Forum - Future is Now | Cities - Panel

there's an expression if you're piloting an aircraft then there's the take off there's the part in between and the approach is always memorable demanding and working with Mike is like being on the approach all the time and that's the greatest compliment that I can pay my he's very demanding and there's also another aviation expression and that is whether you're behind the aircraft and the aircraft is kind of running away or whether you're on top of the aircraft and in control and Mike is always wonderfully one step ahead so that's what it's like working with my hands Ricky let me start off with you we touched on climate change we touched on of course this interconnectivity talk to me about safety and security the Manchester attacks were a reminder that cities and urban planning needs to also add this new dimension Ricky well I think security safety as we speak these days is a fundamental question that we're all worried about but I want to respond to that question it slightly widening it up because if I hear what Mike's been saying I hear what Norman has been saying the fact and we heard it from Manuela from the mayor of Madrid the fact that cities are fundamentally democratic institutions is something that needs to be protected and not held and I actually think the issue security and safety is behind that because if history's orbit if city sorry over time have been about bringing together people who are different think of New York think of London think of many other cities around the world which actually thrive on people from different back managing that difference managing people come from different backgrounds is what good leadership is also about Norman already showed some slides that famous slide who oh the some power law where on one side you have an area with no water no infrastructure on the other side of so rich that you've got skyscrapers with swimming pools on each terrace the more I do work around the world Francine the more I see unfortunately cities with walls around people who belong to one group rather than another I think our biggest challenge when it comes to the questions of solving security and maintaining openness and democracy is to avoid that you don't solve problems of integration and obviously this is a bigger point and not just about cities by building walls but by having open systems which actually allow people to connect and dialogue and the design as Norman has said is fundamental to that equation let me add something when after 9/11 Norman built the first new skyscraper was the Hearst building that was right after 9/11 and I'll never forget Ken Chenault who runs American Express coming to see me I had been elected but not taken office and he said they would American Express was located downtown really just across the street from the World Trade Center disaster and he said we are going to stay in the city we're going to stay right where we are we're going to keep growing here and I said can I go out and say it and I made a big deal of it but here's a company that has faith in America faith in New York willing to say to people yes there are risks but we can overcome those and of course the New York Times wrote a story about the cost of using an American Express card versus MasterCard but only The Times could do that much Norman Foster do you believe and I'll get to my in a second do you believe is actually urban planning and architecture is maybe becoming more politicized I I think that the best examples of cities have had powerful injections of of planning to create a structure which gives the potential for informal unplanned development I mean Paris at the turn of the century was one of the worst vice ridden cities and Napoleon commissioned Houseman and the Paris's we know it was a planning initiative and I find it fascinating that some of the Kansas cities in the in the West seem to have forgotten the power of planning and that's been exported as something from the past into emerging economies so I think Mike's point about the need for strong leadership and a degree of planning but also a planning that allows a kind of energy of the private sector to develop within it and somewhat true we had the luck of having rivers that kept Manhattan from expanding geographically and so you had to go up and that's why efficiency it's so efficient because everybody walks and takes mass transit the roads may be plugged with cars but there aren't very many of them if you really count compared to the number of people's we were lucky with that my you start designing at a very young age how have you decided to balance your art but also your architectural careers I'll get to that and second I want to get back to cities for a second because I do think that one of the things is a huge divide as Norman said between when cities were built around people in the pedestrian and the cities of the 20th century that really are the ones that have been created and formed by the car so if we get back to what the humanism of a true city is that's what we're beginning to really tackle within density issues so as we deal with urban infill with maximizing density it's almost like we have to take and learn from the lessons of the past as our transportation revolution goes through a massive revolution as we get back to kind of one-on-one contact which I think it's to be a very interesting discussion point with how we connect one person to another in a way and I think fundamentally that fascination with it's almost like going back to almost a 60s 70s approach to how we were trained as architects it's there was this great foot by Rasmussen about how a building feels and we don't really talk about it we went into deep theory at some point but if we almost go back to the psychology of spaces and how a lot of what a city offers us is community building and that one-on-one contact which in a way with the new transportation revolution is he's even going to take the 20th century cities and begin to get us back to almost that very personal intimate level which is that he can give us but Ricky not every city is created equal right so there are different demands there different needs for every city is there a template that you would say actually fits most big metropolis around the world a template like a blueprint that you feel all big cities could follow and it would work for them well first of all I don't think the discussion about cities is one size fits all I think Norman made that clear you can't apply the same solutions to new cities and China's as you can to retrofitting the European city New York or wherever it is what I would say in