GEOL 101 - #18 - Styles of Volcanism

well good morning everybody welcome to ellensburg washington usa hang on the local time is 9 49 a.m and we will begin our program at the top of the hour at 10 o'clock about 10 minutes from now if you're confused about this and you're watching this in replay form you're in you're in control of your viewing ability you can pause you can grab the bar below the window and drag it 10 minutes ahead so you don't have to watch this part if you're watching and replay i'm still getting all sorts of emails and things about why do i have to sit and watch 10 minutes of nothing before the lecture starts well have somebody help you out you can figure this out you don't have to watch this first 10 minutes but we always start a few minutes early to say hi to people and also check the technology and i i have a couple things i want to make sure we're we're operating with this morning so pleased that you're with us today eve good morning tawny aiden christine is here so we should talk about when you want to do the quiz um have you watched uh the lectures you missed yet sure you want to try tomorrow to take the quiz earlier would be great 9 30 ish something like that okay i'll just see i'll meet you in here it could even be 9 40 actually it'll take you 10 minutes mckayla good morning and emily one okay are we functional where are you viewing from i've already had a couple of uh yeah are we functional with the wireless mic barber says it's five by five and it's uh peter's five by five in the uk that's good so i am using a new camera and i had plans this morning but i had plans but we're not doing it so we're using the old system but a new camera uh so good morning merrell wisconsin and uh wisconsin rapids wisconsin what's going on we got a bunch of badgers here today go badgers go packers monte vista uh colorado and uh jamie uh hillsborough oregon the permian basin i suppose that's texas birch bay washington ottawa canada is in copenhagen denmark wisteria is in dartmouth uk linwood washington marvin's in chicago detour in salzburg austria uh warsaw poland south appalachia philadelphia durango good morning jack kansas that's uh kale uh broome field colorado red deer alberta aaron rodgers is engaged oh thank god who is it now uh carlisle pennsylvania cambridge ontario worchester uk something like that sorry pat manchester uk san mateo california uh slovenia australia whatcom county that's washington the tri-cities arkansas hello kansas city edinboro i don't know my neighbor kimmy's uh now watching this and uh so we we chatted in the alley yesterday and i i didn't realize you were here kimmy watching these so next door neighbor kimmy if you're here kimmy yay a special shout out to you okay we've got about eight minutes and i want to remind you of a couple of things uh before we begin it's a low energy monday but that's that's been the story with mondays uh since the dawn of time at least in my teaching career adam is in hungary good morning adam uh so i know that going in and try not to be too obnoxious on a monday but we do have some uh significant stuff to cover um blocking the outline so um we're wrapping up volcanoes today and igneous rocks you'll see in a second how we're going to do that tomorrow thursday friday earthquakes but i'm basically wanting to remind you that if you have the time and the interest at about 11 o'clock this morning so in other words a little bit more basically when i'm we'll do our normal lecture time as always i'll wrap up at 10 minutes to the hour these guys will take off we'll do uh less than 10 minutes of q a you and i and when i'm doing the live q a pedro good morning when i do the live q a with you ben graduate student ben who can be on camera because he's a staff member here he will be uh setting up his his map that he tried out on friday fell over the weekend so he'll have to tape that up ben if you're watching just letting you know you're going to have to do another tape job and i'm going to get this wireless mic on to ben again ben if you're watching i've got one of these are you watching upstairs right now ben come on down at some point if you want but i'm gonna i've got your own little uh lapel thing that you're gonna thread through your shirt if you like and then uh at 11 o'clock i'm just gonna disconnect my uh transmitter and plug it into you and then away you go so home viewer if you're interested in sticking around ben has a 20-minute talk uh for one of his science communication classes and he'll be standing right here and talking into the camera and then he is required to have some live q a with you so the plan is 20 minutes or so i've been talking uh to you and then 10 minutes of ben live q a and i'll be off camera kind of monitoring things in case uh in case there's a problem and so we're going until 11 30 this morning so a little bonus bonus experience and there's two more grad students who will be doing this i'm not sure when they're when they're going to be doing it okay kade all right who else can i so i i um theresa from yakima uh delivered a tripod to the house she drove up from yakima on friday i guess and thank you teresa i had a second camera set up and i tested it out and i'm using that tripod we're not using it this morning uh but we will be using it so thank you and kathy in brisbane australia suggested i buy this brio camera which is um same brand logitech but a different camera so thank you for the tip kathy and um i'm not going through the capture if you saw my little test that i did on saturday night i was going through capture and the capture thing froze so i don't know i don't know what that's about so that's why i'm backing off of my plans this morning but we'll make it work a couple more hellos to people and then i'll uh go visit with the students a little bit for a couple minutes and we'll get started carol's in florida mckinleyville california minus 32 degrees fahrenheit windshield for john good lord where's that are you in canada john no fahrenheit you must be like northern minnesota or something sharon thank you i'm glad i'm glad the new camera shot works for you um vermont hello andras uh watching from london originally from nigeria ni sorry if that's not true south bend indiana victoria bc muffler boy ellensburg newfoundland canada okay the room's very quiet there's a freaking library in here this morning i'm going to go visit a little bit okay looks like we're working thanks for joining us i hate to interrupt this i hate to interrupt this having a great conversation you are okay okay so a little quick version of the story so this was a random testing of your roommates no so i have five other roommates yeah and one of them had recently started a new medication but she didn't read the side effects so she was getting weird side effects okay and the other roommate she might have had like a cold or something so she was reading high temperatures and so they both were talking and like what if we both have covered just different symptoms and it was just like the energy was feeding off and the rest of the house was just like not happy you know right because we were all stuck in the same house are these all cross-country gals yeah okay so then our coach would be like oh my gosh because like the whole program could be shut down just from one house um so they're telling him like oh yeah so like as soon as the school found out like i was getting emails like isolate and like and nobody had gotten tested no no they had gotten tested okay and so when you get tested it's like you tell them like who you live with right and then all the like the contact people like contact you and so i think they got tested like wednesday okay so i can go to class thursday friday and then i found out like midway through friday that they were fine they're fine cool that's it so inconvenience for you and the rest of the roommates you couldn't go to classes for a couple days yeah but it was like one of my roommates was doing the one class with like the cadavers and so her only way to study was in person so she did it and it was it was just a big mess right right okay but everything's okay yeah now everything's fine okay well i'm sorry you had to be an innocent bystander with that but i'm glad everybody is healthy i'd love to talk to you but i can't right now we got to get going hi karen okay i got 10 o'clock how about you good morning everybody great to see you thank you for coming i'm ready to roll are you okay i see a couple thumbs up and a couple of nods that's good so you've seen the outline you know what's in front of us it's part two so friday's lecture got us rolling and we just ran out of time on friday and here we go we're just picking it right back up so there's not a whole lot of introductory stuff we're going to just jump right in so ultimately we're getting to styles of volcanism morning tim so i feel like we should do a little bit of this we should do just a little bit of this just to get some something going here so you've got your notes in front of you from friday let's do a couple quick things this might be a disaster but let's try it anyway what's silica what's silica real rapid fire now just verbally please silica thank you sio2 that's silicon and oxygen uh what's the lowest amount of silica percentage-wise on the planet in igneous rocks looking for a number lowest percentage number 45 thank you all the way up to 75. thank you pedro and 60 is our middle value what is the label we have for low silica igneous rocks 45 means the label is mafic up to felsic which is 75. you've got it in front of you you've got silicate