Genetics and the Anglo-Saxon Migrations

you [Music] okay actually this case has gone out but I'd like us to start because I've got quite a lot to say or a few maps to look at before we then move on to our DNA articles and so on hi so let's briefly kind of remind ourselves of the point we reached in the last class and then we'll trying to follow that through in the catalog achill way so we've been looking at the movement of peoples around Britain and some extent Ireland will say a bit about those today more I think on Thursday about next week about Ireland during the late and sub Roman periods so here is a map which based on primarily archaeological finds argues the situation for Kika round about AD 500 we can ignore these kingdom names at the moment we're going to deal start dealing with there's a political situation if that's the right word on Thursday but we're concerned more with people situation here but you can see we've got you may not be able to see we've got Jutes sections and angles here we talked about those and we tried to compare the archaeological finds from Britain with the continent last week and this is the situation in terms of artifacts which archaeologists believe indicate some kind of English or Anglo sexy presence in a relatively large scale by the end of the fifth century obviously this gray area will slowly expand during the next hundred years and we'll be starting to look at that on Thursday and we look at these names as I said what I'm going to do now is have a look a little bit at the other side what's going on elsewhere but before we do that let's just take a few maps which indicate on domestic place-name evidence to supplement this kind of archaeological stuff here is a showing English place names which refer to anglo-saxon pagan practices in one way or another now for example we talked about the pagan god Woden last week briefly and a number of place names preserve the named Woden we've got a few here let me have a look so I can see when this field or something like that here whedon and so on and also the god full all Thor for the Vikings of course and we see Thunder field and so on here so these place names primarily focusing in the southern part of Britain and to some extent in the eastern side but moving into the Midlands a little bit over here as well and obviously the anglo-saxons again we'll talk about this in detail next time or the anglo-saxons were pagan primarily when they arrived in Britain but during the 6th and into the 7th century we see the conversion of different anglo-saxon groups kingdoms to Christianity so where we see a name which has a pagan significance it indicates not necessarily the beginning but relatively early settlement ok these are the areas where the pagan anglo-saxons were occupying an area or taking over a settlement or setting up a new settlement and things like that and this more or less but to a lesser extent reflects the same map that we dug down before it's this area of early settlement on the other hand a different place name map which I don't know how clear that is for you over there again but these are place names which indicate some degree of British or Welsh continuity okay they indicate the people who were regarded as Britain's or Welsh by the English were surviving so they are place names which either have Welsh elements in but which have taken over the name okay so I think this one here is pen okay which is the Welsh modern Welsh word without with one in forehead for example now one scenario one very common scenario for the anglo-saxon movement into Britain was that it was a fairly large scale and rather violent event so that the anglo-saxons came in and more or less killed the native Britons or pushed them further westwards into Wales and Cornwall and so on and then took over the main part of what became therefore England this kind of evidence suggests perhaps otherwise that other patterns were going on if you have places this one is called combatant let me write that one up because you can't see very well okay tongue is the word town in English so this is an English place name but the calm of it okay is related to well the modern Welsh word for a Welshman kumrah means a Welshman in Welsh okay Kandra games or something in earlier Wales so this is the town of the Welshman okay so this suggests if we interpret it correctly this was a settlement in which some Britons or Welsh if we want to call them were living at the time when the English arrived and they were not obviously completely wiped out in that sense and then somewhere with the name Penn which actually has a Welsh name this is a Welsh word okay now if you're all the Welsh and I come marching in anglo-saxon David and kill you all and then say okay let's live here what's this place called but you're all dead so you can't tell me what it's called so we give it an English name okay but in this case there must have been at least one Briton alive maybe on the gasping breath to say and then he dies but more likely okay there was some degree of cultural activity maybe even a large British speaking pop continue there they kept their own place name it wasn't replaced by an English one so we get a degree of coexistence or whatever up to a point and this is primarily in the Midlands these place names mostly in the Midlands being and not so much in the West in the south and the East in the Midlands so as we move to the Midlands as the English kind of move into this area okay we get more and more of these wealth place names suggesting at least in the central parts we get more of an interaction okay perhaps not so much in these areas but certainly around here we get a more interactive situation emerging okay another map this time showing the western parts of Britain primarily okay here we see two things indicated okay the dots blobs show sites where archaeologists have found what they call imported pottery and that is things made from clay pots of one sort or the ceramics which they also find in what is now France in Western gone and they think they've been brought into these western parts of Britain