Great Oceans Liners: Speed Machines (Engineering History Documentary) | Timeline

the 1930s marked the high point for the great ocean-going liners these were huge ships that carried thousands of passengers the first class passengers enjoyed the height of luxury and elegance competition was fierce and national pride was at stake France's finest ship was the Normandy Britain's answer was the Queen Mary in an epic contest of speed they went head-to-head to win the blue ribbon and to be the fastest across the Atlantic [Music] on December the 1st 1930 work began at John Brown shipyard Clydebank on a new ship job number five three four like all the ships created before her in this yard she would be hand-built by an army of Scotland's finest craftsmen and she would only be given a name when she was launched but 5:34 was to be something extra-special she would be bigger and faster than any ship yet built the largest moving structure ever created by man she would be a luxury liner of epic proportions the new flagship of the Cunard White Star Line and she was designed to win the blue ribbon of the Atlantic the ultimate status symbol awarded to the ship making the fastest crossing a title in name only but the holy grail for the great shipping liners it was really a marketing thing the companies realized people would flock to a ship which held the blue ribbon they can say they traveled on the fastest ship in the world it was very prestigious that's how you got passengers to sail with you even if it meant knocking off only an hour or so to travel on the fastest ship on the North Atlantic was very important it puts passengers in your ships the only way to reach America was by ship and the transatlantic trade was big business the giant cañada had to compete in a crowded cutthroat market the great liners were symbols of national pride each one larger and more luxurious than the last in a bid to capture the traffic but this great ship the Pride of Britain would not have things all her own way the French too had plans for a Superliner eight weeks after Britain started building the vessel that would become the Queen Mary work began on a rival ship at the Sun Nazaire shipyard job number t6 the federal force so they said the French decided to introduce a liner which could beat the foreign opposition a fast liner which would be a five day shift to make a five day crossing the ship would have to achieve a speed of 30 knots the toddler [Music] she too would be a Leviathan like the new Kannada she would be over 1,000 feet long [Music] the French were also after the blue ribbon and they were about to create a legend these ships would not only be gigantic they would be stylish celebrated artists were commissioned to decorate their interiors the finest materials would be used to create two sumptuous opulent fabulous ocean liners [Music] they were literally floating cities they were policies but not only had to show the most rudimentary fundamental grasp of engineering principles that made at what but the scale of the thing zoomed the way up and to the frivolous the self-indulgent the massaging of eagles the backdrop for the elegant and the rich and above all they had to be fast fast enough to win and to keep the Blue Ribbon dove the Atlantic but these were dreams for the future first came the steelwork it's a diet place to work but it's exciting there is nothing to match the same and watch and use fun this is amassing bins Matilda and band behind they're all at your shins and gala teens that slice through still it says cutting through paper frightened and stuff and of course people get injured and killed and maimed and blended on a regular basis and the idea to health and safety was just out the window you know it was only about healthy safety and shipyard did extraordinary scope of people about battle and hammer and required strength required physical endurance today there are no Kingdom where that end and money tough hard we days as the frame grew into a bewildering labyrinth of steel work the shell plating began to give shape and form to the hull the edges of each huge steel plate were punched with a row of closely spaced holes they were then secured by the highly-skilled process of hot riveting a craft that was passed down from father to son relatives were literally legends include say because of the way of the cicada peculiar clan system formed weather disrupted squads basically you had a rate hand riveted in the left hand Riveter because both of them stood in say that of it so when swung a hammer to relate when swung a hammer to the day you had a boy who was in charge of the Lovett funders who heated the Levites and then you'd a guy called a holder on we're all done we're great hammer the process was that ever was heated way or they were say thrown up to the the hodo and he would put it through that Revit hall he would then hold a great hammer at the back here in the left and right hand rather touch wood buying only chain to that of its the flattened number merit eek approximately eighty 16 Hertz Deepti actually flatten one of those rivets it was a deafening and exhausting job which will be repeated 10 million times before howl number 534 was finished as work progressed rapidly the towering structure became a landmark which dominated Clydebank a proud symbol of Scotland's industrial might but in the Kunar boardroom it was another story [Music] The Wall Street Crash of 1929 had triggered a worldwide recession everybody hoped that better times were just around the corner but they didn't