melt written three times viscosity was tied into that so we said the more silica the more viscosity and viscosity is stickiness okay we were all trying to get rolling towards igneous rocks and that's where we begin so late last time late last time i was holding up some rock samples with some crappy autofocus mostly my own issues and i'm going to do a little bit of that again but what i really want to do to start is to take what we were doing on friday and plug them into an igneous rock classification chart that's what this is an igneous rock classification chart and it's organized by silica content so that work we did on friday is setting up perfectly setting us up perfectly to do this in a pretty efficient manner good morning casey all right so here's our numbers 45 60 and 75 and you just told me that 45 celica means mafic 60 means intermediate magma 75 percent means felsic now we said there was a global pattern to these kinds of magmas what was the global pattern anybody want to put it into a sentence for me please what's the relationship it's not random where we find these three kinds of magmas who's got it come on oh you're writing you can't okay okay okay it is karen right kieran kieran thank you kieran is right on it and thank you we came up with a global pattern for these magmas the mafic magmas are the result of melting ocean crust do you remember the felsic magmas are the result of melting continental crust and the 60 stuff where are we finding those pardon me thank you the coastlines so we're going to do that we're going to do that ocean continent coast there is a global pattern for these igneous rocks now this is big because if we find a certain kind of igneous rock in a place that doesn't work with the geographic norm then we got a story and i can't help i can't hold it right off the bat we have basalt in eastern washington we have a ton of basalt in eastern washington and basalt is the kind of rock you find in the oceans basalt is mafic that's just one example of thousands and thousands of examples where you have the wrong rock in the wrong place and so now we've got to investigate what the hell happened okay but we're not there yet we're looking at the global patterns so um i'm reminding you that the mafic crust i'll just do that you can see from where you're sitting you don't need details now the mafic crust the mafic magmas are dark colored rocks they have dark colored minerals and we're going to realize that we have two choices with our mafic magmas we're either going to do you remember this from last time these magma chambers i promised that we were going to be working with this today and we are so the magma chambers are these underground rooms that hold the magma but just cartoonishly let me draw a volcano for you upstairs so this top row what are these boxes these are the six igneous rock names that i'm going to delineate for you this morning and you're going to see them in lab you're going to learn how to identify these rocks with different tricks in the lab this week so you're going to hear some of this again in lab this week but this top row of igneous rocks are called volcanic igneous rocks because they form when the magma cools coming out of a volcano it's basically different kinds of lava down below if we keep that mafic intermediate or felsic magma in the magma chamber underground and we cool it down there and it never does come out of the ground that's called a plutonic igneous rock okay so you might have a plutonic rock that's mafic in composition you might have a volcanic rock that's uh felsic in composition so there are some words to learn today not my favorite but that's what we're doing today these are such common rock names and common igneous rock vocabulary that we are going to use it today so in general i'm not going to write this down but you might want to the igneous rocks are going from dark on the left dark colored on the left our mafic rocks are dark colored with dark minerals and they're going to work their way towards lighter and lighter rock types wrong the color the overall rock color is going to be lighter and lighter in color or you can say it there's less and less black minerals in the rock as we go from left to right let me show you visually so again here's the two mafic rocks i'm purposely not telling you the names of the igneous rocks yet again i did this with you very quickly last time here we are in the middle of the chart where we have kind of a salt and pepper rock and i'm choosing some pink rocks for the right hand side of the chart but they don't have to be pink they just have a low amount of black mineral content that's that's really what we're focusing on okay what are we doing igneous rock classification aiden is bored right now but we're going to do our best to come towards him with an interesting i'm coming right to you because you're bright i'm coming right to you in about 10 minutes time and you're going to have a great answer for my really interesting question right now we're just setting it up you're okay you're okay you're okay what are these names if you have mafic magma and you cool it below the surface of the earth it's called gabbro if you have mafic magma and you erupt it out of a volcano it's called basalt the salt the word i just said for eastern washington but right off the bat what do we notice well basalt is found in the oceans normally basalt has low silica this all works together everything on the top row of the silicate melt business last time is now everything that you have here you following along it's all organization it's not that hard and yes we do have our rocks that have visible minerals visible minerals this is more from lab but i'll give it to you just quickly the plutonic rocks have visible minerals the same minerals are present in a volcanic rock but the minerals are too small to see that's because the plutonic magmas cool slowly and the and the minerals in a volcanic rock same composition same minerals the minerals are teeny tiny so i'll give you kind of a look as well okay visible minerals gabbro invisible minerals basalt same stuff it's like we're making we're making something in the kitchen but the rate of cooling is a direct result the size of the minerals is a direct result of the rate of cooling let's continue because i i want to get to the volcanoes i'm just meant to do this last late friday and just ran out of time same thing let's go to the coast now let's go to intermediate magma let's stay in the magma chamber in a coast magma chamber at the coast what kind of rock it's called diorite the magnification is good right you can see those words as i write them for you and endocyte you remember that word from a while back these are lighter colored rocks so easier to see what i'm saying i'm holding andesite above and diorite down below why are the minerals smaller in andesite than they are in diorite because andesite is a volcanic rock and diorite is a plutonic rock so you it's it's it's a beautiful uh visual reminder that this has to be magma that cooled in a magma chamber slowly this has to be lava that cooled relatively quickly after the volcano erupted andesite diorite coast 60 percent intermediate magma we finish this first part of today's lecture with going somehow to the middle of a continent we're creating magmas but we're in the middle of a continent the only real way we're doing that is is a hot spot like in yellowstone park i guess if you have a rift going but that doesn't really work because when you rift continental crushed you have mafic material coming in in the rift so it's really just a hot spot story and this is where we're getting granite out of all these rock names i know that you know granite and the volcanic equivalent is rhyolite so you know potassium feldspar from the lab so i'm just choosing a granite rhyolite pear rich in potassium feldspar that pinkish feldspar if you recall and again i have big visible minerals in the in the granite and i have much smaller minerals only just a few visible little felt sparse in the little quartz's in the rhyolite same idea who's got questions just setting the stage feeling comfortable again the main benefit to us with this chart is not only identify practice identifying these samples this week in lab and then you'll be quizzed on it without any cheat sheets you know the following week by the way you have your minerals quiz this week for lab make sure you're ready but also setting up the fact that this is the global norm and i've already said it but i'll say it one more time what if you have a gabbro in duluth minnesota which is where i got the dilu where i got that gabbro there's a story stalling for you still okay okay well this isn't really going away it's going to be nearby but i want to take this schematic and now i want to do more work with you so i encourage you um you might give yourself half a page for each of these in your notebook or maybe a full notebook page for each of these we're going to do quite a bit with this and we're really starting this monday lecture now essentially i'll keep the pace brisk because we want to go to the end member but we've already done most of our homework in other words we already kind of know the rock names we know the silica contents we know the global pattern so this can go quickly and it should and it will because i can't wait to ask aiden my question so i don't know i don't want to do this on the whiteboard have you got that written out now three magma chambers i guess i didn't plan this part out so i guess i'm gonna be flipping this back and forth a little bit okay here we go our