and Ireland by traders or by contact with Gaul so there's nothing much going on here in what's becoming England but there's a contact this way round with the continent with the western parts of Gaul and so on and this shows a kind of cultural region we sometimes call this area the Irish Sea province whatever and the shaded areas the slash lines indicate the distribution of a certain kind of inscription which means digging words into cutting words engraving words into stone called okay Oh sometimes spelt without the age which is primarily characteristic of Ireland okay so it's something characteristic of parts of Ireland I'll show you an example of of this now it will come back to this autumn inscriptions may involve ordinary Latin or Latin alphabet writing but down the edge of a large stone the corner bit they would cut lines okay some on this side some on that side some crossing over and so on and some straight some slanting and they all had a phonetic value again this was something which was developed in Ireland so it's a kind of in description perhaps they suggest the idea was was developed in Ireland but the idea of writing they'd copied from something going on in Britain and so on but its characteristic originally of Ireland so when we see Bhagyam in scriptures like this one in parts of Wales or even in parts of southwest England it suggests some kind of contact with Ireland or even some settlement again many of the names some of the names or even Irish names most of them over here in Ireland in the southern parts into something stone further north okay now we have documentary references small little references one that suggests people called the day she who lived in County Waterford settled in the area which is now becomes divided in South West Wales and another reference to some kind of Irish settlement in southwest England as well but these settlements have disappeared the big movement of Irish people was into the Scottish Isles and ultimately Scotland and I'm going to start talking about that in our next topic okay that has an impact these ones effectively disappeared there's no people speaking Irish in these areas anymore they've become assimilated with the British or Welsh population but the strong evidence that this kind of movement was not insignificant here's a map for Wales showing two things the little round dots are the autumn inscriptions and the little that black to you at their little triangle shapes are Welsh place names that have an Irish element so they suggest Irish settlers bringing their language okay again we primarily focused in the southern and western regions a little bit dotted up here in in I in Anglesey but primarily down here this is where we get documentary evidence for these things so a strong set of patterns and a little bit of the bottom inscriptions of what becomes reckon over there so we see movements of people some of them having a big impact the creation of England by the anglo-saxons the creation of what originally eventually becomes Scotland by the Irish scottie in the north we'll talk about that later as I said but even here we see movements of people going on in presumably in fairly significant degree but ultimately becoming assimilated with the local population and fading out our example of the inscription here let's just have a quick look at this okay pull it down a bit so we can see the whole thing what conclusions do you think we can draw if I just give you this what what ideas might we get from this stone this is okay a men Moria so it's a commemoration it's remembering someone it's remembering Voltaire pour water pour Aegis protect pratik use as a bad latin protector as the protector some kind of leader okay called Vorta pour or whatever and here we when we transcribe the autumn we get more or less the same but with a remember cue Celtic P Celtic okay so here's this Vortech call you gas in the archaic Irish but essentially the same name we think we made there may be other references at leas one other two other references to this guy but we'll talk about him next time people argue about whether it's the same person or not but just on the face of it what can we say about this man who was possibly buried under or near this stone or is being at least remembered in this stone that was set up in southwest Wales what comments can we draw from this culturally politically or of any sort any thoughts right yeah if he was just some peasant farmer then he wouldn't probably have a memorial stone set up so he's some kind of big guy bigwig in what's now dove head at that time the fact that we've got the sort of pseudo Latin and the ogum archaic Irish indicates as we said that the sungki he may have Irish ancestry sorry as Gill yes I mean right which means Rome which means some kind of continuity with the Roman world and he's calling himself protector he's got a got a Latin title so he saw himself as somehow perhaps even as a Roman in a strange way but his stone also had the Irish inscription this was a very mixed kind of population that both looked to the Roman world but also recognized the importance of the Irish perhaps he had dual ancestry or something or at least the people he ruled over was significantly Irish as well that they had to have the arm their cross what does that mean Christianity okay this guy or his people were Christian in some kind of a way okay part of the Christian world the Roman world therefore though of course the spread of Christianity in Ireland which had never been part of the Roman Empire was kind of going on at this point perhaps all was quite well established at this point but ogum inscriptions very early ones are pagan in nature so again the duality between what we might call British Roman and Christian and then the Irish element set up here and so on so even a single okay Jews there were no I mean he would have been well he would have been Celtic Christian there's all sort of arguments what that is the Arian thing whether it would like with the Ostrogoths and the Visigoths and so on we don't get that so much in Britain we had our own heresies like