Germany after the Second World War | The Abyss Ep. 10 | Full Documentary

[Music] the nightmare of a new order his people and race crimes against humanity a world of chaos and destruction this is the story of Humanity's Darkest Hour [Music] the abyss foreign [Music] April the 16th 1945. a few days after its Liberation by U.S soldiers the people of nearby Weimar are made to visit the concentration camp you're dealing with a defeated population that has also got to take responsibility for some of the biggest crimes ever committed the murder of six million Jews simply by virtue of being Jewish is mass murder on scale beyond anything that is conceivable in terms of ordinary Warfare for Germany 1945 is the year of total defeat really a defeat on a scale never seen before not just military not just in the political sense but also a moral defeat it's a vision of hell just a few kilometers from the center of Weimar the Allies hope that the site of this horror will force the Germans to confront their own responsibility the notion that we knew nothing about it is a post-warm myth the American photographer Margaret Burke white went round buchenwald when the good citizens of Weimar were made to come up and they're all saying we knew nothing about it and she says when she writes about this it's become a national hymn that's what everyone is saying similar scenes play out throughout Germany in the spring of 1945 the Allies face a difficult task what are we to do with the Germans many of them were enthusiastic supporters of the system for 12 years others looked away indifferent who should be punished how can Europe be rebuilt after such devastation [Music] how do you set in place a system to make sure that this kind of war never happens again [Music] thank you [Music] in Berlin fanatical Nazis fight on even after Hitler's death but most Germans resign themselves to defeat on May the 8th Germany surrenders unconditionally the second world war is over in Europe an estimated 65 million people have died there's no agreement on the exact figure the Soviet Union with at least 27 million dead is hardest hit but in proportion to its population Poland has suffered the heaviest losses six million polish citizens die in the war and through the Holocaust that's 17 of the population Yugoslavia Hungary in France the Netherlands and Greece have also suffered heavy losses in cities throughout Europe people celebrate the end of the war and welcome Allied soldiers [Music] [Applause] but there are terrible scenes in the liberated concentration camps for many the Allies help comes too late in bergen-belsen alone thirteen thousand prisoners die after the liberation it was a traumatic experience for the soldiers there are several reports where soldiers say we could smell the camp before we saw it six million European Jews have been murdered by Germans and by their accomplices this is a crime against humanity in addition hundreds of thousands of forced laborers homosexuals and political opponents 290 000 disabled people and 220 000 cinti and roma have been killed in organized campaigns of murder millions of Germans made this mass murder possible not just those who actively participated in deportations and killings but also those who excluded the vulnerable and profited from it who didn't help the victims few of these acts will be punished or atoned for after 1945. the numbers of people who actively participated in the crimes of the Nazis run into the tens of thousands but the numbers of people who were prosecuted let alone executed were so small that the punishment stands in no relation to the scale of the crimes more than eight and a half million Germans joined the Nazi party and in 1945 it's not yet clear how comprehensively the Victor's criminal proceedings will be applied almost all Germans fought to the last breath they have an incredibly bad conscience they were terribly afraid that the enemy now the victims would treat them exactly as they had treated other people German soldiers in particular know what they have done at the end of the war there are more than 3 million German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union almost 8 million are held by the British and Americans the Western allies don't have the facilities to cope with such huge numbers the U.S army sets up provisional camps along the Rhine up to two million former members of the wehrmacht and the SS are crammed onto Farmers Fields surrounded by barbed wire there's very little food in the first weeks after the surrender conditions are critical of course the U.S could have looked after these people better without any problem no question about it but you have to consider the psychological aspect let them experience tough conditions Let Them Suffer then they can think about what they've done by the late summer of 1945 the provisional camps have been closed down and many German pows are being forced to work some clearing German mines from the Atlantic Wall of course that was against international law but you have to look at it from the point of view of the other countries should our people risk their lives to remove German Minds no the Germans can remove them because they put them there in the first place in liberated Dachau a prisoner recognizes his Tormentor there's terrible Fury at the Germans this scene was filmed by the French photographer Henri cartier-bresson brassar was himself the prisoner of the Germans during the war and after the surrender he makes a film about returning French forced laborers he's there when former prisoners give bent to their anger at an interim camp in Dessau in this scene a forced laborer