first magma chamber is in the oceans this is audience park this is not just aidan this is everybody and i need you now okay so you've got the chart we just made it's on the back of my chalkboard but you've got it how much silica in the oceanic magma chamber number 45 percent correct and i'm going to apply some heat maybe it's a mid-ocean ridge maybe it's a hot spot doesn't matter this is hawaii we're talking about iceland whatever you like and let's get some of this magma to the surface this is the ocean floor do we have high viscosity or low viscosity with this magma low does that mean it's sticky or runny it's runny you're damn right thank you for playing so this stuff when it gets to the surface is going to run like a bat out of hell okay it's i know there's some water present but in the case of eastern washington which is an exception we did get truly 45 celica magma to the surface uh at moses lake washington this stuff's going crazy okay so i want to and i'm doing this on purpose i want to build a volcano with you and this first style of volcanism that's the title of today's meeting this first style of volcanism builds what's known as a shield volcano it's shaped like a roman shield it's broad and low and that's a direct result of the viscosity i just drew it with you and i show these lavas flowing easily laterally and so we're going to build this mound of material by the way what kind of rock are am i going to collect here on this shield volcano rock name please thank you if i remove the heat magically or the pacific plate moves on and moves this magma chamber off the hot spot like we were doing a couple lectures ago if i remove the heat and i slowly cool all of this mafic magma in a magma chamber what kind of rock thank you you see it now these are the boxes i have in the back of the chalkboard those the boxes we just did 10 minutes ago and we can see now graphically where the basalt and the gabriel are forming they're made out of the same minerals i can't emphasize this enough the same elements the same minerals it's the same batch of cookie dough whatever i don't know but it's the rate of cooling are we keeping the stuff underground cooling it slowly or did it are we belching it onto the surface and this and the magma is cooling within hours or minutes or seconds in some cases and yeah this is you know you can think the big island or you can think iceland so this is sea level we've got most of these see these shield volcanoes are under water they are behemoths mostly under water but the uppermost portions of those shield volcanoes have active volcanoes as we saw with the footage from hawaii last time anybody want to say anything anybody want to say anything that's up should i do that little extra like this i hold my tongue i go with my tongue that's no problem that's my problem i hold my tongue i push my tongue sip it i guess the mic's not working today okay moving on aiden get ready uh we're going to come back to this but let's leave for right now let's leave the oceans and let's go to the coasts you're bright you know what we're doing you can already see where this is going but there's a couple of what i think are thought-provoking and interesting questions that are kind of hardwired right into this meeting and we're almost there so we're in the coast so suddenly we have a magma chamber that's not going to have 45 celica we're going to add 15 celica because of what we discussed on friday do you remember that discussion why not what type of a plate boundary from friday what type of a plate boundary generates this type of magma what type of a plate boundary this is you now what's the fro aidan this isn't even your question you're going for it way to go what's the first word convergence so let's be in that half you're right but let's let's get in the habit if i ask for plate boundary on the midterm let's say next week plate boundary we got to start with one of those three big uppercase words remember divergent convergent transformed so pedro's right this is convergent you knew that let's go convergent and then what what two crush types are involved oceanic and continental it's the ocean crust that subducts beneath the continent and we do that whole hybrid thing that whole moderating thing it's all it's all back to you now good so because of that because we're in this convergent oceanic versus continental plate boundary now we are with the 60 magma and uh well this is stuff stiffer this stuff has higher viscosity because it's got more celica okay so that means oh man i got a sorry patrick we got uh got to get some of this stuff up and and by the time we get some of this intermediate magma to the surface it's not traveling as far it's not flowing as far it's got more silica all right let's get another batch of this stuff in other words these i don't know if you have thought about this these volcanoes haven't always been there these volcanoes are actually pretty young like we're about to build mount rainier here mount rainier is half of one million years old it's 500 000 years old think of think of the dates we were talking about casually uplift 6 million years ago for the colorado plateau pre-cambrian rocks the craton is like 1 billion years old and mount rainier that monster beautiful peak we can see this morning wasn't there until a half a million years ago so building these mountains from scratch is not just a teaching choice that's a thing that's a thing you get some magma together you get a vent started and you send different batches of this magma this intermediate magnet to the surface and because of its viscosity primarily you start building the thing and you'll notice that the look of this are these iconic perfect cones and people travel all over the world to visit these cones you know we got them right right here see them every morning there's not that many of these cone volcanoes in the world so we are blessed we are blessed to be near such a beautiful cone is it called a shield volcano it is not uh it's called a composite cone i'm labeling this kind of a volcano now made out of intermediate magma formed in a convergent oceanic versus continental plate boundary composite cone if you have taken an art class before a composite is a beautiful piece of art using different mediums right it's a composite there's different it's about as much as i know oh these cones are made out of different things as well and we're going to get into that in just a second but let's just finish my thought i might also use another term for the rest of the class i'm writing over here but i don't mean to this whole third panel is going to be coming in a bit so composite cone or strata volcano i know i always get is it is it or a maybe it's o strata volcano same thing beautiful cone volcanoes composite cones or strata volcanoes now let me try to cut open rain ear for you so by the way we had geographic examples here didn't we and these are important to to have some place names tied to this so this was hawaii or iceland shield volcanoes there's millions of others but let's just pick those two as examples we've already talked about those places hawaii iceland here the cascade volcanoes are volcanoes here in the pacific northwest we can pick mount rainier as an obvious example we could pick mount saint helens we could pick you know there's a dozen of them or we could go down to the andes in south america do you remember the andes that mountain range down the west coast of south america there's hundreds of these composite cones as a result of subduction of the ocean plate beneath the continent of south america now there's a whole nother category here we're avoiding right now we're not there yet so keep with me please you're doing well now most of you are have woken up a bit what i'm trying to do here it's not really working very well is i want to show alternating layering so if it is a composite cone it's a cone but if we cut open that composite cone it's not all the same stuff inside so kind of a making a mess of this but i'm trying to show alternating white and yellow white and yellow i'm not even sure if you can pick that up on at home not just a bunch of lavas stacked one on top of another to build these composite cones these are these are basalt lava stacked one on top of another you cut through a shield volcano it's just nothing but layers of basaltic love so let's say the yellows are the lava flows and so if that's true what kind of igneous rock the lava flows are made out of what kind of igneous rock according to your chart thank you so the back of my chalkboard shows that box saying endocyte and then the back of my chalkboard says if we cool off the magma chamber and we cool the magma slowly in the magma chamber down below a cone volcano like if we remove the heat from rainier tomorrow and i don't know how long we have to wait actually but we'd eventually solidify that magma chamber beneath mount rainier and it would be diorite that would be formed diorite that would be formed big beautiful diorite stuff oh yeah okay so what is the other stuff that's in between the endocyte lava flows when we cut open this cone volcano the answer is tephra now that's a word i don't expect most of you to know can i squeeze it in here i should use white in case you can see the difference so let's start with the statement in cone volcanoes there are and there are alternating layers of endocyte lava flows and tephra layers i'm going white yellow white yellow white yellow there's layering strata andesite lava tephra andesite lava tephra so now we're getting to the interesting thought when these cones erupt they