How quantised inertia gets rid of dark matter

introduction to quantis inertia I'm Mike mccullock okay as well as doing physics I like to draw cartoons and this cartoon shows a snail looking at a sign which says minimum acceleration of 2 c^2 divided by The Cosmic diameter which I represent with this symbol here and this is the main prediction of the theory I'm going to propose that there is a minimum acceleration in the cosmos okay so first of all I'll introduce the problem the motivating problem so the problem is that galaxies spin too fast to be stable so here's a Galaxy spinning around the trouble is when we look at them in the night sky they appear to be spinning too fast so fast that the gravitational force of all the matter we can see cannot hold them in and they should simply fly apart this was first noticed by Fitz spii back in 1933 a few other people as well and finally showed far more conclusively by Ruben and Ford in 1970 so there have been several Solutions suggested for this first one is dark matter which was first suggested by in 1933 and this is that you add lots of hidden invisible matter to the galaxies that you can't see that that hold them in gravitationally that provide the extra required gravitational pull the advantage of Dark Matters you don't have to do any extra work or any extra thinking you can keep general relativity and um it it works with the dark matter when you add it in the correct way the disadvantages are that dark matter is arbitrary in a sense you just add it to galaxies where you need it and in a different amount for each Galaxy it's obvious from this that it's designed to save designed to save a theory so this is almost like a backwards approach to science it's also very vague there are lots of particles lots of particles have being proposed so it's very difficult to falsify you can search for particles forever also more recently it's been at least partly falsified by mgal from a paper in 2016 as shown as shown here since they showed that the rotation curve tends to follow the distribution of the visible matter only and nothing else which seems to indicate that dark matter does not exist another proposal was made by modai milgrom 1983 called M modified Newtonian Dynamics and this is has the advantage of a dark matter in that it is less arbitrary the disadvantages are that it still has one adjustable parameter which is a n also there's no physical model in it so there's no reason for a does not predict Galaxy clusters well and also it has two two variants one in one the gravitational constant is varied and then the other one the inertial mass is varied this inertial variant violates the equivalence principle so this brings us on to inertia and inertia is extremely intriguing I've been interested in it for a long time because it's been very little understood inertial mass is not due to the he field which only explains the quarks their Mass but when quarks combine together to form particles the mass is a thousand times of the mass of the quarks that you started with and this this mass is not explained by the higs mechanism and also throughout history inertia has never been understood as fam faman once suggested just just assumed it's almost like language that things keep going until you push on them this is an assumption the question is why do they keep going until you push on them so I'm going to propose in this talk that inertia arises from a kind of interaction between relativity and quantum mechanics okay so I can start with the quantum vacuum this is a phenomenon predicted by Heisenberg's uncertainty principle which is shown shown up here the idea is that the uncertainty in position times the uncertainty in momentum is equal to H bar which is just a very small number this means that if you consider smaller and smaller volumes of space or uncertainty in position then DX goes down and so the uncertainty momentum has to go up so this means that on very small scales space is teeming with virtual what are called virtual particles and to conserve properties they appear as pairs so one particle may come up this way and the other one goes this way this could be an electron this could be a positon so they conserve charge and as we know from quantum mechanics particles are also waves so each virtual particle has a wave associated with it shown by these red curves okay so does this Quantum vacuum really exist well hendrik Casmir in 1948 proposed a test of it he said that if you put two conducting plates very close together as shown here and here then and then you consider the virtual particles particles that tend to have waves that fit between the ples PL like this one you see the waveform closes at the plates it has nodes at the plates this will not excite electrons to move in the plate and cancel the field so this this wave will remain but other waves for example this one here will not fit and here there'll be an electromagnetic field the electrons will move to cancel it so this wave will disappear as well this one so those two disappear this means that a force will appear pushing the plates together and that's because there are more particles banging into the plates from outside than there are banging into them from inside pushing them out so there'll be a net force inwards and they will move together and this is called the Casmir effect after Henrik Casmir and it was seen in 1996 by Laro and his team Okay so now you can start to think about relativity as well and things like black holes what happens if you put a black hole into the quantum vacuum so this shows a black hole Event Horizon this white circle what happens said Steven Hawking back in about 1975 if a pair virtual particle pair appears right on the boundary so one particle goes out of the black hole one particle goes in one it goes in will be lost to our Z the universe we will no longer be able to see it this means that the