Hi, I’m Gina. Welcome to Oxford Online English! In this lesson, you can learn how to tell
a story in English. Stories are powerful. When you meet someone new, go to a job interview
or take a speaking exam like IELTS, you need to tell stories, whether you realise that’s
what you’re doing or not. Becoming a better storyteller will make you
a more convincing speaker. People are attracted to good stories—it’s
a fundamental part of being human. Learning how to tell better stories can help
you become a more effective English speaker, and a better communicator generally. In this class, you’ll learn how to build
a story, step by step. You’ll see three different stories, and
you’ll see how you can use the same simple ideas in almost any story. If you want to read the stories before the
lesson, make sure you’re watching this on our website: Oxford Online English dot com. If you’re watching on YouTube, you can find
a link in the video description. There, you can read the three stories in full. We want you to take part in this lesson. Think of a story you want to tell. As you go through the lesson, you’ll hear
our stories, but you should also be building your own story. So, think of something funny, scary, interesting
or weird that happened to you. Do you have an idea for a story? Then let’s begin! A clear story needs to start with some background. Think about basic wh- questions: who, when,
where, what? Start your story with one sentence which gives
some of this information. For example: It was summer, and I went with some friends
to a beach in Crimea which you could only get to by boat. I was travelling in Kyrgyzstan, and I decided
to go hiking in the mountains. At university, I shared a flat with three
other guys. Keep it simple at the beginning: who, when,
where, what? Next, add one or two more sentences to give
more background details. You need a balance here: you want to give
enough background details to make your story feel real, but you also need to get to the
heart of your story quickly. People will lose interest if you don’t get
to the point. Let’s see how you can do this. Look at our first example: It was summer, and I went with some friends
to a beach in Crimea which you could only get to by boat. Think: if you heard this, what questions could
you ask to get more details? You might ask things like: Who were your friends? Why did you go to this beach? What was the place like? Were there any other people there? Answering these questions gives you details
you can add after your opening sentence. For example: People had been going there for years, and
there were benches and tables, places to camp, fire places and so on. It was kind of a hippy place, with everyone
walking around naked and doing whatever they felt like. Here, we’re focusing on one thing—the
place—because it’s the most interesting and unusual detail. For a different story, you might focus on
different details: We were all good friends, but like lots of guys in that situation, we played a lot of pranks on each other. In this story, the people are more important,
so you would give more details about them. Okay: your turn! You need to start your story. Make an opening sentence. Remember: who, when, where, what? Then, add 1-2 sentences giving more background
details. Focus on the most important elements in your
story. Pause the video and do it now! Write it down if you want. What’s next? Big question: what makes a story a story? If I tell you that I went to the shop to buy
some bread, and then I came home and ate the bread, is that a story? Not really. If it is, it’s not a good one. So, think about it: what makes a story a story? A story needs two things. One: there needs to be a goal. The person or people in the story should want
something. Two: there needs to be tension. That means the goal can’t be too easy to
reach. In this section, let’s look at putting a
goal in your story. Here’s the question: what do the people
in your story want? They must want something. This is the heart of your story. If the people in your story don’t want anything,
then you don’t have a story. Let’s do an example together:
On the last day, we had to catch a train in the evening. Pause the video if you need extra time to
read. Here we have a simple goal: we needed to catch
our train. Let’s do one more:
To reach Issyk-Kul lake, which was the end of my journey, I had to cross a mountain pass,
almost 4,000m high. What’s the goal here? The goal is getting across the mountain pass
to the lake. The goal in your story can be something big
or something small. You can see in these two examples that we
have something very easy and simple—catching a train—and something bigger and more difficult—crossing
a 4,000-metre mountain pass on foot. What about your story? What’s the goal? What do the people in your story want? Keep this simple. Just add one sentence to your story, setting
a goal for you or the other people in your story. Pause the video, write your sentence, then
we’ll move on to the next part. Ready? Ok, remember that we said there are two things
every story needs. What’s the second? Every story needs tension. What does that mean? Simply, it means that your goal shouldn’t
be too easy to reach. Here’s a story: There was a monster which liked to eat people. A hero killed the monster. Everyone was safe. The end. Good story? Obviously not! If the goal in your story is too easy, then
your story will be very short and boring. There needs to be tension. As they listen to you, people should be thinking:
what’s going to happen next? Will everything be ok? How are they going to get out of this problem? The goal needs to be difficult. There need to be problems. People need to doubt whether you’re going
to succeed or fail. This is tension. For example:
On the third day, I had to cross a mountain pass, almost 4,000m high. It was so hard, because the air is thin up
there and I was carrying a very heavy pack. It seemed to take forever, but finally I got
close to the top… and then a storm boiled over the ridge and landed right on my head. There was lightning all around me, even below