don't erupt the same way every time it's not this effusive basaltic lava that's coming out every day every day every day instead sometimes the cone erupts and it's truly endocyte lava that's a little bit stiffer of course than these basalts but then there's these weird layers of tephra okay what's tephra tephra is a layer composed of fragments that's not very sexy but that's the first way i want to define what tephra is i'm just giving it to you verbally tephra is a layer made out of fragments pieces okay so that's a that's the first word to associate with tephra fragments okay let's add to that there's a bunch of fragments because there was an explosion there was a violent eruption and it's kind of analogous to a cartoon where you road runner cartoon you got a big boulder you're gonna stick some dynamite in the big boulder and then you're gonna shut off the explosive and then this whole boulder just kaplooms and all those tiny little fragments of the boulder are the result of that explosion basically they can sweep together all that sawdust all that broken dust and bits of that former boulder that's what tephra is the tephra layers are recording a violent explosion and if you're thoroughly wide awake and most of you are you remember that's that was the hook on friday morning when we started all this before we got into the chemistry and everything else we were trying to decide why are some of these volcanoes dangerous and others not and we're finally to it if aiden can help us understand why we're getting tephra layers here now you've heard of a common term for the fine fragments volcanic ash that's all volcanic ash is volcanic ash is you know the consistency of kitchen flower kind of like that luss but what is volcanic ash it's just a part of the volcano that gets blown up stick the dynamite in blow the blow the rock up to a fine powder but i'm not saying that tephra is 100 ash because there are other particles there are other pieces of things i'm using the wrong composition now please don't be confused but i'm trying to show you kind of angular kind of terrible choice that's on me that's on me i showed you a mafic rock when i'm trying to talk about a composite cone but you you know what i'm saying now okay it's time for everyone to get involved aidan's going to get us started with the question here's the question of the day aidan can you get us started please why don't we have a ton of tephra with shield volcanoes and why are we getting regular tephra layers therefore why are we getting explosions with these cones and we don't really get explosions with these shield volcanoes you can go anywhere you want it can just be a little nudge forward what do you want to say repeat that and get everybody on board with that on board i hate that corporate speak so egg is getting us started thinking about the difference in viscosity so we have very runny lavas here and that's where we don't have these huge tephra layers we don't have these big explosions and so we're thinking that the increase in viscosity might have something to do with it now let's make sure we all remember the viscosity has increased here because we've added silica so we're talking about higher celica magmas more prone to be stiff okay that you want now you want to go another step or you want to pass it off that's where we're going next truly continental that's kind of the wrong scale i see what you're saying but that's that's maybe a detour for this line of thinking let's let's keep going with this who wants to add why does we're just talking about the chemistry now the magma chemistry has more silica in it the magma is more stiff why does that mean we're exploding the volcano more often you don't have to have the total answer just take us another step please tim it is it's stickier so what am i missing why do these explosions happen okay that's the next step because it builds up some kind of pressure okay that so let me come clean first of all it is possible to build pressure here it is possible to have tephra here but those are rare compared to the grand scheme of things the live chat people probably are all over this already we're ignoring that this is a major teaching point at the 101 level so we're not addressing any kind of tephra formation in hawaii so we don't have big explosions here now tim is getting us and tim you're off the hook we're going to go to somebody else in just a second so suddenly we're building pressure that's accurate we're building pressure here but we really weren't building pressure here and we know we're building pressure because we have stiffer magma but can we drill down no pun intended can we can we get a little bit closer to why why what's this pressure thing what is that we can do this i believe in you come on somebody else casey between the ocean magma and the uh like when they combine is there like a chemical reaction where there's extra pressure created because there's two different magmas generally no but thanks for the thought casey's thinking maybe if we just mix these continent and ocean crushed uh together is that creating some sort of chemical reaction to create some pressure it's more of a physical thing uh eve thanks casey eve there's there's a these magmas are typically hotter than these so we're actually a little bit lower in heat generally than we are with mafic magma so we're maybe going the wrong way unless you think a lower heat would increase pressure am i fishing too much christina's been been uh quarantined for the last two days and yet she's coming in hot what do you got we're really close we're really close you're right that this viscosity is lower and so it's running faster more efficiently away from the vent we're really almost there and i'm gonna nudge you without saying it what else is in this magma chamber besides magma is there anything else in the magma chamber there's some water there's gases and i haven't said that explicitly but sometimes we can get there on our own let me put it all together for you right now this is a big part of the discussion it will be on the midterm next week in case you need that kind of motivation here it is you're like why didn't you just say it 10 minutes ago well you know it's fun to work with you and think things out as we go here it is all of these magma chambers have more than liquid they have dissolved gases we don't need to make an analogy with your stomach and how your body works but we could if we really wanted to we won't though okay so the point is we have gases in these magma chambers and instead of just liquid magma coming to the surface i want us also think about little bubbles of gas and the bubbles of gas are getting bigger as they get closer to the surface and this is an oversimplification of the process but what i want to say is this if you have low silica mafic magma in the oceans the viscosity is low the magma is runny and the magma cannot trap gas please write it down no gas is being trapped with a shield volcano low viscosity runny magma the bubbles of gas are just swimming through that very fluid low viscosity low silica magma in hawaii you remember that footage i showed you i could show you tons more footage you've probably seen your own footage from hawaii there's big fountains of orange lava dancing in the air that's gas that came up with the lava and the gases are being released there was no trapping of the gases and therefore no pressure building i think you know what i'm saying but let's be especially explicit if we increase by 15 silica we increase viscosity the magma is stiffer that's what aiden and casey and tim and eve were talking about but now if we have stiffer lava and christina we're going to trap some of that gas we're not going to allow some of that gas to get out of the magma chamber write it down trapping some gases no gases trapped in the oceans some gas is trapped with these composite cones therefore we can have a few centuries a century is 100 years right we can have a few centuries of trapping some of those gases because of the stiffness of the lava and after a few centuries we're going to build up enough pressure meaning we're going to trap enough gases to have an eruption to have a violent eruption of that composite cone so just to tack on an additional thought these shield volcanoes erupt constantly like hawaii's been erupting every day every night 365 since 1983. but these cone volcanoes do not erupt constantly you know that baker glacier peak rhaenyr adams saint helens hood i'll get to eve they erupt every few hundred years they don't erupt constantly because of this gas trapping business it's not all the gases it's just some of the gases if you're a mountaineer and you've been to the top of baker let's say you know it stinks up there there are gases that are getting out but not all the gas is on so we can tie that tinker toy microscopic chemistry to viscosity the viscosity to the ability of the lavas to trap gas and ultimately answer our question about why the tephra layers are recording an explosion the endocyte layers are not and oftentimes you'll get an endocyte lava flow and an explosion from the same event let's open it up i know you've got questions about volcanoes eve what do you got the right panel yes we're not there yet but this is not good we we can see the trends here and we've got a whole nother third of the discussion to go yeah hang on we'll get there pedro hi pedro i love you someone else eve wants to go to the next panel okay let's do it so i'm gonna do i have enough room i guess i do um constant eruptions in the left every few centuries in the middle eruptions