the Pelagian heresy and so on in the late Roman world but Arianism I don't think was such a big deal in late Roman Britain but I'm sure there were Aryans there but it's not an issue that we talk about when we get to this level and exactly the finer subtleties of theological debate are not always very clear for something like this but it well that's interesting okay if you actually have a nice Memorial where you want to have a actually carve a across physically the stone won't be so strong so you might often have a kind of wheel shape like this to support the cross so I don't know whether that I that's an interesting point I would have to think about that whether this is a common symbol which reflects attempts to make in the later period at least to have proper crosses or not I'd have to think about that so I can't actually a question okay so that's one example of the kind of person we're dealing with in this kind of dark period okay a mixture of kind of Christian and possibly pagan of settled and native Roman and non Roman and all these kind of things and this is a case from South Wales the last little couple of maps I want to show before we look at our genetic stuff is get the right way around to relating to what is now Brittany in Northwest France okay what had been the Roman province of America is now to a large extent called Brittany because it was settled by people from Britain and British people I've kind of colored over this to make patterns more clear and for various reasons but this is a map showing place names various kinds of place names which are regarded as containing P Celtic brittonic elements okay then Brittany and then the lines indicate the expected extent of Breton during the later period and so on so I've colored over these here so these are the areas that indicate some kind of settlement but in the form of names place names with a British element okay people coming from southwest and perhaps southern Britain and settling in these areas same map but with different things indicated is the green area deliberately here these are place named elements back and so on containing possibly older roman elements in their names going back to the Roman period if we try and superimpose the two maps on each other which may whoops touched it is that working okay that's not too bad we can see that the red areas are kind of primarily here with a bit of overlap and the green is down here as well they're not entirely mutually exclusive but there is a certain overlap of this way as well but primarily we see the British place name is further west and to some extent in the north and the Roman survival names further south and east to a large extent no not exclusively so we can see here again the arrival of Breton's in some areas presumably Britons becoming Britain's large-scale settlement the further west but the further east we go and South perhaps the population continuing more from the previous late Roman population but interacting with the newcomers as well these people we can either see them as kind of escaping from southern Britain in the wake of the arrival of the English or else I'm procopius the Greek writers says it was just overpopulation too many people in Britain so people were selling across the sea to find land where they can settle and they ended up in what is now our more account presumably each individual settler had his or her own reasons for doing this a final map relating to Brittany but showing again this western areas here these are what are called Welsh peregrine oh peregrine they are Welsh saints Holy Name Christian saints from Wales who have effectively moved around okay some of them are said to have settled in Brittany but many of them their cult the worship of these people has moved these are all churches which at an early date were dedicated were named to one of these saints we can see in Wales they're coming from again from the Devon area primarily in the south okay we found clusters of them in what's now England but we also found a lot of them again in the northern part of Brittany and this again is natural if you're moving you take your saints and your religious life with you but it also may indicate a continued connection between these areas it wasn't just people fleeing from here but there was connection with the Britons in Brittany into southern Britain and even into Wales okay there's a kind of cultural region building up during this dark period of our time okay any questions here any thoughts this has all been quite quick so we've got 20 minutes or so on our texts any thoughts we look at Scotland and Ireland in the next few weeks because I haven't covered them in detail yet but let's take out the three articles I asked you to look at and as a kind of preface to this that's small up my runway see what that's good to say there okay as I've mentioned on more than one occasion in the past few weeks in addition to the traditional ways of studying the past chalky Asia historians using written documents but also particularly for the Middle Ages historians using archaeological place-name other and linguistic evidence to try and understand what's going on for the past decade or so there's been a growing use of genetic evidence to study the human past we can study current DNA all of us in this room are kind of living history we're carrying the historical imprint of our paternal and maternal ancestors in our genes similarly we can study the past by using non-human organic organisms organisms but we can study the past in the same way looking at the genes of dogs or plants as well that are existing now and we can also study the past using ancient DNA sometimes called a DNA with a little aether which is the DNA of human and non-human organisms dug up by archaeologists and then if they're lucky they can extract some genetic information from these finds okay that's rather more difficult thing to do what we're going to look at today is primarily using the current DNA rather than the ancient DNA but that's rather interesting as well I mean we now know for example that modern humans are not descended directly