linking your point about compression of scale which is very interesting notion cities are not just big avenues they're not just big they are infrastructure but on just infrastructure they're about bringing people closer together in an intimate way is the public space in the city in what you can do about it some of the great lessons you talked about Bogota in Latin America I know on 100 of n I will be speaking about this later some of the great lessons come from a city like Midian neither in was the murder rate capital of the world I mean the highest murder rate you could have anywhere because of a number of public space interventions and art interventions for example turning infrastructure like the places that you use for storing water into a little public park with water around it it's actually brought the current level of homicides down to one of the lowest in Latin America you now have tours to go there so I'm a great believer in your point of the small things can make big changes and in that sense Francine you can't have one size fits all in terms of you need the bigger picture we need the compression and the scale the issue of water and agriculture and that massive component I mean if you took the livestock industry out it's the equivalent of everything that moves every vehicle every trout every of every ship and if you see the emergence of solar then you're not getting fertilizer as a byproduct of fossil fuel processing and the green belt around London has been incredibly powerful in terms of the quality of life and it's also had the same effect Mike as the kind of Peninsula of New York its ensure that London has developed more intensely where he should do at its heart if you if you take the fertilizer away you wonder why you're producing or you're agriculture the products in a remote place where there's no fertilizer and where there's no water the logical place to develop agriculture to green the city is the city because it's got those sewers with an abundance of water and fertilizer so you don't even need to worry about whether you should be high-rise greening or surrounding the city with greenery so the city can become more sustainable consume less energy and be more beautiful and young and its local produce speaking of greenery again another thing with so many people all up right on the coast I think within 200 miles that with rising seas another very economic way and I think many cities are implementing this are restoring wetlands actually building new wetlands mangroves so that literally if wetlands sequester three times as much carbon as a tropical forest you have absolutely one of the most economic ways to help break wave action give people back beautiful park lands along along the ocean and the third thing which again I love when things are beginning to really integrate and we begin to think of climate changes more holistic problem that we have to solve holistically we can save three birds with one tree we can increase biodiversity which again after Stern's report on climate change he said biodiversity loss is a crisis that is equal or sometimes worse in a lot of ways and this is one way where you could both reduce emissions and increase biodiversity and protect communities Mike does infrastructure challenges actually affect or urban planning affect social equality in cities yes you have to have transportation for example so that people can get to their jobs and if you don't if you live in a neighborhood where you don't have that you don't have a job and Medellin is actually a good example netting if you don't know is this Long Valley with very steep hills on it and all of the poor live up on the hills and there was no ways for them to get down to the jobs and what they built is these teleferico whatever you call them and like you have a cabin that goes up a ski lift now people can get up and down and they've built some railroads that go up but you have to empower people and give them the ability to do that infrastructure is also schools education in the end the only solution for poor people and I'm not sure it's enough but the first thing is getting them in education and we at least in America are going in the wrong direction our education system is falling behind the world and actually going down in absolute terms as well and it's just a disgrace but if we don't give poor people an education they have no chance the real problem for the world is whether they're going to be jobs even if you have an education because technology is giving everybody better products at lower prices but it's destroying the jobs that used to create the less less valuable products less useful products and having much better consumer goods at the expense of destabilizing society may not be a good trade off I think what is behind Michael's point is a complete relationship and connection between investment in infrastructure transport and social equity and I think this is something we need to reimbursed and again we did it well in 19th century we haven't done it very well for the last 40 or 50 years because the sorts of investments were talking about say Crossrail and London which is a massive project which starts next year it will link the poorest parts of London which in our case is East so the in the age to jobs and other circumstances and that's fundament in the last couple of decades if you want to get if you're depressed and you want to have a smile on your face just think about this in the last few decades we've reduced global poverty by 50% if you measure it by going to bed with a meal and you stomach a roof over your head and being able to read and it's virtually all in the third world where we went in and natural resources were there export now they may not get paid very well at least they have jobs and they have moved up the chain know ways where you want them to be or where they want to be but going in the right direction and if we walk away from global trade and thanks to America and maybe not just us people are shying away from global trade that does not bode well for those who were helped before they could certainly slip back and we who are so smug that think we have it all I'm not going to have it all if we stop this enormous alter how difficult is it to retrofit existing cities so changing cities that are already vibrant but big and huge and adapt them to some of the challenges that you were mentioning I think that the it's parallel challenges it's the what form the new urbanization takes whether it learns from the lessons historically in terms of the traditional city rather than the car born city I as existing cities respond to the transportation revolution I