identifies a Gestapo informant foreign here former prisoners helped to expose Nazis who were trying to pass themselves off as prisoners of course people take revenge old accounts are settled there are weeks of Anarchy and above all this period is marked by violence the war doesn't just suddenly end it's like a super tanker it doesn't just simply come to a standstill it goes on the violence continues spontaneous acts of Revenge a weak echo of the millions of German acts of violence many soldiers of the Victorious armies see women as legitimate Spoils of War One estimate puts the number of rapes at 860 000. [Music] in this amateur footage filmed after the surrender German civilians in the Boris lavka District of Prague are about to be shot dead by Red Army soldiers and Czech militia the wehrmacht and the SS had held on to Prague to The Bitter End [Music] Helena dvorashkova seen here as a young child with her parents was an eyewitness as her father filmed from the balcony of their apartment there are houses on the left and on the right there's a great big field I remember the moment my grandmother pressed my face into her white apron so I wouldn't see the sequence that you see is one of the examples of the extreme brutality that some of the checks applied to the Germans you don't know if they were an artist you don't know if they deserve to go to prison but nobody deserves to be shot and this is something that uh really characterized the immediate aftermath of post-war with absence of any law Injustice some Jewish survivors decide to hunt down Nazis 150 strong group is called nakam Hebrew for Revenge it's founded by Abba kovna from Vilnius a writer and partisan with plenty of experience fighting the Germans he wanted Revenge it was quite obvious to him that the Allies including the Soviets wouldn't take revenge on behalf of the Jews the Jews had to do it themselves most of their operations fail aberkovna seen here as a witness in the Eichmann trial plans a poison attack on captured SS men the attack goes wrong and shortly after nakam is disbanded Sean Knights much much later close to his death I'm glad it didn't work out yeah then because then we would have been the same as the Nazis I didn't want that [Music] Czechoslovakia summer 1945. three million Germans are forcibly expelled before the war the German minority was Hitler's excuse to Annex the sudetenment the Allies now intend to put an end to this problem the Germans are forced to leave their homes and join a giant Trek to the West they believed that many of the problems of second world war and rational for it came because the states of interval Europe in the you know in aftermath of Versailles the ethnically heterogeneous so if they were to be ethnically homogeneous that problem would not reappear um nobody asked about the human cost a Czech propaganda film welcomes the exculsion the defeat affects these Germans even more harshly than others and so Sudan Germans were pushed out Germans from East Prussia former East Prussia were pushed out Germans from Silesia were pushed out but it has to be remembered that the same shift of the borders happens further east as well we at Union absorbs Eastern Poland in exchange Holden receives German territory up to the river's odor and nicer the population's concern must leave their Homeland 1.7 million poles in the East and a further three and a half million inside the country on the German side 12 to 14 million people flee their homes or are expelled when we look at the expulsions they are a terrible situation for those people who are forced out of their homes and there's no question that a great number of people died but it in no way in no way mirrors the brutality of the invasion of and the expected outcome of what Hitler had planned for the Central and Eastern European lands further atrocities now come to light by the end of the war the Germans have stolen up to 20 000 children from the occupied regions in the east this was the work of the SS Laban spawn organization which becomes the subject of much speculation after the war about pretty Nazi women went to have a lot of sex with young nubal Nazi soldiers it was a place where you went when you were a young German woman with a good racial credentials and you were pregnant and not married the labensport nursing homes looked after Mother and Child the SS devised a special ritual for newborn babies to receive them into the Aryan community in place of a Christian baptism it's a race war we have to protect our race and outside of normal families we have to ensure that we can expand this German super race too so children are stolen from the occupied territories stolen children come to this labensporn Nursing Home in bad pulsine today's paulchine's toy little Klaus holding hands with his polish grandmother was still called cheslav when this picture was taken in 1942 SS men kidnapped him from his grandparents home when his mother gets back from work he's gone cheslaf becomes close he's not allowed to speak Polish the SS issue new papers to conceal his Origins his social security card is printed with the letters okay ostkind or child from the East in 1944 the Schaefer family take him in as a foster child mother Ava has four children of her own and now a laban's born child too father Johannes is an SS Brigade leader there are picture book Nazi family Klaus doesn't learn the truth until he's 75 years old [Music] It's a cruel fate and for today's older adults it's almost impossible to come to terms with the conditions under which they came into the world some of the youngest victims of the war don't know if their families are