from Neanderthals oK we've analyzed the DNA of Neanderthal remains and we can see that we are kind of cousins but we're not linear linearly related and things like that so that's where ancient DNA obviously can be quite important the DNA which scholars look at when they analyze our blood there are the chromosomes okay now they are a nuclear DNA they're in the nucleus of cells okay and there are 23 pairs of chromosomes called autosomes and then there's one pair of sex chromosomes which are the Y x and y okay which you all know about from biology and things like that okay in addition we can study my trek Andreea of DNA sometimes called mtDNA or m DNA do we know anything about that anyone know what mitochondrial DNA is where it exists in the cells or anything come on first thing that's here it's in the outside part of the cell not the nucleus it's outside okay and it's concerned with the energy of cells and things like that it may even originally think have come from outside the original organisms that make up a cell or whatever but there is a big difference between using the chromosomes and the micro chondral DNA now primarily as we've seen here scholars look at the Y chromosomes of individuals because when we inherit our chromosomes we take one from each parent obviously to make up the pair okay we definitely get an X from our mother so each and one of us has got one of our mother's X's but we don't know which one okay but she's got it from her different parents and if you're me you get your wife from your father but if you're Azrael you get your the other X from your father okay which makes you female so the Y is the particularly stable one because my Y chromosome I've taken from my father and there's no ambiguity of that and my father got it from his father and his father got it from his and in theory our white chromosome unless we get significant mutation goes back generations and generations it's the same for all the guys in the room and I'm sorry girls wits more difficult with X's we can't say where they come from but we can definitely say the guys get their ex their white chromosome from their father and that can be plotted then okay mitochondrial DNA we've all got mitochondrial DNA from our mothers okay when the egg is fertilized in the mother's womb and so on during that process of fertilization the mitochondrial DNA in the sperm is destroyed so unfortunately the guy's mitochondrial DNA goes and only the mother's mitochondrial Internet DNA is passed on to the what's going to become the baby so each and every one of us has lost our father's mtDNA but kept our mother's so just as Y chromosome but just four guys can be used to trace things back paternally for each and every one of us not just ladies all of us are mitochondrial DNA traces our maternal descent from me to my mum to her mum and back and things like that so we've got these two kinds of DNA which scholars look at I've just had one other brief comment because it's quite interesting there is a kind of genetic virus which exists in urine in our urine in our bodies okay it's a kind of what's called a poly oh my virus and it's the human one of that it doesn't cause a disease in most people but majority of us have carrying it it's a kind of non deadly virus that we have okay and it's usually passed not genetically between people but it's given them between people who live closely together so families or close tribes will usually have the same form of this virus which exists in their urine and then is excreted and so on and there's been some studies but not for British history that's trying to analyze human movement not just by our own DNA but also by looking at this genetic virus which most of us carry as well okay that's fairly early on I've come across a few studies on the web about that but not relating to British history whatsoever okay so we've got three papers Michael a wheel a tile Y chromosome evidence for anglo-saxon mass migration published in 2002 I think yes the following year an overlapping group but slightly different group published a why of chromosome consensus sensor sorry of the British Isles and then slightly later 2006 mark Thomas who's and all through both those papers and a couple of other guys but not one of them is not a geneticist published evidence for an apartheid like social structure in anglo-saxon England so this isn't new research but its new interpretation so let's call this paper one chronologically we'll call this one paper one we'll call this one paper two and the evidence for a part I'd like social structure we can call that three okay just to make it a bit easier for ourselves to look at these things so can someone tell me primarily what is the main argument of paper number one okay y-chromosome evidence for anglo-saxon mass migration what is this paper suggesting what's the concern here Friesland yes yeah let's let's not say no way Eastern and from Eastern to Britain so that there were Britain's bells who want to just right okay yeah okay so that yeah okay it's taken as evidence of anglo-saxon migration Friesland is frizzier it's that area a little bit to the west of Germany and Denmark into Netherlands where I said the Frisians speak the language closest to what is now English okay so they've picked some guys off the streets in frizzy ruins I'm taking their blood they've also taken blood from these places this is my map I shoulda taken from these places across more or less a line across Britain so five in England and then two in different parts of Wales and they've tried to draw conclusions about the medieval past based upon the DNA of these and I hope that the seven men are still living and they also took some samples from Norway because as we shall discuss in a few weeks time there was a certain amount of Viking Norwegian Scandinavian presence in later England as well a little bit later on but they concerned here primarily with the anglo-saxons and as Fatih said they found that the English blood samples were very close to the Frisian ones somewhere here whereas the two welsh ones were very different okay and all were