come the banks lost their nerve and withdrew finance for the new Kannada the government refused to help austerity not luxury was now the order of the day building a ship like that's a very complicated and long process even before you get to lay the first steel so that a momentum behind that had already been established and cannot of proceeding the basis that it isn't going to get any worse and of course when it does get worse then you've got a completely new set of problems there and they were stuck with this very expensive ship at ply Bank which of course they had to suspend just one year after the contract had been signed on Friday the 11th of December 1931 all work was halted thousands were laid off the local economy collapsed overnight if you consider that they'd been employing about 10,000 people in that yard and know the numbers are don't a few hundred then it gives you some indication of the scale of the catastrophe that happened and Clydebank town [Music] France was also deep in the grip of the depression but the French government was determined to keep the t6 project alive whatever the cost and continued to subsidize the work by October 1932 the French ship was ready for launching JD Wilmore I was at the launch the launch of a big liner is a magnificent sight any launch is impressive but a liner of that size yes it's terrific if only done while the anonymous 534 rusted away on Clydebank t6 was christened Normandy with a magnum of the finest French Champagne oh I saw it hit the hull it was an unforgettable moment in Rio and the moment it broke the ship began to slide Normandy took to the water in a blaze of publicity and Gallic pride there are not so many feet the launching is magnificent you see the ship on the slipway you see it descend gently into the water it slides eglise the ship makes a wave behind and the people have got to close is soaked right up to here people standing on both sides were so it's magnificent to see a lot maybe get well off in Britain there was a public outcry why should the French be allowed to humiliate us while our own symbol of national pride was left to rot the government finally bowed to public opinion and agreed to subsidize the completion of the ship that would become the Queen Mary canard had lost two-and-a-half precious years but they were back in the race [Music] great gave a kite side work is resumed on the kannada number five three four duck London Glasgow his are faked and taifas are there to express the exuberant feelings with which the labourers enter the shipyard to get to work on the boat as pride side has called he is yet unnamed ship with a pipe band at their head the workers streamed back into John Brown shipyard on the 3rd of April 1934 there's mass of humanity Austin for Thor I didn't see it's the king of Tomlin point of the tade black Getty tomb that coffin that sat above the town suddenly chundan is something else it became a focus of joy and a focus of prayed again work progressed at a feverish pace and in five months the ship was ready for launching [Music] here a bunch here from the countless thousands who have waited in the drinking rain to witness the launching of the five negative then Queen Mary stepped forward and christened the ship in her own name so silence overtake the place the contemplation just a moment and you see this thing way in theory five thousand tons you know and it moves and you just you know it's that firsts you know eighth of an inch and moves in your heart starts they go and you can just see a little bitty little management down willed up player the cloud almost gasping as this thing goes because it's a city on the move and there is nothing nothing like it and it's as surreal as I don't sell you it does sheer joy of creating something that was absolutely gigantic there was an essence absolutely beautiful and okay maybe only gonna be but able you to be bet with sterling there and it was solid and it was measured up on that was quantifiable but there's an enormous point just in that split-second all in our society just merges together it's a bus I'll number five three four had become the Queen Mary now she had to be fitted out the fitting out of course takes another year and a half to complete and when you're fitting out a ship like that then it's just a vast army of different trades plumbers electricians carpenters you name it they're all in there interior decorators plastered us four beautiful coving and ballrooms and glaciers and people make stained-glass windows and just enormous amounts of skills actually all focused in building the city you know this luxurious setting that was really sail the seas meanwhile in France work was already well advanced as another army of craftsmen installed an even more lavish interior on the Normandy Jacque d'Antibes a local salon it killed ridiculous reveal on this ship is designed to be the biggest the fastest it's built into the teeth of the depression at the cost of something like sixty million dollars in 1932 which is a lot of money today so there was a big investment and it represents the finest in French art French engineering French cuisine oh no Maggie Anup are fairly new on the Normandy we didn't make economies we didn't seek to economize on the materials the design etc etc we made whatever was most beautiful we were not concerned with the price or with the consequences you can say that Normandy was a luxury liner a first-class liner would upon you class every piece of gold coloured metal on the ship that you saw was 24 karat gold plated