particle outside will be free and will become free to travel through the cosmos and that is the origin of Hawking radiation it's now called Hawking radiation similarly bill unu from Canada proposed a similar thing for an accelerating spaceship so this is the spaceship that's accelerating over here in the quantum vacuum now information from far behind it will not be able to catch up with this spaceship so they will form what's now called a rindler horizon separating the unknown space from the known space so what happens if now you have a virtual particle appearing on this boundary one goes out one goes in the one that goes in is lost to us and one comes out remains and it becomes unre radiation so has on radiation been seen well the answer is maybe the wavelength of on radiation depends on the acceleration of the the object observing it uh and the formula is shown here so the wavelength is equal to 8 times the speed of light squared over the acceleration for terrestrial accelerations of 9.8 m/s the wavelength is about 7even light years which is unseeable it's not seeable for our our Tech with our technology but for very high accelerations these on waves uh shorten because a acceleration goes up so the wavelength goes down and there's a paper by small nof that argues that electrons carving curving around a tight bend a nano tip in this case close to light speed May emit un waves and an experiment has been done by bever Lewis where they they showed they had a nano tip they excited electrons near the tip they went round the bend like that very fast ation was huge and they saw light coming off and this is argued by small nof to be on radiation so it may have been seen so the new proposal I've made is that on radiation causes inertial mass and I call this quantized inertia and this specific part of it is the called the asymmetric casmere effect so imagine we have an accelerating particle here accelerating to the left it will form a Windler Horizon on this side of it because part information from space in this black area will just never be able to catch up with it so it will be surrounded by onu radiation but there will be a difference because on radiation in this blue area here the waves of it will have to fit between the particle and the horizon so a wave like that will be able to fit but any wave that penetrates the rindle Horizon will not so some of the Waves will be disallowed so there'll be less unu radiation and there'll be a cold unu bath there but on this side in the orange bit all waves will be able to exist because there's no boundary at least not yet so that means this will be a a warm oning bath this means that more virtual particles will bang into the object from in front then they will from behind so the particle will be pushed back against its initial acceleration and I managed to show in this paper that this predicts inertial Mass pretty well and then a mathematician from Spain emailed me and said i' made a a factor of two error in my calculation so we published a paper together this one to give a slightly better answer and we can predict inial Mass to within 26% which is within the uncertainty in the calculation because we had to assume certain simplified uh things for example that the Windler Horizon was a a half sphere okay so this predicts inertia but it's not so good predicting a phenomenon that's already been seen it's always good to look to predict anomalies that can be checked for and so in order to do this I have to talk about the Hubble Horizon so if you imagine that this is our position this is us if you look at nearby stars like this one they're moving away from us quite slowly but if you look at stars further and further away like this one or this one they're moving faster some radius away from us they're moving away at speed of light and that means that Beyond this point information will never get to us because we won't be able to see it because everything's moving away from us faster than the speed of light this means there's a horizon a cosmic Horizon at this distance which is about 8.8 * 10^ 26 M away so this changes the asymmetric CM effect so originally on this side you can see that you have an object accelerating to the left it sees other waves which are damped on this side of it so gets pushed back against its acceleration the asymmetric Casmir effect mechanism works but if an object like this one is accelerating incredibly slowly so the unor waves are really long if they're long enough they will be damped all the way around by the Hubble Horizon and so the asymmetric casum effect process will no longer work so inertia should disappear at low accelerations and this is great because galaxies behave very well in their centers they obey standard physics in their centers which have high acceleration because the objects are moving in a tight curve at the edge of the Galaxy where there's a low acceleration there's always an anomaly that standard physics puts puts dark matter in to correct this but if you could reduce them the inertial mass of the Stars at the edge of the Galaxy then the centrifugal force pushing them out will be reduced and the Galaxy would then stable so in order to try and predict this we have to become more quantitative so in 2007 I I proposed this model that's as I said called quantise inertia another name for it is misk modified inertia by Hubble scale casing effect and the basic idea of course as I said is that if you have a highly accelerated spaceship it see short waves that fit inside the observable universe but if you have a low acceleration spaceship the UNS Don't Fit Don't Fit exactly into the cosmic diameter so they're damped so inertia reduces and you can model this using this formula here this is an approximation but quite a good one the modified inertial mass is equal to the original one time a factor which is 1 - 2 * the speed of light squ divid by the acceleration