still alive in a newsreel made in the Soviet occupation Zone they look for their relatives foreign at the end of the war searching for relatives 40 million people are moving across a devastated continent some are fleeing their Homeland others hope to finally return home prisoners of War freed concentration camp inmates and forced laborers abducted and uprooted by the Nazis it's really in 45 that the German economy collapses if you like across the finish line of defeat into something close to complete disintegration at this point this is the moment at which millions of Germans actually face starvation the kind of starvation which they had inflicted on the rest of Europe up to that point for the thousands of Soviet prisoners of war in Germany the situation is especially tense after the liberation of a camp near padovan a group of men weakened by forced labor and starvation fight over a piece of bread their future is bleak Stalin sees prisoners of War as cowards that's how it was under the Soviet regime anyone had been taken to Germany was to any Nazi occupied country as a forced laborer or was a prison of war was stigmatized for life Stalin comes to an agreement with the Western powers that all Soviet prisoners of War will be returned but many don't want to go back in the camp at flatling in Bavaria a prisoner of war Cuts himself badly to try to prevent his return American soldiers display him in front of the camera instead of being welcomed home you were immediately labeled as a treacherous possible criminal who'd possibly collaborated and so on and so these people were very very often for the most part either killed outright or largely sent to the gulag Stalin doesn't even spare his own family when his oldest son Yakov jugasfili is taken prisoner in 1941 Stalin categorically refuses a prisoner exchange yarkov dies on the electrified boundary fence at saxonhausen [Music] France shortly after The Liberation women accused of cooperating with the Germans are humiliated regardless of whether their behavior was due to calculation naivety or love mere suspicion is enough to make them the target for Revenge it's a sad and violent reaction after a terrible and violent war against people who are seen to have been collaborating and perpetrators of this terrible system and it would always depend on the each individual case because some of the women really did deserve to be punished but not in that way and some of them were were innocent or punished for vindictive and unpleasant reasons women are humiliated collaborators violently attacked those who aided and profited from the German occupation are hunted throughout Europe among them are notorious figures like Pietro Koch a fanatical partisan hunter in Northern Italy under the eyes of the Germans he tortured Jews and Communists to death his execution in Rome is a public event and a public signal you need a small group it mustn't be too big that can be set apart marginalized made up of the most obvious collaborators perpetrators who work for the SS who worked for the gestapo and they are executed or publicly punished and then the others the rest are able to say well we were the good guys in Germany it's about more than individual guilt the Allies have clearly set out their political aims they want a democratic denulsified Germany they want to turn the self-appointed master race into peaceful Neighbors [Music] what happens there are so many people who've made their peace with the Nazi regime who've been complicit in the Nazi regime who've been involved in perpetration on behalf of Nazism that it really is a massive problem it's easy to remove Nazi symbols from buildings but how do you identify and re-educate eight and a half million party members and countless sympathizers in the American occupation Zone every adult has to fill in a questionnaire to qualify for ration cards that's 13 million Germans in the end 99 are classified as passive followers or simply innocent of wrongdoing the denodification procedures themselves I think were not very successful it was very easy to tell stories so denulsification itself didn't assist in sorting out who was guilty who was not it Just assisted in a kind of massive cover-up job on the part of Germans it was a one-size-fits-all summary procedure but it was still important because it made a new start Possible A New Beginning it didn't damn the German people for all times the Allies go about it in different ways denotsification in the west is soon halted in the Soviet zone it becomes a communist style Purge at the end of the war Soviet forces set up 10 special camps in their occupation Zone the biggest is special Camp number seven formerly zaxenhausen concentration camp one of the prisoners is Wilhelm sprik seen here in a self-portrait he's arrested by Soviet military police age 16. after being denounced for slandering and insulting Stalin and he's sentenced to several years in the camp in 1950 wilhelmsbrick is released and forbidden to speak about his imprisonment but he records the horror in his art on one of the pictures he writes saxonhausen in Old concentration camp garb foreign ties they were not however labor camps in the same way as was the case under Nazism so they were not used as slave laborers and the victims Within These special camps did include people who should certainly not have been there but it also included many ex-nazis and people who definitely were people who should have been interned for the ACT they had committed under the Nazi regime the Soviets decide that in their Zone the elites need to be fundamentally replaced ninety percent of the teachers and the judges must