So imagine you’re an astronaut on International
Space Station, looking out the window, and you’re craving a pizza. Pepperoni. Cheesy. Umm. Let’s say it’s possible to order delivery. What would that bill look like? I’ll just put it this way: sending 1 lb
of cargo into space costs about $10,000! Not including tip! So, how do space agencies afford to send supplies
like oxygen, water, and food to their astronauts? – Do they send it with the crew? Before they found a more efficient solution,
they’d pack all the water into space with them in their rockets. The water took up a lot of room that could’ve
otherwise been used for other supplies. That, and the added weight wasted fuel. So short answer: nope, it doesn’t go with
the crew from the get-go. – That means they deliver it, right? Eh, that’d be too risky…and expensive! There’s no 100% guarantee that something
bad won’t happen to the cargo ship at launch or on the way to the International Space Station. (Like, space pirates?) If the cargo doesn’t get to the station,
then the next delivery will have to wait a very long time. That’s not an option since it’s dangerous
for the astronauts. Ok, so let’s break it down item by item. First, where do astronauts get their… – Water
The primary source of water for the crew is… the astronauts themselves! Whether it’s drops of sweat, condensation
from breathing, or going to the toilet, all this water gets processed through complex
filtering systems. When it comes out, it’s clean drinkable
water. Yes, you heard that right: astronauts recycle…their
own body’s H2O! In fact, 85% of their “tinkle” can be
turned into clean water! (off mic) We can say “tinkle”, right? [ding] Okay. (back on mic) Sorry just checking
with Mr. Strudelmeyer, the sensor. We’re cool. Water in separate cargo deliveries is still
sent to the ISS. But with the invention of the onboard Water
Treatment System (WRS), everything has become much simpler. And with the help of a process called electrolysis,
they’ve learned how to extract the necessary reserves of oxygen from the water itself! But more on that here in a bit. For now, let’s see… – How the WRS works
The astronaut goes to the toilet and flushes it all down. The [sensor’s honk], pardon me……the
liquid contents fall into a compartment that rotates very quickly and works like a centrifuge. This centrifuge is then heated. Under cpressure and high temperature, the
liquid evaporates and collects condensation in an external chamber. From there, the condensed water enters a tank. All other moisture from the ISS – sweat
and exhaled air – goes to this same tank. From there, the water enters a separator where
the liquid is cleaned of odors. After going through several levels of filtration,
it gets heated once again and disinfected. And, presto – clean water is ready! After knowing that, do you think you could
live on the ISS? Let me know down in the comments! Ok, moving on to… – Oxygen
Ah, the question of the day! Like I briefly mentioned, they can get oxygen
from that same water. Remember your chemistry classes in school? Oxygen is the “O” part of H2O. Here’s how they do it: an electric current
is passed through water molecules to break them down. This process is called "electrolysis." So after that, you’ve got 2 hydrogen atoms
and 1 pure oxygen atom. They collect those now separated oxygen molecules
in special cylinders, and astronauts can breathe easy! But where do the remaining hydrogen molecules
go? They’re also used to the maximum benefit
of the entire crew. Through something called the Sabatier reaction,
they mix the hydrogen with carbon dioxide (the stuff you’re breathing out right now!)
to create… water! Incredible, right? So, the ISS is completely independent of the
Earth as far as its water and air reserves go? Unfortunately not. Thanks to this complex system, it’s possible
to produce a little over 4 lb of oxygen per day. That’s only enough for 2 people. The ISS crew usually consists of 6. To make up the difference, oxygen is delivered
from Earth. So, what about… – Food
Here, the ISS is entirely dependent on supplies delivered from Earth. All those freeze-dried packets of astronaut
food go along with the crew when they head to the station, or separate cargo is sent. But you’d be surprised by the number of
options they have. According to NASA, astronauts dine on fruits,
nuts, chicken, beef, seafood, candy, and even brownies! They also have coffee, tea, juices, and lemonade. But why can’t they plant an indoor garden
on the station to eat fresh fruits and veggies? Well, it’s not as easy as it sounds. How can plants grow in the vastly different
conditions of outer space? There’s no gravity, day and night are all
over the place (the ISS sees 16 sunrises and sunsets each day!), the air is dry, it’s
cold. Plus, the ISS might be as long as a football
field, but it’s not like they have a lot of room for a sprawling garden. Well, the good news is, they’ve already
figured out a solution to all this, and astronauts are growing food up there! In 2015, members of the 44th ISS crew ate
lettuce that was fully grown on board! The seeds had been sent from Earth. Once in the station, they were put in a Veggie
box with red, blue, and green lamps that each provided a certain growing condition for the
seeds. The experiment was successful, and the astronauts
even said that the lettuce tasted exactly the same as it does on Earth! Their next crop idea? Tomatoes and cucumbers to go with that space
salad! – What do they do with their trash? Just like you and me, astronauts have garbage
too. Disposable utensils, used towels, raw materials,
empty food packets – you name it! You’d think they could just chuck it out
into the endless void of space, but that would be littering! Whenever they get a delivery, the cargo ship
is docked to the station. The astronauts get what they need from it,
and then they load this ship with their trash. After a few weeks, the supply vehicle is disconnected
from the station, and it heads back to Earth. It might make it to the surface or burn up
in the atmosphere. In short, astronauts don't litter! – Then where does space debris come from? Right now, there are tons of satellites floating
around Earth. You have them to thank for your GPS or satellite
TV. But there are so many of these things up there,
that they sometimes crash into each other. Their remains create space trash. In addition to them, the uncoupled parts of
launch vehicles become garbage too. This garbage, seemingly harmlessly soaring
in outer space, is a serious threat to the ISS. Even a dime-sized fragment of a satellite
can penetrate the station's casing and lead to major problems. In all of the ISS’s 21 years, the station
carried out 25 maneuvers to evade space debris. Plus, the station is covered with protective
plates that guard against a tiny piece of debris shredding through it! – From the ISS to Mars! The cool thing about the International Space
Station becoming more and more self-sufficient is that it’s almost like a trial for larger
missions in the future. I’m talking about colonizing the Red Planet,
baby! Instead of being a “mere” 250 miles from
Earth, we’d be 140 million miles from home! That means deliveries (and trash dumps!) won’t
be an option! So, what will they do with their garbage? Two words: – Waste recycling
The plan is to process all garbage using the "liquid combustion" system. Simply put, organic and inorganic waste would
be collected, crushed, and mixed with hydrogen peroxide. After a day, an electric current is passed
through this mass, and the oxidation reaction starts. All the garbage will be stored in a device,
where they’ll put a colony of microorganisms. They eat the trash and emit free electrons
as a byproduct. Electrodes and a battery will be connected
to the device, which will accumulate energy. You know what all that means? Scientists have learned how to recycle garbage
and turn it into electricity with the help of germs! That battery can hold a charge of 400 hours,
after which the bacteria will need to be replaced. If this all just sounds hypothetical, they’ve
already pulled it off here on Earth in terrestrial conditions. The next step is to try it out in space! Besides creating electricity with the help
of bacteria, recycling waste will also be good for gardening since it’ll contain nutrients
and minerals for the plants! (off mic) Oh, hey thanks Mr. Studelmeyer!
[ding] Sure glad I didn’t say P[honk]. Oh well… (on mic) Hey, if you learned something new
today, then give the video a like and share it with a friend! And here are some other cool videos I think
you'll enjoy. Just click to the left or right, and stay
on the Bright Side of life!