would see them becoming more pedestrian friendly less congested cleaner and quieter of course the side effects of the transport revolution I think there are 6 million professional drivers in America in no time at all now what are they going to to be doing and also the way in which artificial intelligence in transport so these driverless cars there's no reason why they don't touch each other and become like one long training and what does that do to the insurance business if cars then become so safe because you've taken away human error like the automation in terms of aircraft its pilot error that is responsible for almost all tragedies so when you take that out I think you're seeing huge transformations in in the in the job chain and you can take a look at what Elon Musk is doing I went out to see him he makes Tesla's but he also SpaceX as his company where he has just gone in the private sector without enormous investment from the federal government and replaced NASA and every rocket that goes up now or almost everyone is a SpaceX rocket and he is moving so fast that it's hard to see how big companies like Boeing and Lockheed who are building one big rocket and possibly keep up but also he thinks about other things he dug a hole right outside his factory which is near the Los Angeles Airport he went out and bought a used Tunnel Bora from some city dropped it down in there and he put some of his engineers on there ripping it apart and seeing how they can make it better and he wants to build the tunnel from Los Angeles to San Francisco where you can get in pneumatic tube and be there in 30 minutes now it sounds like a stupid idea except as you pointed out who would have thought we have an iPhone in our hand right now it may not be that stupid but it's that kind of innovation that is taking place by a handful of very smart people and really disrupting so many of the traditional things that we've done and you should be proud because you've been doing a lot of the same things that Elon has Jeff Bezos is another one who just changed the whole world the way people are shopping today and it doesn't it's not just Amazon I am Alibaba and other companies that copy the same thing but giving people a better ways to do what they traditionally have always done and most of us never thought that those the different ways of doing it and all of a sudden somebody comes along and says you don't have to go into the store and you don't have to have the stand in line for return policy and those kinds of things you don't have you can all of a sudden that compare prices from every store you go into Macy's you look at it and you hit your iPhone up it's it's available cheaper next door and just in and you anything go next door you hit a button and you buy it from the store next door while you're standing there and so you think okay what about all the people who work in Macy's what are they going to do and that's a very good question in the United States we talk about the president has made a big deal about coal mining jobs all of which are going to go away no matter what he says that this you can't stop that the technology is being automatically sync ole because for the first time renewables really are already cheaper and going to get me Moochie but people in the retail business who are being put out of work what are they going to do I don't have a good answer to that nor does anybody else that I've heard last well I think one of the things and again as we move forward and things are shuffling as far as job creation it has been proven that whether it's renewable or actually no-till reformed agriculture their incredible growth and income growth in those sectors as well as I just run statistics as part of what is missing for every million dollars spent you get about five to six jobs in coal in oil and gas you get about seven to eight in coal but those aren't going to last you get 30 to 40 in a national park so what you know I'm going to think a little outside of Lux I keep taking Bhutan annual per capita carbon footprint is minus 14 tonnes partly because of hydro but mostly because of carbon offsets through Forest West Virginia would make an incredible Smoky Mountain connected park and it would bring a lot of jobs back and these have been extensive studies done about how these open space areas are incredible engines for economic growth art and culture the same way for very little investment you get an incredible return on that investment so I think as long as we're thinking and talking about I mean I've walked through the streets of Manhattan every fourth or fifth retail shop is closing and no one's talking about it and I'm going we have to both embrace and understand and try to really bring people along with these revolutions in all these different sectors and I think climate change offers us that time we can create incredible job opportunities in renewables and in buildings and in resiliency Norman Foster my I was talking about revolution Mike was talking about visionary how difficult is it to be a visionary and an architect to some of the foundations that use for the Apple campus and from Bloomberg headquarters you had the basis what 4050 years ago but it's taken such a long time to actually have a project that allows it I got a letter from a student and student said I'd read that you said as an architect you have no power and and you're right and really becoming kind of cynical and and I wrote back and I said when I said that I had no power it meant that I couldn't say I wanted to create this building or build that road you not my Bloomberg but I said you know take heart don't misunderstand me you have tremendous power you have the power of advocacy and and in the end I think it comes down to Mike as a as a leader that the power I mean Mike can do his building but as mayor of New York you can't physically go and build a road or change that of it he can only do it by leadership by advocacy in by intelligence I think you said something in your book if you can't measure it you can't manage it and so it's the application of intelligence it's not how much money you spend it's how wisely you spend it and that's the that's the power of different disciplines coming together and interacting that's the equivalent in the kind of cycling world of the peloton the peloton can go faster and longer as a group than the individual rider I think nobody does anything by themselves I've always thought if we cure cancer I've given a lot of money as of the cokes and a number of other foundations and people to doing research and the Nobel Prize may go to the person that discovered the cure but the rest of us have