go so-called people's judges and new teachers are trained in Crash courses the Criterion is their loyalty to the new system even if you had been sort of some minor Nazi if you professed your loyalty to Stalin and you uh you know took up a position and and never made a fuss and you were well-behaved stalinist and your children went to the comms Mall you know School of whatever then you were pretty well okay most of the people who went along with the Nazis got off scot-free in the west and the East the GTR couldn't change the average citizen they just carried on under the Socialist flag it was different with the elites and in the west They carried on under a new system too that was no problem anti-fascism becomes the grounding myth of the gdr Communist East Germany the evil Nazis are the others the capitalists Yonkers and imperialists are all in the West and apart from communist Heroes the Nazis other victims are forgotten especially the Jews in the Soviet occupation zone of Germany the emphasis was on combating fascism not about the question of what had actually happened to the Jews you could say the persecution of the Jews was simply swept under the carpet it was hushed up [Music] in November 1945 surviving senior Nazis face an international Tribunal 21 defendants representing the party the state industry and the military are tried as principal war criminals [Music] it's a revolution in international law this is the first time in human history that a group of individuals who work for a state and are Servants of its Sovereign are put on trial for something called International crimes one of the four charges is crimes against humanity a new criminal offense created to prosecute acts of violence against civilians Barrister haslautopart plays a leading role in the drafting of the charge he was born in Polish Galicia and studied law in Limburg before emigrating with his wife to Britain what louder Pat is interested in is looking at the ways in which international law can protect each of us because we are human beings not because we're a member of a group but because we are living breathing sentient human beings and his basic idea was that every human being has minimum rights under international law including in times of war and conflict and horror and atrocity louder part has a personal stake in the trial on its very first day the topic is a crime against humanity in Lemberg laterpak's former home at that point the 20th of November 1945 he has no news as to the fate of his parents his siblings his nieces his nephews his cousins in Limburg and at that very moment on the first day in the trial a Soviet prosecutor describes what happened in Lemberg thousands of Jews were murdered in an operation Guided by the German occupation forces like to Park's family was among them the Nuremberg trials are also the beginning of the historical processing of Nazi crimes documents photographs films and witness statements are admitted evidence of a new dimension in crime foreign what was important was that it would show peace the horrors that had occurred the invasions the acts of killing the atrocities and so on and so forth and it was broadcast daily on the newsreels and it was in the front pages the newspapers most days the Americans conduct regular opinion polls in their Zone according to these the defeated Germans take a largely positive view of the principal war crimes trial 80 percent believe the trials are fair and 70 consider that the defendants are guilty the Victor's message is clear there will be Justice in the place of arbitrary despotism put simply the second world war is a war of good against evil in spite of all the problems there are on the Allied side all the war crimes the Allies also committed there simply is no Holocaust no Mass deaths of Soviet prisoners of War it's a different dimension and so one can speak of a certain moral superiority the legacy of Nuremberg is a warning to all governments not least today those judgments went straight to the United Nations General Assembly they were endorsed and they became the basis for modern international law and if you move forward to Rwanda to Yugoslavia to the international criminal court to Iraq to Syria to Guantanamo to the rohingya every road leads back to Nuremberg thousands of Germans appear before the courts in war crimes trials but the majority of the guilty avoid prosecution by 1949 12 478 Nazi war criminals have been convicted yet at least two hundred thousand people were directly involved in carrying out the Holocaust in addition sentences are often lenient offenders are released early or declared unfit for detention so it's a very difficult dilemma that are faced by the Allies as to what to do do you punish everybody and then have this very unstable society that becomes resentful or do you punish the top criminals that you try in Nuremberg and some of the other trials that follow and rather turn a blind eye to other people's Nazi Legacy [Music] many Nazi criminals seek to evade punishment they can count on discrete assistance Ricardo Clement supposedly from South tyrol applies to the International Red Cross for travel documents his real name is Adolf Eichmann and he's one of the organizers of the Holocaust his false papers enable him to evade Justice the main Escape Route leads from Germany across the Austrian Alps to South Tyrone a network of helpers in Austria and Italy guides the fugitives across the Alps unnoticed with false papers accommodation and food the route continues on through Italy to South America South Tyrone plays a part in almost every Escape story after 1945 the Alpine region is a perfect