which is just unbelievable [Music] it had been traditional for aligners public rooms to mimic the interiors of grand hotels and stately homes but the Normandy's designers wanted a modern feel and created an entirely new interior style this was not a building it was a ship and proud of it [Music] she had taken more than four years to build but at last Normandy was ready to make her bid for the blue ribbon a new ship the bride of frogs sails on her maiden voyage the world has waited for this moment and the question asked again and again is will this 80,000 done streamline giant rest the blue ribbon of the Atlantic the happy may but then we in Britain are waiting with eager longing for our own champion the Queen Mary at 6:19 p.m. on May the 29th 1935 Normandy left her home port of Lahav and set sail for America 50,000 people gathered on the key side to see her loss a companion Petruchio kudos a pony arcavir see at 10 a.m. on the morning of May the 30th Normandy passed the bishop rock lighthouse off the Cornish coast which marked the start of the timed run across the Atlantic French line stated they were not out to break the record on the Normandy's first trip but there was a growing sense of excitement on board as a speed steadily increased to more than 30 knots no liner had ever traveled at this speed before [Music] it really was amazing and to move that ship through the water at something over 30 knots I mean you could water-ski behind that ship it was that fast the Normandy's secret weapon was a revolutionary hull it had been designed by an unknown naval architect vladimir yuryevich a refugee who had fled communist Russia in 1919 conventional howls like the Queen Mary's had a straight-edged bow to cut through the water but Yurkovich created a radical new shape a curved bow which bulged out at Keele level but actually cut the water more efficiently the Normandie was really revolutionary in almost every respect whereas the Queen Mary was evolutionary Normandy had this vast turbo electric power system where steam turbines produced electricity and then electric motors would drive the propellers and it's what we use today in modern cruise ships normally until the Normandie funnels were vertical straight with the Normandie we had an entirely original aerodynamic shape there were three funnels but in reality the third funnel did nothing the third funnel was purely aesthetic you know in the third funnel there were the dog kennels you never you know you know it had a magnificent exterior I'm not really lovely ukd Fiamma diesel it was different from other ships its funnels is bow everything about this ship was new idea new at 11:02 on the morning of June the 4th 1935 the Normandy past the Ambrose light of New York the finishing point for the Blue Ribbon course she had made the crossing in just four days three hours and two minutes a new record as she proudly steamed into New York Harbor a giant blue pennant streamed out from her masthead now the Republic not Mardi nope you got back podium on French line had clearly come prepared for a victory celebration the Blue Ribbon was no longer just a title it was a flag 30 metres long one for every knot of speed to reflect the glory that was France [Music] now it was Scotland's turn on the 24th of March 1936 the Queen Mary left her birthplace on Clydebank ready to avenge Britain's lost honor and then that ship suddenly leaves you know and it is you know surely it's a beta fulfill its purpose then they said a pillar the Dorking at Tonsley antenna but it's not for you very second that leaves that dog was away for another life was actually three good saves purpose you'd done your back and I belong to those we could afford to grease the decks and it is never good at a ton because you can't get a backup that over again that's it it is gone forever a year after the Normandy had captured the blue ribbon the Queen Mary prepared to set out on her maiden voyage from Southampton one of those lucky enough to get a ticket was Heather beagley it was so fantastically popular and such a landmark everybody wanted to go on it if they could afford it and it was a rather like going to the moon or something like that in those days 14 year old Heather was still at school and everything depended on getting permission from her headmistress but of course it was tremendously exciting when a letter came from her to say yes I could go it would be an education in itself and she wished she was coming too [Music] [Music] well when we approached it you can't really see the whole ship because it's so fantastically big you've never seen a building let alone a ship as big as that and so you look to the left and you look to the right and you cannot believe there's a ship quite as big as that [Music] and there were hundreds thousands of people loving the key and bunting and flags and ships and Hooters and everything you could imagine at 4:30 p.m. the Queen Mary cast off from the dockside in Southampton [Music] Kenard staunchly denied that they were after the speed record as the Mary began her crossing few believed them there was this great feeling of patriotism and there was a great rivalry to win the Blue Ribbon everybody wanted it to do well and it was very important to the British that we went faster than anybody else it's a wonderful feeling naturally going out to see you probably put her on half a head until you get a few miles away and then ring off full ahead for New York and tell the engineers to build up to a hundred and seventy six revolutions a minute which