of the object and the hble diameter the cosmic diameter which is this number here so I proposed this model in 2007 in this paper so in order to summarize this I can show a graph here this shows the acceleration from the accelerations we know about on the earth down to theel small accelerations at the age of galaxies very tiny ones and then up this axis the ratio between the inertial mass and a gravitational Mass the equivalence principle The Assumption by Einstein that the initial mass is exactly equal to the gravitational mass is shown of course by the the green line inertial M is shown by the red line which is arbitrary and it can be vary depending on the adjustable parameter they have Mis or quantized inertia predicts the purple line here so it's similar to an Nal M but it doesn't require an adjustable parameter at all so the formula looks like that and if you put it into Newton's second law and his gravity laws so you replace Mi here then you immediately get this formula which says the acceleration is equal to the original term which everybody knows about plus an extra one and the great thing about this new term indicated by the the red circle is that it's very small first of all it's about 2 * 10us 10 m/s per second but also it's independent of mass so this means the equivalence principle is is okay uh there's the apocryphal experiment where Galileo dropped two balls one small one large off the Tower of Piza and he saw that they and he predicted that they dropped at the same time that they fell to the ground at the same time with this model those two balls would still drop to the ground at the same time and this means that all the torsion balance experiments which basically do this uh would not show this new effect they would confirm the equivalence principle so this this new Theory does not violate those tests the other thing is that this term is the size of the cosmic acceleration which is normally attri attributed to Dark Energy okay so now can I apply it to galaxies well I published a paper in 2012 showing that this Theory quantize inertia predicts a to fici relation like this that the velocity of the Stars at the edge of the Galaxy to the^ 4 should be 2 * the gravitational constant time the visible mass time the speed of light squared over the Hubble diameter or the cosmic diameter note that unlike dark matter or M there are no adjustable parameters here so it can't be tuned at all so does it work well this graph shows along the x-axis the system mass and solar masses so from systems of a thousand with a thousand stars in to Galaxy clusters with 10^ the 15 stars in them the data is shown by the solid line so the solid line here M with a couple of its adjustable parameters it can be varied is shown by the dotted line and it fits the data but quanti Nur or MK is shown by the dash line and it also F fits the data within the error bars as I showed in the paper and it does this without any adjustment one other great thing that qu isera does is it predicts a dependence of Galaxy rotation on red shift and this graph shows that so along the x-axis there's the expected acceleration from Newton and along the y- axis there's the observed acceleration and this data I've received from Stacy mcof in the United States okay um so if The observed acceleration was as expected all the data points which are shown by the gray squares here would lie along this diagonal line but they don't they're shifted upwards on the left hand side this is the Galaxy rotation problem that the observed observed acceleration is greater than the expected one for low accelerations and the black line shows a mon prediction and the light blue line shows the quanti inertia or misk prediction for low w shift and you can see that they both agree with the data but quanti nura doesn't need any adjustment but quanti nura also says that there's a minimum acceleration in nature so this minimum acceleration is shown here A Min is 2 c^ s Theta Theta is a cosmic diameter and in the past this was less because the universe has been expanding if this term is less then the minimum acceleration in the past should have been greater so quanti predicts that as you go back in the past and look at galaxies there their observed acceleration should increase given the same amount of visible Mass so early galaxies should spin faster for the same amount of mass and this prediction has just been confirmed by a paper in nature by genel house they observed six early galaxies and showed a they span too fast I've been submitting this paper for quite a long time but it's now been accepted with minor mod ifications okay so coming back to the old idea of oam's Razor he said that the simplest Theory should be chosen over more complex ones the point is that dark matter M and quanti Nur should all fit the Galaxy rotation data but with dark matter you need to fit it to each Galaxy by hand which is not very scientific and it's very vague m is better but it also needs to be adjusted by its uh parameter a they fit it to the data quantis nura fits and it's not flexible at all it has only one prediction and it works so quantis ini is very simple this is as I said the formula and it's extremely simple and everything here is known so this is the modified inertia this is the normal inertia everything on in the factor is known this is the speed of light which is known the acceleration of the object is easy to measure and the cosmic diameter is known to within 5% or so so this is the great advantage of of this theory that it only uses known quantities one interesting point is that this term is usually extremely small so for everyday effects this this has very little very little effect it only this term only blows up if the acceleration becomes extremely small as at the edge of galaxies or in deep space but another way to make the effect more noticeable would be to reduce the cosmic diameter this is