Hey Mahmoud, can you help me read
this Arabic message I got? I can't recognise any of the words Oh, that's not Arabic. Hello everyone. Welcome to the LangFocus channel.
My name is Paul. In a recent video I talked about the Persian language,
which is spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan. Because Iran is located in the Middle East next to Iraq, a lot of people wonder if the Persian
language and Arabic are related. Well, they are not directly related,
but they have influenced each other. Persian and Arabic belong to completely different language
families, which means that they have separate origins. Arabic is a Semitic language, and it
comes from the same root language as Hebrew, Aramaic, Phoenician, Ugaritic, etc. Persian, on the other hand, is an Indo-European language
that shares common roots with the languages of Northern India, as well as most of the languages
in Europe, such as English, French, and German. Therefore Persian and Arabic have very different grammar,
and the way that words are constructed is completely different. Semitic languages have a unique system
of mostly three-letter roots, and these three-letter roots are put into templates
that form the shape of different words. For example, the Arabic root for "learn", which
in English is like DRS. If you want to say, "I learned", you take those three root
letters and you add them into this template here,
and say, "asruus". Persian does not have this system
of putting the root into templates. The root words stay in one piece
and affixes are attached to it. Let's look at an example in Persian
using the root word "dān", which means "know". The first word is "dānestan", which means "to know", so if we add the affix, "estan",
that creates the infinitive of the verb. The next word is "dāneŝ", which means
"knowledge", so the affix "eŝ" creates an abstract noun. Then if we take that word,
and we add another affix at the end, "dāneŝmand", that means scientist, so that creates a concrete noun. So you can see that nothing is changing
with the root word itself. The root word "dān" doesn't change, the letters
don't get separated the way they would in Arabic. There are a couple other differences that I think show, that Persian has simpler than Arabic. One of the differences is Persian language
only has two grammatical cases,
and only one of them is actually marked, whereas Arabic has three grammatical
cases and all three of them are marked. And other differences that Persian
doesn't have any grammatical gender, there's no feminine, masculine, or neuter
nouns which is quite a relief to some of us. So, the origins of Arabic and Persian are unrelated, and
structurally they are completely different languages. There are two main similarities between
Persian and Arabic: the script, and the vocabulary. Except for the Persian that is spoken in
Tajikistan, which is written in the Cyrillic script, Persian is written in a modified form of the Arabic script. So what is modified about it? Well, in the Persian language, they have some sounds
that you can't find in the Arabic language. So they needed to create some new letters
that represent those sounds. There are four of these new letters
in the Persian version of the Arabic script. They actually come from Arabic letters,
but the markings above or below the letters are different. In Arabic, there is no "p" sound but in Persian there is a "p" sound, So they created this new letter
to represent the "p" sound. They took the Arabic letter "ب" for "/b/" ["buh"], the "b" sound, and they added two more dots underneath that letter. So when we see that, we know it's a "/p/" ["puh"]. And in Standard Arabic, there is no "/t͡ʃ/" ["ch"] sound. So they took the Arabic letter "ج" for ["djuh"],
and they added two more dots under the letter. That represents "ch". There is also no "/ʒə/" ["juh"] sound in Standard Arabic,
so they took the Arabic letter "ز" for ["zuh"] , the "Z" sound, and they added two more dots above the letter and that makes a "/ʒə/" ["juh"], like the french "J". Arabic also has no letter for "/g/", the hard G sound,
so Persian took the letter "ک" for ["kuh"], the "K" sound, and they added an extra line above it,
and that represents "/g/", the hard G sound. And some of the other letters represent
slightly different sounds, too. For example, the letter "waw" in Arabic
becomes "vav" in...uh... Persian. *audible chuckling* I almost said Hebrew there because
the letter is also called "vav" in modern Hebrew. Because of the use of this modified Arabic script, people who can't read it just take one look
at it and because it looks the same, they think that it's Arabic
or they think that it's the same as Arabic, but anyone who is able to read the script,
or even just know the letters, they'll quickly realise that this is not Arabic,
because you see letters that you don't find in Arabic, And also, of course, the words are different. Probably not all of the words are different. That's because Persian has
a whole lot of Arabic loanwords in it, that stretch all the way back
to the Islamic conquest of Persia. In literary Persian, as much as 40%
of the vocabulary is of Arabic origin, but in colloquial speech the percentage
of Arabic words is much lower. So even though lots of words have been
adopted from Arabic into Persian, the structure of those arabic words
has not been adopted. They're simply adopted as vocabulary as they are. And then they are treated as Persian words
once they're adopted. Basically, the words that are borrowed
are not broken down into the roots, which is how they would be treated in Arabic. And the loan words have also adapted
to the phonology of the Persian language.
So now they often sound quite different. Here are some example loanwords:
"good morning" in Arabic is "SabaH al-khayr",
good morning in Persian is "Sobh bekheir". Hello in Persian is "Salaam" [/sɜläm/] which comes
from "Salaam" [/sɜle̞m/] in Arabic So you notice that the second "a" sounds a little bit like an "o" in English kind of like "Shalom" [/ʃɜlo̞m/], actually. The Arabic word for "name" is "Ism".
In Persian, it's "Esm". So, just the first vowel is different. In Arabic, the word for "travel" is "śafar".
In Persian, it's "safár". In Arabic, the word for "teaching" is "ta'ayin'liim".
In Persian, it's "ta'aliim". So you'll notice that the "ayin" sound from Arabic kind
of disappears and becomes a simple glottal stop. The Arabic word for "without" is "biduun".
In Persian, it's "beduuneh". The Arabic word for "history" is "taariikh",
the Persian word is "tariikh". So, just the first "a" vowel seems shorter. The Arabic word for first is "awwal",
but in Persian, it's "avval" So there we have the "waw" becoming
pronounced like a "vav". There are also Persian loanwords that
have entered the Arabic language, though not as many. There are some in Standard Arabic but there are more in
some of the Arabic dialects that are located near Iran, Especially in the Iraqi Arabic. But, Persian words in Arabic are harder to
identify because when they're borrowed into Arabic, they're taken apart and their root is placed into
Arabic templates to make new Arab-ised words. Persian and Arabic are different
languages that are not mutually intelligible, but my understanding is that
native speakers hear the other language, and they recognise quite a few
of the words that they hear, but they don't get the overall message. Is it easy for a Persian speaker
to learn Arabic and vice versa? Well, the large amount of shared
vocabulary will definitely help, in the same way that an English speaker
learning French has an automatic advantage
because of all the shared vocabulary. That is especially helpful for receptive skills. Of course, you still have the challenge of
learning how to produce correct sentences
in the grammar of the other language. Thank you for watching the Langfocus Channel,
I hope that was helpful. Leave your comments down below and have a nice day. ♫♫ English Subtitles by @dangeredwolf <3 ♫♫ ♫♫♫♫♫