a share in that Nobel Prize and I think the same thing is true with your genius in building a building somebody's got to want it somebody's got to either come up with an idea believe in you let you go do it when everybody says well it shouldn't be that expensive or it shouldn't be that avantgarde or it shouldn't use the space so inefficiently or efficiently depending on how you define it that sort of thing and so it you know it's a project that a lot of people are involved in the construction company that says you Newman we should move this over here and you didn't think about that before or it reduces the cost or makes something else possible it's those things we have always given lectures to young kids get rid of the words I and me and replace them with we and us because I don't know anything that any of us certainly up here in this podium do or anyplace else will you do it by yourself I think behind the things you're both saying there is a caution which is actually like if you go if the kid changes the language and they then go to university and train to be an architect an engineer or something or something else a planner unfortunately most of the education systems still work in silos so many of the conversations were having here do not happen within those worlds that shape the new professionals I'm actually the worst of the professional institutions some of whom are represented here sure that a lot of students of architecture in this room in Madrid and elsewhere around the world who actually don't get exposed to some of these issues and that's why this foundation is so interesting [Applause] [Music] my do you think the pace of change for cities will be faster than we've seen before because of technological advancements well the estimates are that there will be more new technology in the next five or ten years than from Thomas Edison to today so if you just think about that it is really scary and I don't know what's going tomorrow's innovation is going to be all I know is there's going to be lots of them and they're going to come quicker and I go back and think about my mother she lived 102 years died about five years ago but in her lifetime number one she'd lived roughly half a third of the time that America has been in existence she started out remembering electricity coming into the apartment that she lived in and gas light's going out back in Jersey City before she died she took the Concorde many times she had a cell phone she had a laptop you know in one generation changed the whole world and now that's going to happen in one decade and how we respond it's not clear you look at social media it sounds like it's great but I think if you go back and you say it wouldn't it be wonderful if everybody had all the news in the world accessible to them and it sounds great yeah except that we found that's not the case because it's silos people to get down to own individual sources they reduce their consumption to 140 characters and it's kind of hard to do complex things and 140 characters and so some of these things that we think are for the good aren't necessarily don't turn out that way and I think we know less about what we're doing even though we have more information at our fingertips in the schools we are not with siloing everybody 100% right one of the things that in my alma mater at johns hopkins the president had this brilliant idea that we would go and hire 50 new professors because he needed some money to do it you know what happened there but but but he hides fifth we'd hire 50 new professors but they had to have appointments in two different departments and they could pick any department throughout the schools so you could be in the classics and the nuclear scientists and that has been phenomenally successful and others are starting to copy it and if you're in the architecture school at some place having also to get an appointment in the liberal arts stock public liberal arts fact the faculty or the engineering faculty those kinds of things we just have to force ourselves out of these silos whether you can do it downstream or not I don't know but at our level you certainly should be able to do it except we're all stuck on the same thing we want to protect ourselves and our cohorts and our traditions and we worked so hard to get to one place and why dilute that there's no easy answer again so does it mean Norman's also that it's more difficult being an architect now than it was 30 years ago given the change of pace the fact that it's going so quickly III think that really when we go through school of architecture and we're trained to believe that we can design a building in isolation I think we have to reinvent ourselves I think in in the real world the the power of of different disciplines interacting is the point that I made earlier I think it's too important for for for one one profession and and it's not only more exciting but the end result is going to be more integrated is going to be you know a higher performance product wiki I think the only point to perhaps raise on this is that people who enter today that sort of public service in the city particularly in Europe and particularly North America do not see it as a great thing to do it's not it's not the most exciting thing to do in life and what I was struck by some of the cases in Latin America when visiting the cities that actually it's a great honor you may not be paid so much but it's a great honor that you can think you can transition you can make a change in a short period of time so I think putting those pieces of the jigsaw together not just for the designers but also for the next generation represented in this room of civic leaders is what it's about I think there's also in Spain a stronger tradition of people moving from the design field into the political field certainly projects like the Bilbao Metro which is a beautiful model I mean you know the UK has been talking about in northern powerhouse and the importance of connecting the cities there to bring prosperity and to create wealth they talk about it but it's act that and I instance the Bilbao metro and the Bilbao Metro was in large part created by the kind of migration of those who would be practicing architecture in private practice to to enable things like that to happen in the political domain so I think that that the importance of of coming out of the design professions is is the potential to move into the political domain and I think the challenge is to is to have for that to have the same prestige as operating in the private sector one of the things that we found really worked was to get young people to come to work in city