bolt hole for Nazis as since lagus of South tyrol was on the Escape Route to Italy and the population there were very friendly to the Germans and so they helped all the fugitives from Germany and South tyrillions were considered stateless in 1945. this statelessness was very useful to Nazi fugitives forgetting papers from the Red Cross senior figures in the Catholic church are especially helpful to the fleeing Nazis they saw communism as the arch enemy of the church and the national socialists were obviously anti-communists they saw allies there and they also argued on religious grounds saying that forgiveness forgiving and forgetting was the best policy looking to the Future foreign who benefited from the church's anti-communism was SS General Otto Vegeta he fled to South tyrol and hid for years with another SS leader in a mountain hut high in the Alps the plan was and was implemented that they hid above 2000 meters Burkhardt said to Victor the British are too stupid and too lazy the Americans too stupid and too lazy we go up we hide above 2000 meters it must have been almost idyllic it their families visited they took pictures they went for walks Mountain hiking and skiing it was virtually an Alpina dealer in 1949 Vegeta leaves his hiding place and travels to Rome a Catholic bishop Alois hudal finds him work and a place to live never makes it to South America he dies in the summer of 1949 in the arms of Bishop Huda this Unholy Alliance of Nazis and Priests corresponds with the beginning of the Cold War it is pursuing and trying Nazi criminals is no longer the priority the fight against communism is becoming more and more important are these former SS men and Nazis more important as defendants in a trial or as potential allies in the fight against communism this isn't about Iceman and a couple of others this is about thousands and thousands of cases [Music] a Jewish Family in the late 1930s Nina is not quite 10 years old in these holiday pictures her little brother Peter was probably born in 1933. friend B neighbors looked after these films during the war [Music] Robert dies in Saxon house and concentration camp Rose and the children are taken to Auschwitz on the ramp mother and daughter are selected for a work detail but Rose doesn't want to be separated from Peter [Music] on May 15 1944 they entered the gas chamber together [Music] six million European Jews fall victim to the Nazis racial Mania in Latvia Lithuania Czechoslovakia Yugoslavia Greece and the Netherlands more than 70 percent of the Jewish population die the largest group of victims by some way are the three million murdered polish Jews more than half the Jewish population of Hungary and the Albania die hundreds of thousands are deported from other countries and murdered the U.S army sets up camps in Germany for Jewish survivors this one is at fervenwald in Bavaria it was once a housing estate for workers in 1945 there are about 30 000 Jews in the displaced persons camps very few Jewish DPS ever thought of staying in Germany so it was quite clear that each of these camps was a waiting room waiting for the opportunity to emigrate most of the survivors want to immigrate to Palestine where the dream of a Jewish State seems to be becoming a reality but the authorities in the British mandate denied them entry and the USA won't relax its immigration laws either the after 1945 there wasn't a single country that said after this catastrophe we are opening our doors and all of you can come in the U.S occupation Zone the Jewish refugees run the camps themselves after years of living in fear of their lives there's a great need for education and culture theater groups bring the horror of the concentration camps to the stage the survivors cut themselves off from their German Neighbors playing football against Germans is forbidden the Jews saw the Germans rightly as the people who three or four years before had been German soldiers and had murdered them there was no denying that fact contacts with Germans are largely limited to bartering Holocaust Survivors have things to offer that German civilians can't get coffee cigarettes chewing gum things the Germans deliver to the camps but distribute far less off to the German population the Germans saw the displaced persons as a privileged group they got more to eat and there were less restrictions on them than on the Germans anti-Semitism which was still very widespread in Germany after 1945 was naturally directed at the people living in these camps the police in Munich talk of ceaseless hustling by these layer bouts and work shy elements they talk of a rebel with criminal facial features Unix police chief describes the fight against the black market as a cleansing operation German anti-Semitism has not disappeared with Hitler's death in December 1946 more than a third of Germans still hold anti-semitic views eighteen percent are even radical anti-semites according to a poll by the Americans in their occupation Zone the pollsters consider a further 21 are anti-semites 22 are racists and 19 are nationalists only a fifth displayed no such leanings [Music] for many Jews Germany is the blood-soaked earth upon which they will never set foot again others returned to the land of the criminals and build new Jewish communities but they are few and far between they felt they were Germans and that was their tradition they didn't leave Germany because they didn't feel German but because the non-jewish Germans told them they weren't Germany they were more comfortable in German culture than in other cultures that's true of the actor Fritz Cotner shortly after his return from