the absence of the accused. She had staged several fits of rage. At the beginning of 1951 the verdict against the "witch of Buchenwald" was imposed. For many Germans it served as a relief. The function of every criminal offender was to say: Of course we weren't like that. The more brutal the demonstrable individual crimes ... ... the more society felt on the safe side. And at the same time you can say: It was these delinquents, these crazy and madmen. You determined the regime. What we as a crowd said about it was completely irrelevant anyway. We couldn't do anything. All the stories that come next Aichach women's prison. Ilse Koch spends her last 16 years here. She avoids contact with fellow prisoners. And it is becoming increasingly delusional. She affirmed her innocence in letters to her children. Nevertheless, the relationship remains tense. Her eldest son Artwin takes his own life. Ilse Koch's lawyer repeatedly makes requests for clemency. And again and again she rejects the Bavarian Minister of Justice. Her youngest son Uwe last tried it in April 1967, without success. The internal reason can be found in the Bavarian State Archives: The world public knows the name of the "commanding officer" Ilse Koch. It is inextricably linked with the concentration camp system. There is therefore no personal "cook" case. But only the political issue of "cook". That is the fate of this woman. 5 months have passed since the last petition for clemency was rejected. On September 2, 1967, Ilse Koch hanged herself in her prison cell. A fair end if you measure it by the fate of the 56,000 prisoners who died in Buchenwald. Questionable when you consider what happened to the SS men. The US military court in Dachau together with I. Koch sentenced. Grimm, Philip, SS-Obersturmführer, Arbeits Einsatzführer. He introduced the category of "unproductive Jews". Had disabled and disabled inmates evacuated. Sentenced to death in 1947, released from prison in 1954. Hackmann, Hermann, SS-Hauptsturmführer. Head of the headquarters company. The company killed 8,000 Red Army soldiers in Buchenwald. Shot in the neck. Sentenced to death in 1947, released from prison in 1955. Heigel, Gustav, SS-Hauptscharführer, head of the detention area. Responsible for carrying out over 350 executions. Sentenced to death in 1947, released from prison in the mid-1950s. Otto, Wolfgang, SS-Hauptscharführer. Secretary of the execution squad. Sentenced to 20 years in prison, released in 1952. Until 1962 religious teacher at a Catholic elementary school. * Copyright MDR 2015 UT *
