Graphene Processors and Quantum Gates

since the 1960s Moore's law has accurately predicted the evolution trend of processors as to the amount of transistors doubling every two years but lately we've seen something aren't happening processor clocks aren't getting any faster this has to do with another key law called Dennard scaling and it seems that the good old days with silicon chips are over hello everyone subject zero thankfully the solution will have been available for quite some time and graphene offers something quite unique to this problem not only for your everyday processor times but also quantum computing in 2009 it was speculated that by now we would have the famous 400 Giga held processor but this technology has proven itself to be a bit more complicated than previously thought however most scientists including me believe that in the next five years we'll see the first reform commercial hardware come to reality today we take computers for granted but the story goes we wanted 1800 when in 1823 silicon was discovered by Baron jöns jacob berzelius which much later would become the main component of processors eighty years later in 1903 we have the first main step towards the first processor as Nikola Tesla invented the nth logic gate circuit while working on his tell-all tomaten device although this invention was more geared towards wireless communication instead of computing he receives little to no credit for this funny enough four years after Tesla's death everything started happening John Bardeen Walter Brattain and William Shockley invented the first transistor about laboratories fallout by its patent in 1948 and the Nobel Prize in 1956 the first integrated circuit was developed by Robert Noyce and Jack killed me in 1958 during the 1960s we have intel and AMD being born while IBM was developing the first automated mass production facility for transistors from the 70s to 2010 we saw the rise of computing power is starting with the Intel 4 double zero 4 on November 15 1971 which had 2,300 transistors and performed a whopping 60,000 operations per second at 740 kilohertz every year these companies would show off some new computer chip with at least 20% improvement in speed however something started happening around 2005 as transistor got smaller and smaller things got weird it was not a coincidence that right at that time AMD released the first dual-core processor the Athlon 64 x2 followed by Intel the very next year with their Core 2 Duo processor a 6320 initiating what would be the trend for the next years to come it was during this time that we would see the final stretch from one to five gigahertz where the focus turned to other components that would help ameliorate the processor capabilities since getting smaller transistor became a huge challenge setting the stage for the rise of multi-core processors from the first transistors at 10 microns up till 2009 the size dropped to 32 nanometers which represents a decrease of about 300 12.5 times in contrast we were only able to decrease this size six times since then and from 32 nanometers to the most recent or at the making of this video 5 nanometers but in contrary to popular belief the problem here is not with Moore's law which is 11 well instead the problem these companies are facing since 2005 has to do with dinners law or dinners MOSFET scaling dinner and scaling predicts that while the number of transistors would double the energy consumption would remain the same but ever since we've passed the 65 nanometer range it was also predicted that this rule would no longer be sustained because the power consumption first killing me on this point is calculated SS squared while the chip computing capacity decreases with a rate of 1 over a square in other words the smaller you go the more Energy's needed this means that for a chip to work properly it would either have to completely shut off parts of it on what they call the dark silicon operate at lower frequencies or rearrange the chip to be more energy efficient all of this happens because of power leakage that increases as the transistor size decreases and this means heat in other words the heat dissipation becomes a huge problem for the chip what generates anomalies in pros or even render the processor useless this is the main reason why we've been stuck in between 3 & 5 gigahertz for the past few years because increasing clock speed also means heat but graphene has a much better thermal conductivity than silicon and I mean by far the measured range in between 3000 and 5000 watt per meter Kelvin at room temperature while silicon is about 148 so there are many things at play here and the first one is that by mixing graphene with copper it can help dissipate heat from the processor something that has become more and more crucial for the past few years this technology is already used by Team Group which uses this mix in their SSDs and they achieved an overall 8 to 30 percent improvement in heat dissipation as expected this technology will only get better in the next five years and we'll see a lot more hardware utilizing graphene for heat dissipation however heat is not the only thing that graphene can handle well it also can take higher frequencies to be more precise the terahertz frequency which is where the 1000 gigahertz processor idea came out of there are a few things to discuss here first is that a little Griffon can reach much higher frequencies the band gap to create logic circuits is still in research phase silicon for instance is used as a semiconductor because it has the ability to conduct or insulate depending on energy so at low energy electrons cannot flow but if you increase the energy just enough to push the electrons through this so-called conduction band it allows them to flow free like a conductor this is a very simplified explanation of how transistors work there are currently a few proposed ways to create the band gap in graphene but the most promising is what they call the negative resistance this happens when a certain current is passing through graphene which causes the voltage to drop