a bit different what was going on in Norway and I think they also suggest that these two Welsh ones are a bit different from each other as well okay but they're definitely kind of different from these and they conclude therefore their conclusion is that this proves that there was what they're calling mass migration large-scale migration from the continent into Britain people were bringing their genes into at least these areas and they're presuming into other areas as well on such a large scale that what had been British DNA surviving possibly in this part of Britain had disappeared okay was wiped out as these people were either killed or as fatty says pushed westwards into Wales and so on any yeah any any questions or problems with this as the better conditions and appropriate who are we talking about the Norwegians or the Frisians the angles is up well primarily because it's closer we're talking about people who are living I mean I can't extend the mat but we're up here somewhere so they're coming this way and that way okay and eventually up to here as well okay we'll talk about this next time Scotland proper is quite a long way north for them and the North Sea is quite a strong sea so people coming from here are going to come this way push that way and push that way so that's the pattern that we see though this push is a little bit later okay Norwegians coming into later stage the Vikings that's a different story they do come through the north okay that's a different thing now if you wanted to criticize if I asked you to criticize this study not that I'm suggesting you become experts in molecular biology all the sudden but what what criticisms might we venture either about the methodology or even about the interpretation the conclusions that they might draw right okay that's quite small isn't it okay they've taken a kind of cross section across but there aren't that many samples they've taken them from a number of people from these towns and so on you know you try and make sure it's people who've families have been living there for a long time and so but it's still I would say it seems to me anyway quite a small number of samples and it's not a large-scale survey of the whole of Britain by any means anything else well there's no maternal ancestry here they're talking about male migration we can't say much about what the women are doing because we haven't they haven't looked at the mitochondrial DNA but now the problem with the eggs is that it's not such so clear-cut the Y goes from man to man to man only one direction the X you can get one or the other from Y the parents are equals it's higgledy-piggledy in a sense but the mitochondrial DNA is a clearer pattern now they haven't looked at that here okay in this paper so that's the other thing so what do we mean by master migrations we need large numbers of men and women migrating well this only proves that large numbers of men are migrating possibly it doesn't saying about the women though they might bring their women or they might say leave those behind in frizzier or whatever and we're all going to go on and go yeah something like that finds some British babes or something who knows okay so again it would be good to have a mitochondrial DNA to kind of counterbalance the Y evidence here which is what we might look at elsewhere and so on and on the interpretation side and this is the problem I think we need to think about the methodology of using these kind of studies is we get patterns like all the maps I've been showing you okay and quite naturally as humanists as historians we don't really know much about the scientific side we're not trained as geneticists or something so it all seems very clever and they've got these papers with lots of tables and figures that we don't understand as I said you understand the first page and the last page and that's about it the rest of you looks very clever they must be right and so on I'm sure they've got the scientific side but interpreting this is more difficult okay a pattern can mean a number of things as we've said with archaeological remains does it mean someone's moved from here to there does it means he's traded does it mean there's been a fashion trend and we're all wearing the same kind of belt buckle or something like that and maybe it's the same here just the fact that these guys have got similar DNA and these guys got slightly different DNA does that mean it has to be a hundred percent mass migration from there to there or whatever okay and they consider some other possibilities and that leads us to the third paper so the skipping over number two for the moment evidence for an apartheid like social structure in early anglo-saxon England now apartheid of course we know from South Africa is legalized or semi legalized system of controlling different groups ethnic or other in this case ethnic groups within a society in to some extent keeping them socially and legally separate so what are the authors of this paper they're taking the same basic evidence to some extent and trying to provide a slightly different interpretation they're saying here's the pattern but we can explain it in a different way what what are these three authors saying from paper number three assuming that any of you had time to read this in the intervening few days I don't think so intermarriage right try we've got a few minutes don't worry maybe not for the cute genetics [Music] [Music] [Music] powering society according to that yeah yeah but something different a different mechanism historical mechanism they are suggesting has led to this distribution of DNA amongst these seven towns in Britain okay they're suggesting so in the first one we're saying this the immediate reaction is if there's lots of this DNA it means lots of people with that DNA came in hundreds of years ago and took over that area and they didn't take over that area that's how we've got this separation in this paper they're trying to look at it interpret it in a different way okay now they one of the points one of the starting points is some early anglo-saxon laws from the very