on the order of hundreds of thousands of years there's hundreds of thousands of years of quiet between eruptions of over here on the right i haven't drawn anything yet but this whole business of silica content tied to history is going to be on display where are we going by the way what national park are we going to right now thank you we're going to yellowstone national park so we can do this in 10 minutes because we've done everything that we need to do all these trends all these words all these concepts it's all ready to just kind of materialize for us without breaking a sweat so i'm going to do it quickly we're in a continent i'm going to draw a magma chamber up here because this is going to be such a profound event we're going to do a before and after picture okay so this is before before what before a super volcano explosion that's what we're talking about suddenly we're not talking about cone volcanoes anymore we're talking about things called super volcanoes whole different category how much silica help me out thank you 75 high or low silica high the highest we have on planet earth this is in the middle of a continent we are going to be so stiff that this lava from a 75 silica magma chamber is just going to make a little cork it's going to make a little a little dome let's call it a lava dome we haven't we haven't done the volcanic event yet we haven't done the super volcano explosion all we've done is leak some of this toothpaste it's literally the the consistency of toothpaste that's how stiff this stuff is the viscosity is so high and we have a complete seal so if you want to keep your notes going with that same format now we're trapping all the gases this is this is this is a cork on a champagne bottle this this thing is completely sealed i'm dancing around now i'm not following exactly the format but you know what we're doing you've got it uh what kind of rock in this lava dome name of the igneous rock please rhyolite thank you the magma chamber if we remove the heat beneath yellowstone and solidify that magma slowly grant it thank you the pink guys so i've given you everything there's only one more thing to do let's have the event and the event is a super volcano explosion which i'm going to draw here this is a before and after picture and we haven't really seen one of these happen like i gave a big super volcano's lecture downtown and i put it on youtube and i was very forceful when i said humans have never seen a super volcano erupt and a bunch of new zealand people were offended because they have a super volcano that erupted like 29 000 years ago it's like technically humans have seen okay but these are hundreds of thousands of years between events we certainly don't have any geologists sitting on a log and writing down what happened so what's going to happen well after hundreds of thousands of years of complete seal and complete gas trapping uh we will eventually have an explosion what i've done here is i've drawn a little semi-circle this is the site of the future crater and it's such a big crater we call it a caldera so i'm drawing the after picture down here we're going to blow up not only that lava dome but we're going to blow up a bunch of innocent landscape nearby there's so much energy with this system and so ironically the most deadly and just absolutely mind-blowing volcanic events are leaving a hole in the ground they're not even you know the biggest mountains or anything they're you're barking up the wrong tree if you're looking for a big cone with these super volcanoes it's the opposite it's it's it's nothing and so how do we know these things really happen then well what's our evidence we do have these calderas they're about 40 miles across 40 miles across from room to rim they're much bigger than crater lake or any other famous crater that you might know much much bigger in diameter so there again it's not called a crater it's called a caldera just a size thing it's called a caldera so the yellowstone caldera the long valley caldera the valles caldera these are major super volcano in continental settings by the way have to be in a continental setting but what i want to stress before we quit i got two minutes is that we have these very impressive layers of volcanic material uh as kind of an apron surrounding the caldera so i guess i'm not going to draw a map for i don't have time but you can imagine this caldera is a circular feature and so in a hundred miles in all directions as kind of like a christmas tree skirt or something i don't know a hundred mile width apron or skirt of volcanic material that we call welded tough so we know the ages of these prehistoric super volcano explosions not by the caldera but by getting an absolute age date on this welded tuff and the welded tuff is essentially the remains of this hell on wheels drama that was happening when we blow up the lava dome and all the rest of the rock we're going to revisit this when we get to a yellowstone discussion but it's not only ash plumes going up into the sky but it's traveling ash clouds going laterally called ash flows so ash just getting sent over the ground and ash getting sent up into the air and the remains of all that very hot ash and rock and tephra is this welded tough last concept welded tough is so this this material from this incredibly explosive event is so hot that when it comes to rest again 100 miles away from the caldera it's so hot that it welds together uh when i was your age i had a project out in idaho and i was making maps of welded tufts i was in graduate school and my little dinky dinky rock hammer didn't even work i couldn't get these welded tufts open they're so physically different to break difficult to break open they've been welded they've been fused so hard because of all that depth of the material and then the heat of that material but you can get ages from the welded tufts and that's why we know that yellowstone has erupted multiple times the last time was a little bit more than 600 000 years ago so again there's hundreds of thousands of years between events i'm out of time we got time for one or two quick questions that you i know you have them anybody got them time yes you roughly know the date of the last yellowstone eruption how about those ones i don't know about those tim's asking about hot spots in northern africa and uh dates on those we may not even know those dates i don't know how much work has been done there must be some calderas and some welded tufts in northern africa to prove that those hot spots are there but i don't know uh eve last question yeah i can't think of another tectonic reason for a super volcano unless we have a hot spot we need to be in a continental setting we can't you know we can't be any other place and i can't think of another way to create that amount of heat so yes hot spot only in a continental setting for these super volcanoes it all ties back to this and i hope you can see that now that a boring old igneous rock classification chart suddenly has a bit more shine it's a little sexier now that we know visually how these rocks form and what they represent good old-fashioned volcanoes thanks for coming today i love you we'll see you tomorrow and i'll see you tomorrow furthermore tomorrow is the next time i'll see you all right uh we'll do a little live q a here unless i've got a student that wants to visit lulu's here to watch ben i guess and um i haven't seen ben yet he's probably on his way down uh you've been with us before you know about typing uppercase not to shout but just to have your question stand out and we'll tr train ben on this process as well uh don't think we need the document camera anymore uh here's tim hang on a second no cut no problem um what do the labs meet for this class actually there's multiple sections you check the door of room 110 110 um would there be a chance i could sit on on the next rock lab absolutely the thing that i've been struggling with my mineral class i'm getting the uh-huh the chemicals and you know right different processes yeah i still struggle just to look at a rock and know what it is sure i understand that uh that i would love to get more down so um yeah uh visit 110's door and uh take your pick okay pop in great thank you great you bet how's it going uh vern uh what weld the tough is composed of rhyolite so rhyolite is is this what you can think of welded tough as broken pieces of this rhyolite all the way down to ash sized particles okay in that neighborhood yeah um ben's gonna get set up behind me as we go so i've got your map fell okay uh so i've got some tape for you that little lapel mic thing can you kind of wire that onto your shirt as well and when we're ready to go i'll just give you this little transmitter and you know just do what you need to do here to get yourself ready and i'll just take your time we got we got we got plenty of questions here on on volcanoes i'm sure let me scroll back here oh lulu's getting all nestled in here in the third row i like it good okay how do fissures fit in uh fissures are most easily tied to the basalt or the mafic magmas and we'll have a a big lecture on those fissures for the columbia river basalt lavas now that we kind of have laid out what the what the normal routine is uh why is the crb a basalt instead of an endocyte technically there is a little bit of endocyte composition lila in the crb stack but i'm gonna i'm gonna punt on that uh we'll wait till we get to those lectures i hope i don't have to do that to all these questions but this is laying the groundwork for four washington lectures two of them on columbia river