you know is over twenty nine knots it is a great feeling of exhilaration as the Queen Mary headed out into the Atlantic her passengers had time to explore their new surroundings well you have a little feeling of home in your cabin and there you feel you're safe and you know where you are but when you go walkabout if you have no idea where you are because their corridors stretching in front of you as far as you can see there are innumerable companion ways but you walk up and down there are lifts it's just like a world that you're going to get lost in the whole ship was most glamorous all the materials were of the best best quality they could find it amazes me at the time of the recession they could afford it but everything was mahogany or maple or rosewood or some very good wood beautifully done and everything was of the best quality chandeliers wonderful lighting up lighting which was very modern for those days just fantastic big bronze doors bronze surrounds to the doors everything shining and bright and polished and the style of it was the epitome of Art Deco which was just the fashion at that moment each night Heather recorded her impressions in her diary Wednesday May the 27th 1936 I'm in room B 136 with three other ladies which is very exciting because this is the maiden trip of the Queen Mary went to sleep the Queen Mary was about to make her bid for the Blue Ribbon New York founded last the Queen Mary on her maiden voyage she represents the restoration of Britain supremacy on the seas with her girls the hopes and pride of a nation may fortune bless her in all her voyages [Applause] [Music] deep down in the bowels of the ship the huge engines continued to drive the Queen Mary forward at 30 knots this was where the blue ribbon would be won or lost and Kunar knew it without the benefit of the Normandy's revolutionary how their solution was to pile on the horsepower now they were in a race with that French and of course they didn't know what the French were going to do so the Cunard company had to ensure there was an extra margin on Queen Mary to make sure that come hell or high water they would win the accolade on the North Atlantic and have the fastest ship Cunard were able to develop the engines up to two hundred and ten thousand shaft horsepower twelve decks up far from the role of the turbines all that horsepower was controlled at the touch of a lever by the captain and his navigating officers on the bridge the feeling of going at 30 knots and passing everything else that you could see going in the same direction was a wonderful feeling as the Mary passed the halfway point the signs were good she was proving to be just as fast as the Normandy it looked as if the blue ribbond could be about to change hands but as the Queen Mary neared the coast of America she ran into fog on the bridge her captain faced an agonizing dilemma the whole world was watching and confidently expected a new record but the loss of the Titanic only 24 years earlier still haunted the Cunard White Star Line another maiden voyage to disaster was just too awful to contemplate very reluctantly the Queen Mary's captain ordered the engine room to reduce speed the blue ribbond slipped from her grasp the Ambros light was passed in four days five hours and 46 minutes almost three hours slower than the Normandy the French nation breathed the sigh of relief everybody wanted it to go faster than anything else we all hope they'd beat the record and they didn't the Queen Mary may not have won the blue ribbon but her welcome as she steamed into New York Harbor was if anything even more ecstatic than the Normandy's one year earlier the reception in New York was way beyond anything we'd seen as a farewell in Britain the people of New York got wildly excited about it I never discount the American pastry royalty I mean it's alive and well if she had been named the Nelson or something like that probably wouldn't have had the same reception as the Queen Mary the skyscrapers of course were fantastic we saw the Statue of Liberty as we came in fire ships came out and played all their hoses in welcome that I found very exciting the Queen Mary was a huge hit with the Americans and passengers flocked to travel on her but the French still held the blue ribbon and the world waited for canards next move [Music] three months later on only her sixth round trip the full force of the Queen Mary's engines was Unleashed as she raced her way across the Atlantic in just under four days three hours faster than the Normandy a victory for Britain [Applause] privately you not knew that winning the blue ribbon was great for business but in public they played the safety card and firmly denied any interest in speed records the Chairman announced that they did not wish to encourage a race and speed came at a price a scheduled speed of 28 half knots costs a great deal of money but if she for some reason had to go up to something like 31 knots the oil fuel consumption was unbelievably high so you didn't go up to that speed because it costs too much money canards victory was followed by an informal truce and both liners settled down into the routine of running a regular service across the Atlantic the Normandy might have lost the blue ribbon but she still had a magic all her own [Music] I'm a old Lone Eagle the world that the passengers experienced was all about service and unashamed luxury in good weather an Atlantic crossing could be a glorious five-day cruise bracing walks around the open deck breathing in the sea air and playing