a huge number 10 to the 26 if you could reduce it down to um a much smaller size then the effect would be boosted hugely well I think the M Drive is doing just that so I'll just tell you briefly what the M Drive is it's an anomaly discovered around about 2001 by an engineer Roger J Sher he was looking at cone-shaped microwave resonant cavities like this there's a magnetron here putting microwaves into the cavity and he found that they move very slightly towards the narrow ends it's a very small Force indeed but it it appears to exist now of course this could be an experimental error but no one has yet identified one and there is a way that it can be explained with quanti ntia you can assume that the copper walls of the M Drive shown here are a bit like the Hubble Horizon and if you assume that the inertia of light changes following quanti inertia then on this side of the M drive as a microwave is bouncing around inside more under waves are allowed because the cosmic diameter is bigger the effective Cosmic diameter the walls of the cavity so the asymmetric Casmir effect is more efficient at this side and less efficient at this side this means that as the particles bounce around every time they go towards the wide end they gain inertial mass and every time they go to the narrow end they lose it this is a bit like a pro process of Shifting the mass of the UT microwaves continually towards the the wide end another way you can think about it is as a as a man on a ship if he is constantly moving from the front of the ship to the back but every time he moves to the back he picks up a weight from the deck takes it to the back that means the center of mass of the ship is continually moving to the back so the ship itself will move slightly forward okay so does it work well this table here shows the results as you can see I've plotted the experiments in this column in order of date so sher's first experiments the car ey drive here NASA's early experiments in 2014 Martin timear and dresen in 2015 NASA's published work in 2016 and David D's more recent work here so the observed thrust is shown in this column and the predicted thrust in this column and you can hopefully see that they are pretty similar except for this first one sher's first result where I get the right size but the opposite sign but for all the other ones the results are are pretty good the most I suppose rigorous of these tests were those done by naso in 2016 because this these results have been peer reviewed okay so one generalization or application of this would be a Horizon Drive what you might have is an acceleration core here something moving around very fast like photons in a cavity or something rotating very fast so that the under waves it sees will be short enough to be interfered with or damped by a damper here which could could have a fractal shape a fractal shape is good because it would d more than one frequency damp a whole range of them okay so I'm coming to towards a conclusion now but this is just a summary of all the phenomena or anomalies that quanti inertia predicts in order of scale so this shows the scale from big things to small things and this axis shows the acceleration from high acceleration to low so quanti nura predicts the M drive as I've discussed a few of things that I can't really go into now fly by anomalies approxim orbit predicts Galaxy rotation also the low L Cosmic microwave background anomaly which is a an unexpected smoothness of cosmic patterns on the largest scales also predicts Cosmic acceleration and Cosmic Mass it gives an explanation of inertial mass it gets rid of dark matter and dark energy and it unifies quantum mechanics and relativity a bit more on that there is a simpler approach to understanding inertia in this way using quantise inertia you can do it using Heisenberg's uncertainty principle which is shown again here so uncertainty momentum times uncertainty position is H bar by small number you can rearrange it so that the uncertainty and energy is given by H Bar C over the uncertain in position with this with this Theory what I'm effectively doing is allowing relativity to decide on the uncertainty in position so if you have an object here accelerating to the right then the rler Horizon it sees far away over here and this means that it will be able to see a lot of space so its uncertainty in position will be larger so its energy will be low on the other hand if an object has a high acceleration the Windler Horizon will come closer that means that its uncertainty in position is reduced because itn't have doesn't have much space to see so DX is small and this releases energy and it's my proposal that this energy is producing inertial Mass so I published this in this paper here and I can also predict gravity this way as well okay so to conclude I'm suggesting a new model of inertia called quantise inertia or misk and it assumes that inertia is due to the quantum vacuum being damped asymmetrically by rler Horizons so this is a combination of Relativity and quantum mechanics plus cosmology enters into it as well at low acceleration the spherically symmetric Cosmic Horizon stops this this process so you lose inertial Mass so assumption one predicts standard inertia and assumption two predicts inertia decreases in a new way at low acceleration so with no adjustable parameters quanti inertia predicts Cosmic acceleration without dark energy and Galaxy rotation without dark matter without any adjustment and it put XM Drive as well quite well okay so that's the end of the talk if you have any questions my email is shown at the bottom and I write a blog and I've written a book a book called physics from The Edge thank you for listening

Channel: Mike McCulloch

Views: 29,238

Keywords: quantised inertia, galaxy rotation, emdrive, mihsc, cosmology

Id: 1itasiXNUPg

Length: 31min 18sec (1878 seconds)

Published: Tue Jun 06 2017