basalts and two of them on the cascade volcanoes and even a little bit with the super volcanoes when we get to the liberty gold and so basically i'm just setting up for the rest of the class i'll tell everybody this but by the end of the week we'll be in washington for the rest of the quarter so we've been globally now for a while but we're zeroing in on spending the rest of our class on washington uh how do we tell the granite from marble it's it's it's mineral identification carol marble is made out of only one mineral called calcite and it's a soft mineral that's typically white or very light colored and granites are are made out of silica based minerals silicate minerals and there's the the biotite and the must the the horn blend a little bit and the feldspar and the quartz so it's all these rock names are coming from identifying specific minerals inside do all volcanoes produce ash clouds uh at the 101 level kyle no the shield volcanoes do not now that i said that there are some um groundwater systems that interact with mafic magmas in hawaii let's say and you do get some steam and some ash but it's it's not it's not common enough to to dwell on at this stage in our class joseph do the gas types within the magma chamber influence the explosivity along with the silica or the types of gas uh could be joseph i don't know i don't know that magma gas chemistry very well at all i always stumble with that is it sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide and other kinds of gases so i've always meant to learn more and i never really have thurston why do some mafic lavas have what looks like bubbles like craters of the moon yeah it's it's the it's the viscosity thing so if i had the second camera going i could give you a nice shot but maybe we'll just try this so when you look at these these are all basalt this is all mafic mafic magma but these vesicles or these gas bubbles are only possible if the viscosity is runny like you just don't get these vesicles this is from hawaii this is from interruption less than 20 years ago i forget which year it was and you you can't get these vesicles unless you have this very fluid magma to allow those bubbles to swim into them um where does mount mazama fit into this kind of on the fence hey janet how's it going good you like you're a volcano fan janet's a custodian here i noticed you were out there for a while you come in anytime you feel like you want to just sit in if you're taking a break or whatever yeah yeah um what was the question oh yeah um so i'm picking 60 as a this is a live audience so you can watch these at home too if you wanted or watch them in replay oh did you yeah so you know there's there remember there's a there's a range here so we could be 68 i think saint helens has 67 68 celicas quite often and of course there's special words like day site or ryo day site so there's a you know like everything there's all sorts of kind of divisions but i would put mazama in here mazama was a hell of an explosion but we have the root of that cone and if we have a cone then we're still you know if we're just picking between these three categories and that's what we're picking between you go ahead and move the boards whatever you want ben yep um uh mark new hampshire is the granite state is this a super volcano origin so we're getting we're getting that's my choice is to use the word granite only to work with super volcano or felsic magmas but it's it's a it's a question about how to communicate with a general audience that word granite the word granite in our world is a very specific silica content mineralogy word and it only works for super volcanoes but the granite quote unquote of new england the granite quote-unquote of the sierras it's not technically a super volcano story so even diorites are called granites just because you know it's only a few of us who give a damn about those specific words so no i wouldn't think of a super volcano instead i would think of composite cones um ben's still kind of getting set up just a little bit but we're close and i'm going to come down to live for him more than anything so i'm wrapping up my portion of this and i thank you for joining us and that's the end of our session today however we still have over 900 people with us and if you have an extra 20 minutes for ben's talk and then an additional 10 minutes or so for some live q a you are welcome to be part of this experience so thanks i'll see you all tomorrow for an earthquake lecture okay so i'm going to give us just a second i'm going to switch over the mic to the mic to bend since we plug right in keep that blue light going can you hear me anyone out there still no audio what the hell all right let's let's um oh yes yes okay yep yep there we go sorry about that oh no problem get all these hello thank you for joining me uh this talks for a communicating science to the public class and you're gonna get a general overview of what i do what i'm gonna do for my thesis proposal so for everyone that doesn't know my thesis is based off of the hanford reach in uh central washington and to give those who aren't locals i was trying to find the japanese chalk move this out the way kind of bring this in closer give your view of where we are in washington when you ask most people about washington and you mentioned a big structure everyone mentioned seattle but you know i'm this is a learning experience for me just as it is for you so i'm gonna do rent and have a couple of students from there and they were oh you went to this high school had no clue where it was so we're gonna focus on the big city we're gonna mention is renton what i study is the columbia river which is all this here kind of goes up kind of bends that goes around the horn goes up by vantage kind of does another little bend then off to canada and where we are right now is ellensburg washington to give you a sense of where we are my research area the hanford reaches right here that's probably it for the chalk we'll move to the other board [Music] let's goes how's that look it looks good yeah you can come as close as you want that looks great looks great okay so what my research problem project is overall it's a geo archaeology project we'll put that archaeology project and what i'm specifically studying is fluvial geomorphology promise there's not a lot of technical terms here but this is what i do and all this basically means is geo you can bury that down to just earth archaeology is the study of humans by their remain so geo archaeology is basically just using geology to answer archaeological questions because the archaeologists don't really care about the sediments they care about the whether it's bones or lithic fragments that's what my colleague does and what i'm focusing on is fluvial which is just river geomorphology again just earth morphology the formation so my overall project is a geo archaeology project but i'm going to be using a fluvial geomorphology techniques to answer archaeological questions and this whole area is the hanford reach that i outlined on the area map of washington you have make sure you see this the columbia river we'll put a little direction arrow this is probably about an hour east of ellensburg to get there but there's a lot to see and i want you to kind of get the picture of where we are so i want you to imagine a story that you're a first-year graduate student who came from a state with no mountains and kind of misjudged how long it takes to get to the hanford reach so we're gonna start in ellensburg which is in that other map and you need to get here to to vernita bridge it's about an hour drive very important meeting with your advisor a couple of retired professionals uh to get access to uh government land to figure out your project so i have some images to give it to you i live right in front of this building you can actually see it from my porch barge hall which is the oldest uh structure on campus gorgeous made building i'll just throw it on the floor pick it up later and you have to make it here to venita bridge about our drive you misjudged it but you know if you stay eastbound and down you can do what they say can't be done all you have to remember is what jerry reid told you is you keep your foot part on the pedal so never mind those brakes you purchase i'll help you out you purchased your car you purchased the speedometer in the car we're gonna use that whole speedometer let's get your money's worth green lights are good yellow lights yellow is a color that makes green so those are green in my opinion red lights are bad and stop signs are optional so as you're traveling east or east out of town you're going to go down i-90 right here which is this image was taken from vantage so you'll be crossing from east or west to east excuse me going over the columbia river here you'll see sentinel gap gorgeous feature another image of sentinel gap with a high rate of speed you're carrying this little area right here hard turn to make but doable another image of sentinel gap with nick zentner didn't want to get sued by them so these last two images actually came from tom foster's website and long long time fans that know tom and you know for his memory as you're getting down here you're gonna where my pen go when you exit 90 you're gonna go south on 243 so we'll put that on our map 243 and as you're traveling south you're going to go over a small tributary interesting little creek of the columbia called crab creek a couple of images of crab creek for you looking out towards sentinel gap another image i'm no photographer but another image of crabtree