a daily round of deck sports in the sunshine or simply doing nothing at work the Brazil debt or mail the pleasure of being at sea and on the move that's a pleasure a real pleasure Elysium and I bet the ship is alive and you never know what may befall you you are a very small thing in this universe when you cross the ocean there nor a sail where you and if he wanted refreshments cigarettes something to read there was always a steward close by to oblige when the sea air became a little too bracing you could retreat below deck to be amazed by the grand interiors which had helped to make the Normandy twice as expensive as the Queen Mary to build for the fabulously rich there was Suites of rooms with panoramic windows and Sun decks for those who are merely rich there were cabins smaller but finished to the same exacting standards but it was the grown salons which really took the breath away you had a huge dining room 22 meters longer than the Hall of Mirrors at Versailles it was quite impressive and nine meters 50 high the main dining cellar with its walls of engraved glass could accommodate over 700 at a single sitting that it ensures promote yellow poly Pacific the food was the basic thing for the passengers they ate well the boat was comfortable it went fast enough that's the main thing that's all they want and good service they did ble it was easy to fall under the Normandy's spell losing all sense of time and place the air of unreality was increased on several crossings when the crew actually apt numbered the passengers for the Normandie often ran half empty and never made a profit she represented the glory of France and the French taxpayer picked up the bill and suddenly the spell was broken there was the Statue of Liberty in the skyscrapers of Manhattan the dream was over [Music] two days later another select group of passengers would enter the fairytale world of the Normandy for the return voyage to Europe but most people simply couldn't afford to travel on her many of those who could found her style overpowering had actually preferred the Queen Mary's more sedate atmosphere they take particular pleasure in presenting the ship's dance orchestra under the leadership of Bonnie Reve the Queen Mary may have cost half as much as the Normandy but she could still dazzle her passengers her grandest room was the first-class dining saloon the largest single room ever seen onboard an ocean liner rich wood and elaborate lighting created a warm and lush interior quite unlike the Normandy's glittering Palace of gold and glass the room centerpiece was a gigantic map of the North Atlantic which indicated the Queen Mary's position as she sped across the ocean the dining room was really magnificent absolutely splendid the decor was fantastic everything was glamorous and really best quality we were two dining room table of course a round table with a vars beautiful red roses in the middle the food was very good and of course I'd never seen menus like it in my life I'm sure dinner in the evening it would have been at least six courses and it was delicious and one had a little bit of everything because in those days it seems incredible now and I don't know why we weren't all enormous Lee fat you had a proper meal at lunchtime and you had a fabulous dinner in the evening if you were a steward which the majority of the crew were we started at the bottom and you worked up you were good in third class you would get promoted to second class and so on and of course these stewards all live by their tips tips was the business and that's how you made your money their wages were a pittance but if you were a good steward in first class you would pay off the ship with more money in your pocket than some of the senior officers on the ship after dinner you could take it easy in one of the grand lodges or dance the night away to the strains of the Queen Mary's very own Orchestra through some friend of my father's I was introduced to a man who was 43 and he and I danced every evening and that was great and I heard the other ladies in my cabin one night when I was supposed to be asleep say I don't know how that girl managed to find a gigolo do you and I thought this was a very funny word which I've never heard before so I said to my mother what's a gigolo and my mother said a very nice man dear who's good at dancing the Queen Mary's blue-ribbon status and five-star service made her the most popular ship on the North Atlantic she was flying a flag for Britain but the French had not built the Normandy to be a runner up all that money had been spent to create a world leader and that meant recapturing the blue ribbond at any cost [Music] [Music] at the start of 1937 the Normandy was in dock for her winter refit by the way the Normandy has been fitted with new propeller there isn't any definite news as yet but does it mean that the Normandy is going to renew her challenge for the blue ribbon of the Atlantic it did the Normandy promptly regained her title shaving 55 minutes off the Queen Mary's record time now she looked unbeatable even the British newsreels couldn't resist singing her praises using her new propellers for the first time the 83,000 ton Normandy has crossed the Atlantic just over a quarter of a knot faster in the best time of the 80,000 tonne Queen Mary so now France claims the blue ribbon congratulations Normandy how about it Queen Mary in July 1938 the Normandy made her 100th crossing of the Atlantic but this was to be the high point for the Normandy the tide was about to turn against