Exile he plays the leading role in the film The Last illusion he bases the screenplay on his own experiences Cotner plays Professor mountner who has to justify his decision to return to Germany in an investment momentum that's what's easiest in his Memoirs Cotner describes his first encounters with Germans after his return though he tells them about the 11 members of his family who were gassed there's no willingness to recognize his misfortune Germans persist in their belief that no one else's suffering comes close to their own [Music] many German Jews who return in British or American uniforms May encounter former neighbors and hear from them yes it's all right for you you were much luckier than we were you can't imagine what happened here especially during the war there's often a reversal of roles of victim and perpetrator that strikes many German Jews as utterly surreal [Music] anti-Semitism does not just remain virulent in Germany returning Jews encounter it in neighboring countries as well Joseph Feingold born in Warsaw in 1923 in the mid-1930s his parents Rachel and Aaron move with their three sons to kyotsu his father Aaron has found work there as a carpenter after winning the lottery his family can even build their own house happy years before the Germans invade Poland in the war the family became separated Aaron finds refuge in the Soviet Union with his older Sons at the end of the war they returned to killse to look for Rachel and their youngest as they cross the border into their old Homeland they're pelted with stones [Music] describe the return of the survivors as a tragedy people who narrowly escaped death come up against the indifference and the hostility of people who have taken over their homes believing that they would never return [Music] the central Clearinghouse for survivors in Kelsey is the office of the Jewish committee a few hours after his return Joseph Feingold hears shouting in the street there was a crowd of people outside getting larger and larger smashing windows and shouting some incomprehensible demands or obscenities they finally broke the door down and started dragging us out of the room they were just ordinary citizens some soldiers joined in police and militia the Jews experienced violence almost everywhere they returned especially in Eastern Europe in Western Europe on July the 4th 1946 40 Holocaust Survivors are murdered in chiote and 80 more wounded the trigger for the program is acclaimed by a nine-year-old boy that he'd been kidnapped by Jews program was a turning point in the history of the Jews in Poland it led to mass immigration tens of thousands of Jews fled Poland mainly to camps for displaced persons in Germany Austria and elsewhere Joseph seeks out the protection of the American occupying forces staying in a displaced person's camp near Frankfurt before immigrating to the USA the number of Jewish refugees arriving in the American occupation Zone from Eastern Europe reaches its peak at the end of 1946 at a total of 150 000. Germans do not welcome the survivors the provincial Office of the Protestant Church in Castle sends a questionnaire to 25 parishes one of the questions is how is public opinion reacting to the fact that the Jews in Poland were forced to emigrate and that they have been accommodated here in our living space the fazanenhof parish promptly sends its summary of the local mood one opinion is frequently heard there must be reason nobody wants them the polls are now doing exactly what we are being punished for eign [Music] Germany as an example of what human beings can do to one another is a warning from history the Holocaust is the extremes reform the Holocaust is the most extreme form of a universal human disease under certain circumstances any person can become a mass murderer any one of us if you're German these are our fathers grandfathers or great-grandfathers and they were neither less intelligent nor less morally anchored than we are they were very very much like us and we can't pretend that we are different or better the most depressing historical conclusion from the history of national socialism at least for me is how many people were prepared to conform to go along with it even if that involved murderous barbarity and I'm afraid that this conformism is a phenomenon that we did not necessarily leave behind us at the end of national socialism the important thing is that in a democratic system we should constantly be asking ourselves what's actually happening right now and what should I be doing to work against anti-democratic tendencies foreign the problem with the struggle against populist movements is that it's a very particular kind of Fight You Can't Fight It with conventional means you have to find new methods against the language they use against the manipulation of public opinion democracy must not behave as stupidly as it did in 1928 and 1933. the lesson is never again that is the task for all opponents of barbarism there is no guarantee [Music]

Channel: criminals and crime fighters

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Keywords: Nazi Party, facism, nazism, nsdap doku, nationalism, fulldocumentary, documentaries, history documentary, history, nazi, nazi documentary, nazis in germany, nazi history, nazi hitler, adolf hitler, nazi members, nazi fail, history nazi, third reich, the abyss, nsdap, the abyss 10, wehrmacht, buchenwald kz doku, concentration camps survivor, concentration camps, ww2, germany after ww2, germany after world war 2, us soldiers in germany, united states, jewish people

Id: Z_jZZ9tY2fo

Length: 52min 13sec (3133 seconds)

Published: Fri Mar 10 2023