you're gonna pass through the saddle mountains and you're going to go through sentinel gap the only trouble you're going to have to make this uh destination on time is going to be this little town called matawa right here in this area there's a roundabout i have no clue what you do on a roundabout i'm lucky enough that i've gotten here and there's been no cars so i just keep going i don't know what you do on a roundabout we didn't have those in texas and i've heard from locals around here there's a roundabout on the west side of ellensburg so i don't go to west ellensburg farthest i go down universities to whoopsaw brewery that's it that's the farthest i go as you're driving down 243 you're gonna pass nice little building called the wanapum heritage center about probably about this time is when you actually pass your advisor i don't know i haven't asked her but i did pass three silver subarus on the way to vernita bridge so possibly maybe she saw a car with texas plates fly by but after that it's just smooth sailing you see um tandem ridge and you're going to arrive here at vernita bridge give you a little image of what you're looking at here vernita bridge seen that image before now looking to the east of vernita bridge interesting fact just a little tidbit vernita bridge is actually where they measured the highest recorded temperature in washington 118 degrees fahrenheit but we're scientists so it's 48 degrees c i'll let y'all catch a breather there's a lot coming at you so i want to ask a question i'm going to look in the chat and show you a couple of pictures but does anybody know locals would know does anybody know what makes hanford a pretty interesting site whether it's history geology archaeology a couple of images of hanford here goes the white bluffs white bluffs are right here you have archaeologists in an image for scale and let me see if i'm looking at this right yeah like that another image of the white bluffs another archaeologist here for scale but this is kind of a panorama of the white bluffs at the horn of the columbia river and this is another image white bluffs are right there so you're coming down the horn down the little curve my advisor geologists there for a scale for you and i've seen a quite a few you already say nuclear waste clean up the hanford manhattan project this is actually the area where uh we enriched our plutonium for the wartime effort for about 30 years they enriched you plutonium here interesting fact about hanford at its largest extent it was half the size of the state of rhode island right now the hanford reach usually just reaches about that area then going down to tri-cities but it's at its maximum extent it extended over the saddle mountain so the thought was you couldn't climb on top of the mountains and see down into hanford but that's one important aspect of this area but me being a fluvial river guy another important aspect of this whole area is that this is the last remaining free-flowing spot of the columbia river outside the tidal influences and outside of canada so this the columbia being 12 043 miles long and we're scientists of course so it's 2 000 kilometers long this is this 53 mile uh 81 kilometer stretch is the last flea free-flowing reach when you are passing the one upon heritage center you're gonna pass over you're gonna pass over priests wrap it to them so what's technically usually called the last fleet free-flowing stretch of uh the columbia rivers from greece rapids down damn about down to tri-cities which is off the map that way so this is what makes this pretty exciting for a fluvial geomorphologist is that the largest river in the pacific northwest everything's underwater except for what's in hanford and what i specifically study is you'll remember this because this is from lecture 10 of this year from nexa ice age floods i deal with a thing called slack water deposits swd slack water deposits is what i'm studying slack water deposits are fine sands to silts that when the when the river starts losing its velocity after a big flooding event something like what we're looking for is the 1948 flood it's gonna leave sediment layers on uh tributaries up tributaries uh eddie's terraces is what we're looking at but here goes an image from stephanie vidal she was a graduate student here this is from her 2007 thesis and your sl flood deposits right there cultural horizon and right there but those are probably what a foot a couple of centimeters but you can also bigger the flooding event you can have slack water deposits that are meters and scale this is from wow 2016 but these are the slack water deposits they were dealing with from a river that's a trend that's a tributary of the yangtze in china so see so what we're trying to find is slack water deposits usually no particular order you can find them on terraces you can find them in alcoves you can find them in back flooded tributaries and eddie's just wherever there's a velocity decrease going into this project one of the things lisa my advisor i instantly realized was that the columbia river does have terraces so you'll see low river flow the columbia river and this is on the hanford side usually has six terraces the bottom two terraces here are open about this time of the year they're free you can actually see them but there goes an image of the hanford reach see there we go you're not going to see tier 6 because it's actually underwater when a flooding event or just snow melt you're not going to see that terrace 6 that's in this image there we go so what our research going out the door we had this in mind before this uh cannonball run of a field trip was that if we can find historic slack water deposits from the 1948 flood but also 1894 flood in these younger terraces younger lower terraces you can use them as analogs for these higher odor terraces but on the drive there just knowing where you would find slack water deposits you know terraces you can find them where else out of this list can you find it we pass over it at a high rate of speed was one place we noticed on the drive there let me see we've got there's a lag but back flooded tributaries interesting little creek here crab creek this little entrance to crab creek's interesting to us because you can have back flooding may look like a jumble of branches but how did all those branches and logs get there flooding event so we're hoping that we can actually find historic flood uh deposit slack water deposits at crab creek but along with that eddies form on the backs of backs of islands but with kovic going on that's that's probably not going to be able to be done uh just all the restrictions with the hanford's actually controlled by the department of energy the u.s fish and wildlife control this upper half of it and they're more open to having visitors there but you know this is what i'm studying as a fluvial geomorphologist but you may ask yourself ben i mean where does the archaeology come into what mysterious people are you studying here off of the river you pass the heritage center didn't give you this before but one of them means means river people they've lived on this river since time immemorable and interesting fact haven't really verified this but been told this that if you ever go to ginkgo uh petrified forest state park here in vantage the petroglyphs you see there were actually made by ancestors of the wanna pump they say so what would i do how would i incorporate floods with the geology of it really terraces usually people build their sediments outside of the range of flood levels so throughout hanford there are known cultural heritage sites from pre-history to historic sites i mean the town of i believe it was the town of like wah luke there was a town there before eminent domain took it all away but what my research is hoping is that first thing a geo archaeologist does is set the environment what was the environment at the time of occupation so what i'm hoping for is that this last term we have the alcoves the prehistoric one of palm built their houses and they're called house pits they kind of dug down into the substrates and then put the house over it and when steve hackenberger and david rice and tom marcheau all did excavations around the hanford reach they're hitting cultural sites they're hitting house floors but they're three four meters deep so my hope is with my research is that these house pits when they were being when deposits were being overlaid on them that they acted as alcoves and could hold whatever depositional force was actually overlaying and preserving them whether it's flood deposits or the areas of very arid region of washington when blown sands dust so my colleague anna koon put on here with steve hackenberger they're the archaeology side so what they're doing is they're studying lithic analysis so arrowheads flint pieces and what you can do with this is you can do a type of dating called typology so typology is if i gave you an eight-track a cassette tape and a cd player you can put them in order from oldest to youngest and just get a time range not not a specific date not an absolute date but you can get a time range of when this was actually used by using i mean other dating methods radiocarbon dating of this uh sample in a house pit for instance the our senior archaeologists were put we'll put david here david rice back in the 60s he came to this area and worked with the one upon tribe on his phd thesis and he worked for hanford did a lot of cultural uh cultural investigations for the proposed ben franklin dam that was supposed to be built down in tri-cities that would