hence negative resistance this approach will allow researchers to create an XOR gate with only 3 graphene field effect transistors whereas with conventional silicon it takes 8 or more from this you get 2 things not only you can go smaller with logic gates but graphene can operate a much higher frequencies and in theory could reach at least 400 gigahertz this number comes from the experiment conducted with a single graphene through mr. de clock to 427 gigahertz this is why the magic angle of bilayer graphene is so important because the Engel alignments which can effectively change the state from insulator to conductor and therefore some sort of Bend gap can be done regardless the first Griffin chips in the next five years will smoke the fastest silicon chip by a margin of at least 10 times but that again the number of transistors might be much lower which might take some time to catch up with silicon recently in 2019 a team led by Alonzo califo proposed a way to use graphene in quantum computing this is extremely important because quantum computers are not totally difficult to make and often require special conditions to work like really low temperatures just to give an idea of the importance here according to the two major banks in North America Morgan Stanley and Goldman Sachs suggested that in the next 10 years quantum computer will be a 10 billion dollar addressable market while the latter believes that by 2021 it will be already a twenty nine billion dollar industry by now you most likely know well how computers work and as I mentioned before we are reaching the physical limits of Silicon to make the smallest transistor possible not because it is impossible it is just that the smaller you get the more quantum effects start to take over the model and everything starts to behave in a weird way the idea behind quantum computers is to use the state of atoms or electrons with their spin or photons with their polarity and at the end of the day it works similarly to the computer the difference is that in a computer a bit is a physical allocation a chip that can be either on or off when you have many of them you can store information as zeros and ones but all of this happens in parallel which takes a space and have to be processed one at a time in a quantum world a bit is called the qubit and in this case we will talk about using photons as a qubit the information is stored as the polarization of the photon but the awesome thing with the system is that both states exist at the same time - what they call superposition but just like conventional computers you will need logic gates to measure in or alter the state of them when making quantum logic gates has always been a problem out of the many challenges that this interesting has faced throughout the years graphene offers something new where in theory it could be used to create two qubit logic gates which works by using single photons whose weak interaction with the environment makes them perfectly suitable for encoding and transmitting quantum information alone so colorful in the recent article for nature proposes a way to use graphene nano plasmonic quantum swap logic gate I know it's a mouthful this gate relies on this Zeno effect also known as the turing paradox which basically means from wikipedia is a feature of quantum mechanical systems allowing a particles time evolution to be arrested by measuring it frequently enough with respect to some chosen measurement setting so in this case two layers of graphene are used in what they call the graphene nanoribbons that are brought closely together so that the plasmonic modes coupled to each other via Columba interaction this interaction is the basis of the graphene quantum gauge and that is not all it offers to graphene could open a possibilities of quantum computers that operate at room temperature something that was always thought to be impossible and to be fair the article is quite extensive and there's a lot of information there that I don't fully understand after all I'm not a theoretical physicist I'm just a bio technologist data scientists motion graphic 3d modeling major graphic design and above all a graphene enthusiast but then again even Richard Feynman would say that if you think you know quantum mechanics you don't know quantum mechanics I think he would actually be proud of my attempt here and so should you so thumbs up for the win going back to the topic what is important to know here is how versatile graphene is turning out to be so much so that there's a lot of interest from private companies into graphene since quantum computing is something expensive and requires extensive research this is why companies and universities are coming together as is the case of Archer an Australian company that is investing heavy in the industry it announced back in May 2000 18 that it would partner with University of Sydney and Ecole Polytechnique for a strategic commercial development and Industry partnership all of this is thanks to the recent discovery of the magic angle that may open the possibilities for quantum computing to be achieved at room temperature allowing practical non disruptive solutions that could facilitate scaling up to technology we are definitely in the brink of something big here folks and graphene is the key to all of this just like plastic and silicone graphene will revolutionize everything all right folks that's it we're done here [Music] you [Music]

Channel: Subject Zero Science

Views: 512,577

Rating: 4.9342384 out of 5

Keywords: Subject Zero Science, graphene, graphene technology, graphene strength test, graphene battery, graphene production, graphene sheet, quantum computer, quantum computing, graphene 2019, new graphene discovery, graphene superconductivity, graphene breakthrough 2018, graphene technology 2019, graphene processor, current events, machine learning python, machine learning algorithms, machine learning projects, artificial intelligence tutorial

Id: VLPpDoMBVK0

Length: 11min 57sec (717 seconds)

Published: Thu Aug 29 2019

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