Translator: 莹 吴
Reviewer: Peter van de Ven For the last quarter-century, as a physician and a neurosurgeon, my goal has been to prevent death. But, I will tell you that some of the most profound experiences as a human being that I have had is being with people who have truly lived, but are dying. For the last decade, as a neuroscientist, my goal has been to understand what it is that stops people from living. I'm not talking about showing up. I'm not talking about mindlessly
going to work every day. You know, somebody sent me
a definition of life, and it said: "Life is a sexually transmitted disease
that ends in death." (Laughter) The life I'm talking about, though,
is a little bit different. The life I'm talking about, though, is a life of meaning, purpose, connection, and ultimately, contentment and happiness. What's interesting, though, is that in the United States - one of, if not, the most
affluent countries in the world, where we consume 25%
of the world's resources, where theoretically we have everything, why is it that we have an epidemic of stress, anxiety, isolation, loneliness, and depression? What's amazing is people come here somehow thinking that it will be better, and oftentimes it is not at all;
it is only worse. It's interesting; 25% percent of people when asked, will say to you that when they are suffering, when they are in pain, they do not feel that they have
a single person who they can go to. It's horribly sad, but why is that? I had a cartoon. Do any of you know Snoopy? I had a cartoon that showed
Snoopy on his doghouse. It's interesting, I am a familiar
with the dog house, but oftentimes
I had been in the doghouse. (Laughing) But in this case, Snoopy
is sitting on top of the doghouse, and he's thinking, "Where am I going? What am I doing?
What's the meaning of life?" And today I would like to share with you why I believe, over the last
ten years, and have learned, what it is that causes pain
to so many of us. And also - in the context
of what this meeting is about - of what is next. And what is next is neuro-hacking your brain
for transcendence. Or, hacking your brain for happiness. How do we do that? First of all, let me explain how we
got into this position as humans. I'm not sure if you realize, our DNA has not changed
for the last 200,000 years. So we are the same as we were then in this modern world
of science and technology, which has evolved far faster
than our evolution. As a result, we have evolutionary baggage, which stands in the way,
oftentimes, of us being happy. The sad thing also is that
we have a health care system that is not oriented towards wellness; it is oriented towards illness. (Applause) So what happens to that group of people who feel stressed, anxious,
depressed, isolated, alone? What is it that they're given? Drugs. Do any of you know Hunter S. Thompson? Obviously, a lot of you take drugs here. Some guys, yeah, yeah! (Laughing) Hunter S. Thompson said, "I don't advocate the use of drugs
and alcohol, but it works for me." (Laughter) But unfortunately,
for the large group of people who are prescribed
these medications, and remember, it's 20% of the adult population, If you include the excessive
use of alcohol, and some of you may be
experiencing that already, it actually increases to over 50%. And what have we gotten from that? We have not fundamentally
solved the problem. And why? Here is where it gets interesting. As a species, to have something
called "Theory of mind", to have complex language, to have abstract thinking, has come at a cost. The cost is that unlike other species, our offspring require us to care for them for a decade and a half, or two decades. In my case apparently three decades. But, the attribute that makes us want to expend those resources and energy to raise our young is because we are hardwired to care. We are hardwired to recognize the suffering of another - especially our offspring - and alleviate that suffering. This is where you hear
of the term "oxytocin", which is one of the neurotransmitters
associated with affiliative behavior - nurturing and caring - dopamine and other neurotransmitters. The problem is, although this is our default mode, we have evolutionary baggage
that oftentimes interferes with us being our true selves
and having connection. The baggage is related to a primitive part
of our nervous system, which many of you know is called
the "flight, fight, or freeze" response. When an individual is anxious, when an individual is put
in an environment that exceeds his ability to process, put them in an environment
that is far, far different than how we evolved as a species
on the Savanna in Africa, what happens is this autonomic nervous system switches over from one of,
if you will, affiliative behavior - caring, nurturing, calmness - which is called our
parasympathetic nervous system, to decrease the tone
of a nerve called the vagus nerve, and actually stimulate
the sympathetic nervous system. When the sympathetic nervous system
is stimulated, what happens? You get afraid; your heart rate increases; your pulse increases - those are the same thing.
I'm a doctor, I should know this - your blood pressure increases; actually your immune system is depressed; and hormones associated
with stress are released and often released on a chronic basis. This is far different from what the system
was made for on the Savanna in Africa, where if you saw a lion,
the system would kick in, all of those things would happen, you would run to the tree, and either you would crawl
up the tree or you wouldn't. (Laughing) But what is the effect of this type of chronic engagement
of the sympathetic nervous system? It is one where people
feel anxious, afraid, they withdraw, they pull into themselves,
they don't communicate as effectively, it actually affects their work: they're not as creative; they're not as productive. So what is the solution? It certainly, today, has not been science
and technology, has it? We expend more on health care, have the most sophisticated
technology in the world, yet we have this epidemic
of stress, anxiety, depression; we have the highest cost of healthcare; the most dissatisfied
patients in the world; and we fall in the lowest quadrant
of any industrialised country, in terms of measures of efficacy
or cost effectiveness. But there is a solution. Interestingly, what I have spent a lot of time doing,
and a lot of my colleagues have, is trying to understand the system. And instead of having it
hijacked, if you will, which has a profound effect
on long-term mental and physical health, and in fact a significant
effect on longevity, is to hijack it in the other direction. I will tell you though, it's not a pill. So that's a good thing. What we have learned
over the last decade or so, is that we can actually potentiate our ability to be compassionate, to care for others, and when we do so, it has a profound effect
on our own health. In fact, the Dalai Lama,
- have any of you heard of him? - the Dalai Lama has said, "Being compassionate
is one of the only times when it's okay to be selfish." Studies have now shown that when you are compassionate, when you recognize the suffering
of another, engage another, it has a profound effect
on your blood pressure, your heart rate, it boosts your immune system, and decreases those stress hormone levels down to baseline. And you have a sense of calmness, your frontal executive
control areas work better, which are associated with decision-making,
productivity, and creativity. How do you switch the tide,
if you will, or turn the switch, where this system is not a detriment to you living your life
with full potential and being connected with another and receiving the full
physiologic benefits? It has to do with the following: I put it in the context
of the pharmaceutical industry. If I told you that I had a pill that was organic, readily available ingredients, zero side effects, and had this profound effect
on your physiology where you worked at your best, and it allowed you to have purpose,
clarity of mind, contentment, happiness? How much would that pill be worth? A lot. But what if I told you that exists already
and can work with many people? But the only thing that is required
is that after you take the pill, you sit in silence for 15 minutes
and slowly breathe in and out, and focus your intention
on being compassionate. When you do that, you will realize,
you no longer need the pill. That is in fact all it takes. We and others have created techniques that give you the tools to hack your brain for happiness, and what
I call transcendence. And by doing so, what this will do is that when you are
at the end of your days, you will know that you have truly lived. Thank you.