me! The noise was unbelievable. First, you hear how difficult it was, even
before the storm hit. Then, the storm arrives. What’s going to happen? Did I make it over the pass? Did I get hurt? Let’s look at one more example:
One weekend, I was going home to visit my parents. I said bye to my flatmates, and told them
not to do anything to my room. “Don’t worry, we won’t. Have a good weekend,” they said. I knew they were going to do something, but
I couldn’t believe what they actually did: This is a very different kind of story, but
the structure is the same. I have a goal, which is to visit my parents
and come back without my friends doing anything to my room. You also have some tension. You hear sentences like this: I told them not to do anything to my room. I knew they were going to do something. When you hear these, you know they’re going
to do something to my room, but you don’t know what. This is called foreshadowing. You know something bad is going to happen,
but you aren’t sure exactly what. That’s where the tension comes from. What did they actually do? Hopefully, you want to know what happened
next. Now, think about your story. How can you add some tension? One way is to add problems or difficulties:
things that get between you and your goal. Another way is to use foreshadowing, like
our story above. Pause the video and add tension to your story. This is an important part of your story, so
think about it carefully. Aim to write 2-3 sentences, and start again
when you’re done. Okay? Now, you’re ready to think about the end
of your story. To finish your story, you need to resolve
the tension. At this point, the people listening to your
story should want to know what comes next. You’ve created some tension. They aren’t sure what’s going to happen,
but they want to know. So, finishing your story is simple: explain
what happened in the end, and whether you (or whoever) reached your goal or not. Let’s finish the three stories you’ve
seen in this lesson: Remember that you can pause if you need more
time to read or review the story. Let’s read the end together. We loaded our stuff onto a kayak and swam
almost a kilometre around the cliffs. A naked hippy paddled the kayak, which was
piled high with our things and looked like it could sink at any minute. We made it to land, and after several hours
of hitchhiking and walking, we caught our train. It was stressful at the time, but looking
back now it makes a good story! You can see that the ending does two things. In this story, we have tension: there’s
a mine in the harbour and we can’t leave by boat. How did we solve it? By swimming for a kilometre, with a naked
hippy transporting our stuff in an overloaded kayak. Secondly, the ending explains whether we reached
our goal or not. In this case, happily, we caught the train! What about our second story? I forgot how tired I was and ran down the
slopes to get to safety. I stayed the night lower down and tried again
the next day. I made it over the pass, but it was a very
frightening experience. Again, the ending resolves the tension—I
ran below the storm and tried again the next day—and also explains whether I reached
my goal or not. Finally, what did happen to my room at university? They made my room into a jungle! I’m not kidding: there were flowers, plants,
three whole trees, jungle animals made from paper, and a ‘sounds of the forest’ mix
playing on my stereo. It took me three hours to clean up, and also
I have hay fever—an allergy to pollen—so I was sneezing and blowing my nose the whole
time. For my flatmates, that just made it funnier… It’s the same pattern: we resolve the tension
by answering the question: what did my flatmates do to my room? We also find out whether I reached my goal
or not (I didn’t). Now you’ve seen the three stories; can you
see what each one has right at the end? Each story ends with a retrospective comment. Retrospective means ‘looking back’. A retrospective comment tells people how you
feel now about the story, or how other people felt. For example: It was stressful at the time, but looking
back now it makes a good story! It was a very frightening experience. For my flatmates, that just made it funnier… You don’t have to put a retrospective comment
at the end of your story, but it’s a good way to finish. Most of all, a retrospective comment sounds
like an ending. That’s useful, especially if you’re speaking,
because it shows your listener that you’ve finished speaking. Now, you need to finish your story. Pause the video and write an ending. Remember that you need to do two things: resolve
the tension, and explain whether or not you reached your goals. Let’s review: to tell a good story, you
need to: - Set the scene and give some background information. - Establish a goal for the person or people
in your story. - Add some tension, so that people aren’t
sure what will happen in the end. - Finish the story and add a retrospective
comment. Of course, there are other things which are
important in a story. Adding interesting details and descriptions
can make your story more lifelike. Adding jokes and humour can improve many stories. Giving some background on the people and their
personalities can bring the people in your stories to life. But, nothing is more important than structure,
and that’s what you’ve seen in this lesson. A story without good structure isn’t really
a story. Get the structure right first. Maybe you’re thinking, “I don’t have
the vocabulary to tell stories like that.” Not true: I’ve heard very powerful stories
from students who spoke very basic English. Vocabulary doesn’t make a good story. Structure and emotion make a good story. Focus on structure and practise what you’ve
learned in this lesson. You can tell great stories in English, too! Do you have a story you’d like to share? Please post it in the comments. You can see the sample stories we used in
this lesson in the full lesson on our website: Oxford Online English dot com. We also have many other free English lessons
which you can watch and study from. That’s all for this lesson. Thanks for watching! See you next time!