have flooded this whole reach of uh hanford but that you know that caused an uproar and that was cancelled back in the 80s other individuals we deal with carl and tom put keith here you got carl fetch tom marceau and uh keith mendes these are these two carl and tom are actually retired professionals they spent their career on hanford doing uh research for the cleanup after uh nuclear or plutonium production was uh finished keith actually took over tom's spot when tom retired we deal with uh two individuals from the u.s fish and wildlife john and sal they're uh i believe john's actually the manager of the side of hanford the northern half of the river that's that is uh managed by the u.s fish and wildlife and the hanford sites actually managed by the u.s department of energy so along with that we have angela nella she's actually a central washington graduate she's the curator of the wanapum heritage center a lot of work that carl tom dr david rice has done was cut was stored at hanford but once hanford it switched hands so many times whoever manages it everything was given to the one of them tribe and it's stored at their repository here at the heritage center so i'm hoping to give you a just an idea of what's in central washington what hanford is what my thesis is but of all things i mean how big research projects go you're no longer especially for archaeologists they had a great you're no longer that indiana jones out there i mean it takes a large research group of people to give you access and plus this patient advisor to go to say the least but i'm hoping just to give you enough science no jargon nothing like that just to keep you interested but before we open up for questions i have two questions for you question number one i saw that some of y'all got the smoky and the bandit reference but you know you're you're good everyone knows what the bandit drove trans am you're pretty good if you know what uh beaufort t justice drove uh pontiac lamaze you're gonna be a trivia all-star if you know what the snowman drove what kind of rig was that and i'll give you time i want to see who gets this my father and i were diesel mechanics heavy equipment so i grew up working on these trucks they still make them too one of the longest production vehicles there is oh someone someone got it kenworth kenworth kw the model number was a w 900 they still make those i believe they started making those trucks in 1961. second question anyone know where they make those w-900s i don't even have to write this i can put the pin now i've already given it to you let's move this out the way it was the very very first place i wrote about callback rented nice they've been making those trucks since 1961 so the snowman's truck actually drove off of the line and rented told you it's a learning experience for you and i but question and answer portion so stump me there's still a lot of stuff in this reach with my signs that this is the reason you having advisors to kind of guide you through all this well they know the drill i think about uppercase if you want to look for that you can also you see there's kind of a blue arrow down there a white around a blue circle so you can kind of control whether you're going back or you're live so you can kind of control and kind of go backwards if you want okay keith roth asks roth excuse me asks what have we found in the sediments right now all i'm dealing with are the sediment samples from uh steve hackenberger did a field an archaeology field course back in the late 80s 88 89 at wallook which is let's move this out the way bring it back so he has sediments that he's had since uh 88 89 we've split them so far took data on if there were any lithics any kind of fossils any kind of uh charcoal bits but between aeolian deposits and uh windblown deposits and river deposits fluvial deposit it's matching it's it's going to be one of the two that uh was the depositional force that overlaid them but they're both just fine sands fine sands the silt so no determination there not until i take it to an equipment we call the uh master sizer and cam sizers to get like statistical analysis on what you know possibly this was from kennewick man was found in that area it was down by uh tri-cities actually so another one upon uh ancestor actually another question was there has there been wildlife area research to the east of the river so over here yeah there has been a big issue with this area when the u.s government started giving the land back all this became agriculture so there's a lot of wine farms in this area over here too off map there are but a lot of the irrigation there was actually uh something underneath the uh white bluffs and causing landslides in this area so how they remediated that was actually they built these saddle mountain lakes if you ever see a google earth image you can see the runoff canals coming here but yeah there's a lot of wildlife uh this area is pretty well known i know the fight that they wanted to keep the ben franklin dam away was this is a big area for uh salmon to spawn a trout to spawn and i think it's an area for uh canadian geese to actually stop on their way south for the winter so there's actually the great thing about this area is when it was under the department of defense nothing happened here if you weren't making plutonium this area did not exist some of those images joking around with lisa that we have i showed you looking over hanford and you could see the reactors we were joking around that 70 years ago the russians would have paid really good money to have that picture another really good question uh someone asked what are the ages of the terraces one two three four are they ice age floods and no actually these are late holocene terraces hence the acronym h1 holocene terrorist one but going back to the prior image this is actually from tom and carl when they were doing their research there there's actually higher place pleistocene terraces that are of ice age flooding events but everything below its policy built just as the river was uh in fluvial geo morphology terms when the river was uh down cutting created these terraces another good question are you able to use geology to narrow down possible locations for archaeological digs and that's one thing we're trying to do uh a lot of these terrace mappings happened on the hanford reach when they were doing all the cleanup there but since nothing happened north of the river this area carl and tom they mapped this area whenever they just had time i mean all the focus was on the environmental concerns with the tritium the cesium everything in the um everything we used to create uh the plutonium and all the byproducts that the terraces were mapped only about to here on the north side of the river priests rapids so we're going to continue it here and see if we can correlate terraces from the known terraces from the hanford reach side of the river to the north side of the river and try to correlate them because another good image i have just the image of what you're looking at this was on an area that we didn't know wasn't mapped fully so we didn't know if this was terrace three or terrace four so you can see your have a ledge you get close to the river you take a drop that drops usually called the step then you're on the tread part which is a flat surface and that's what we're hoping to do one of the aspects is to correlate the north side of the river and the south side of the river to try to give an area of maybe where the one upon would have during their time period would have uh uh created habitations i think we got time for two more one good thing uh old timers built higher normally along the creeks and rivers in illinois why look so low we're trying to find the as a geo archaeologist not really concerned with the artifacts we're trying to find those flood deposits if we can find holocene flood deposits we can use those as analogies for what's higher in your higher terraces and my question is once occupation ended what force caused deposition to cover up the uh the cultural resources whether it's aeolian windblown dust or what i'm hypothesizing just flood deposits and time for one more question let's see are there known alcohols for study or do you plan on searching for new alcoves to study that's a good question i'm hoping the house pits when they were abandoned would act like an alcove maybe and hold sediments there but we still haven't actually been on river there's a retired professor from uh cwu uh morris that we're planning a boat trip this month to actually go and actually get on the river see these terraces up close and move around with uh the pandemic a lot of our work has been you got a month in advance you gotta plan for a one day trip there you can't take anything you can't do any corn so a lot of our research has been really by just locals i met at the first and last tavern who go fishing there and uh uh people that go canoeing lisa has a student in her class that that's her mother and her go canoeing so you know hope you enjoyed this presentation and in the comments right if i pronounced any of these cities wrong don't be hesitant because uh saturday night josie corrected me it's kitty task counting not kid a toss county so how do you usually sign off nick oh yeah you can just say uh you've got the microphone oh i thanks for joining us we'll see you next time thanks for joining us we'll see you next time

Channel: Nick Zentner

Views: 15,844

Rating: 4.9704018 out of 5

Keywords: Nick Zentner, Volcanoes

Id: FOnM7zJYB2o

Length: 114min 23sec (6863 seconds)

Published: Mon Feb 08 2021