her the very next month the Queen Mary regained the blue ribbon with the crossing speed just half a knot faster than the Normandy in the best sporting tradition Normandy's captain's sent a cordial message Bravo to the Queen Mary until the next time but world events were catching up with the transatlantic passenger business in Europe Adolphe Hitler's Germany was beginning to threaten the peace refugees were soon streaming west across the Atlantic to the safety of America Americans thought it safer to stay at home as Europe braced itself for war [Music] on the 23rd of August 1939 the Normandy left Lahav on her 139th Atlantic crossing a week later the Queen Mary left Southampton with a full load of passengers as she approached New York the news reached her that Britain had declared war on Germany for five months the great rivals Normandy and Queen Mary were laid up side-by-side in New York on March the 21st the Queen Mary now wearing a coat of battleship gray paint slipped her moorings and left the Normandy behind as she headed off for Australia to be fitted as a troop ship [Music] within two months France had been overrun by Hitler's forces and suffered a crushing defeat [Music] the once-proud Normandy was marooned in December 1941 America entered the war and the mothballed Normandy was requisitioned by the US government for conversion into a troopship [Music] the ship is then stripped of all its possessions all of the furniture fixtures equipment all of the artwork the murals are dismantled and taken off the ship there were 2,500 van loads of material taken to the government warehouses and the law required that it had to be sold then disaster struck a callous workman burning through steel work in the ground lounge accidentally set fire to a pile of life jackets the blaze quickly got out of control and then they have a terrible time because they don't know how to operate the fire control system they're going three compartments away with buckets of water tripping falling dropping the water and this fire begins to really rage and they grande so long soon the upper part of the ship was burning fiercely and hundreds of tons of water were pumped in to fight the flames but the fire continued to spread while the weight of water trapped on the upper decks began to unbalance the ship thousands of sightseers watched in horror she began to list alarmingly among them was the Normandy's original designer vladimir yuryevich who was now working for the american government he frantically tried to explain to the US Navy officials that he could stop the ship rolling over your kovitch is answer it is to open the seacocks and let the water come in and let it settle down on the bottom which is not very much below the keel and let it rest there and then pump pump it out and save the ship nobody would listen to the Navy was in charge and less than 12 hours after the fire broke out the mighty Normandy snapped her mooring ropes and slowly rolled over the pride of France was reduced to a smoking wreck and had legendary duel with the Queen Mary was over tragic loss I think it's sort of a metaphor for the times fighting its way into existence through the depression this glorious existence through the thirties the glamour and sort of hedonistic life aboard ship and then all of a sudden the Cataclysm and in the world society who saw the same thing we saw the world war two had changed forever a boat will always lose some of its popularity with time at first it's very well known a celebrity and then towards the end it loses some of its aura but when the Normandy went in the flower of its youth very young it hit the French very hard and that's why it's memory still lives in the hearts and minds of the French people they don't let him well they fall so the Queen Mary survived the war and carried thousands of troops safely across the oceans of the world on one trip she carried no less than 15,000 American troops to the European Battlefront when victory came at last she was refitted as a passenger liner once again and spent many profitable years sharing the Atlantic run with her younger sister the Queen Elizabeth [Music] by the 1960s air travel was beginning to dominate the transatlantic passenger business the ocean could now be crossed in hours rather than days and canards profits began to suffer after 31 years of service the Queen Mary was withdrawn in 1967 and sold to an American company today she is a floating hotel permanently moored at Long Beach California the sole survivor of the great pre-war transatlantic liners there's so many aspects actually imbued and the ship itself that it's assemble its anonymously complex but assemble ISM goes from the minute the mundane the trivial all the way through to the command and a glorious of an empire and I think that's why it holds that kind of magic and of course she has Scottish ie she was belt here about that chef we felt that chef yeah don't you forget that like to know but her archrival the Normandy has long ago passed into legend sure they've all gone Normandy I still dream about the Normandy oh yes it was a really sensational ship but oh well it's gone now lucky for three incredible years from 1936 to 1939 these two great ships ruled the waves together they created the Golden Age of the ocean liners in their heroic quest to be the fastest across the Atlantic [Music] you

Channel: Timeline - World History Documentaries

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Id: 5h64_fTOUVg

Length: 48min 8sec (2888 seconds)

Published: Wed Jan 17 2018