early anglo-saxon kingdoms we have a number of law codes from the very early phases of anglo-saxon settlement or occupation and control of parts of Britain and in some of these law codes people called Welsh which either means British or it means slave and it's not always clear which one or maybe they're the same thing it shows that Welsh people existed in those societies they were not completely killed like the guy saying this is called Penn and then dying okay there were people living in these early anglo-saxon settlements that were British but they had a lower social status so for example there's something called I can see time is going very quickly I've only got a few minutes something called ware guild man value if I if I killed or killed Chara now okay I would have to pay to his family a certain amount of money according to his value his man price okay now the way a guild of anglo-saxon men was higher than these Welsh slaves whatever they were these Welsh people so they existed but they had a lower social status and what they're suggesting here is as we said as Bertrand was saying there's a there may be intermarriage between the different groups but the apartheid system as they're calling it here okay means that anglo-saxon men were allowed to marry British women for example but perhaps because of the lower status either legally or just in practice the British women couldn't get an Anglo Saxon wife it wasn't something that happened so the English in the British men were not spreading their y-chromosomes as quickly as the English men did the anglo-saxons could have anglo-saxon wives and British wives so they were spreading their white chromosomes broadly during a hundred two hundred year period whereas the British were being more controlled being limited and as a result we see the disappearance gradually of the British DNA in these societies because they just don't get to marry so much or whatever whereas in the areas over here where the anglo-saxons didn't settled so much at all then the British DNA survives because there they are spreading their DNA by marriage and by I presume non-marital unions as well so yeah we won't have time to look at paper number two I'm afraid but what this shows the point I'm trying to make here by putting these two papers together is that the DNA evidence is great okay it's very exciting we've got whole books here's one of my books we've got this in the library and there's a couple of others and our rector is very interesting this kind of thing as well we had a few conversations he and I about that this is I think a very important and kind of revolutionary stage in understanding the past there are a few problems with it on the one hand we need to work together we need the geneticists to work with historians because we are not capable of understanding their genetics not yet but maybe a new generation of ginetto historians or archaeologists or something will emerge you can do both sides and the historians are the ones who think about the documentary evidence that can think of the interpretations and so often it's not the simplest pattern which is the true one just kind of large numbers of people marching over and taking over and spreading their genes there could be other more subtle ways in which genetic patterns can be built up and changed over time okay [Music] yes yes and all the authors for that one don't mark Thomas's is very famous for doing this kind of work and he's given papers all over the place I've seen him lecture and so on and he's written about Jewish settlers in parts of Africa that we can find their DNA for and things like that so but yes okay it was a very simplistic one though there's plenty of facts and figures to build up their argument whereas the other paper is perhaps overly overly clever I don't know but it's trying to redress the balance and are probably in the next kind of generation or so will build up methods for interpreting this kind of stuff and even the viral DNA or something and get a more fixed methodology if there's going to be one for how we can interpret this material and obviously the more a DNA we can get the stronger the case for comparing modern and ancient DNA as well okay times up so I shall give you people ography for next week or not for next week we're starting this topic on Thursday of course out with having lost day [Music] a class due to the buyout the other week I don't seem to have a volunteer for the presentation for this so anyone who hasn't put their name down for a presentation if you wish to talk about the politics of early anglo-saxon England or pre Viking Wales or pre Viking Scotland then you can let me know now you'll give your presentation probably a week from now okay if no one volunteers because we've got plenty of spare slots then it'll be a hundred percent David okay anyone know you Keokuk okay then right I shall prepare PowerPoint show and haul slides and we'll talk more about the political side rather than the demographic side of this early very early medieval period okay have a nice evening see you

Channel: Study of Antiquity and the Middle Ages

Views: 280,291

Keywords: Anglo Saxon Migrations, Jutes, Angles, Saxons, Celts, Celtic, Post Roman Britain, Celtic Britain, Anglo-Saxon England, Viking Age, Viking Invasions, Viking Religion, Viking Myths, Norse, Nordic, Germanic, Medieval History, Middle Ages, Dark Ages, Medieval Lecture, British History, Paganism, Christianity, Welsh, Britons, Odin, Wodin, Thor, Germanic Migration, Genetics, British Genetics, Anglo Saxon Genetics, British DNA, Celtic DNA, Viking DNA, Roman Empire, Viking

Id: Iyohhp3wa38

Length: 49min 19sec (2959 seconds)

Published: Fri Jul 19 2019

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This lecture dives into a controversial subject when it comes to the study of Ancient and Medieval History and that is Genetics and Migrations. This lecture discusses the Angles,Saxon and Jute Migrations in the Post Roman Period into the British Isles. From place names to paganism this lecture covers a variety of subjects that most viewers will find enjoyable!