government with the promise of after they got experienced we would help them move into the private sector where they could have a more lucrative maybe less satisfying maybe not career but to make it a stepping stone and get the value of all of their energy and enthusiasm and and belief that anything's possible and didn't work with everybody but it did work and and that Patti Harris is here was the first deputy mayor a guy named Bob Steele came from Goldman Sachs as the people like that thing and Doctoroff did it they brought in young people work the heck out of them and then move them on into the private sector and brought the next group in so I think you can make public service exciting and satisfying but you're right if people think of government as just a bureaucracy that stops everything no but you can get bureaucracies if you can convince the people that it's in their interest in the end everybody's selfish so you've got to convince the people at work on the bureaucracies that is good for their career they'll be more proud at home they'll have be able to make more money or go do something else and I can just tell you they have been having been in government and in business in business everybody thinks in government and government is lazy and done in government everybody in government operations and business as a crook neither is true there's the same percentage of innovative hard-working dedicated people who give their all in both and is the same percentage of people who are at the other end of the spectrum and we don't have a lock on on either one my to that end is it's sort of I think of a city as a Learning Lab and as an experimental lab I think it takes guts from a leader to be willing to do things that might be unpopular which at times we're sorely lacking in weeders that are willing to take risks that way once that's done and I think I'm a firm believer in the case study method the city becomes that perfect microcosm of integration so you can study transit energy building efficiency waste and recycling at which point the lessons that we've learned and I think people are thinking climate change it's a huge issue how do we tackle it by showing people that it's being done whether c40 it's incredible we've had a renaissance in our cities and the powers there and to showcase that and to learn from that he's a huge I'm very optimistic on America for example I think this make America great again spammy of again America is still one of the great country in the world it's what people go when they vote with their feet but Winston Churchill was said once said that you can depend on America to do the right thing after exhausting all other possibilities we are at the moment of the exhaustion area my you're very focused of course on the environment wild rice and and the wetlands is it just a problem for rich countries why should everyone think about not at all and I think Hank will speak to that later literally it is one of the most economic least expensive ways to begin and the really is conversation now about nature based solutions that really are almost go hand in hand with reducing our consumption our energy our argue sigillum by absorbing co2 out of the atmosphere which as oceans acidify we're going to have to or they are acidifying that we're going to have to do something that and the potential to use photosynthesis and it's being done all around the world and absolutely it can help economies you know create jobs as well as protectors know this problem is certainly not just concentrated in the global more if you take one of Norman's slides on the left hand side when you show the Los Angeles model rather than the New York or the Manhattan model in terms of density unfortunately whatever we say here whatever designers think is the right sort of thing most the cities are being built around the world or being expanded are having serious middle-age spread I mean they're going horizontal in 250 cities this is a study done by New York University recently populations roughly have doubled in about 15 years doubled that cuts an enormous amount you saw Norman Madrid example in China but populations have doubled but in these 250 cities the footprint has gone up by 5 times so in terms of eating out the green papaya enormous in terms of the cost on infrastructure sewers electricity and everything else but also just taking up the valuable and breaking up that ecosystem is absolutely terrible including the effect on social fabric people feel distant right I mean I think I use the phrase sprawl up and if you can look at our suburbs in our metropolitan areas that are incredibly spread out and again every country is unique the potential to say well I don't want to live in a high-rise but the reality is if you look at a low-rise three storey with the shared Parkway which starts in Europe it's an incredible way to create community one of the arguments about suburbia in this country at least is it takes like someone living in the suburbs they spend two to three years of their life waiting in traffic so I would say is that really freedom of the car or do we want freedom from the car and I think that is the education of in a way the designers the urban planners to begin to really show well this is what Atlanta could you know shrink its footprint a little we can pull in Detroit like there's been a lot of concession about Detroit what do you do with all the abandoned spaces how do you deal with urban infill how are you going to begin and I think these are the questions that face any designer in the room urban planners readers that we have an opportunity to get and I'll say it's an opportunity to begin to kind of rethink how we live remember that enormous slide pointed out that people are moving into cities and the reason they're moving into cities is because that's where the action is that's where the opportunity is and I've always thought that capital will culture will bring capital a lot faster than capital will bring culture so the ways to make your city better and you can see it's starting in Detroit a basket case in America falling apart totally there's an arts community starting to move in and then eventually the middle class the yuppies will move in they get too pricey for the artists and they'll go someplace else but that's the natural evolution and happened in New York City in new different neighborhoods that were just basket cases themselves nobody wanted to live there it wasn't safe and today everybody becomes hot and everybody wants to live there we still have the benefit of the rivers that keep us in the bay that keeps us focused in but you can if you want to have a more exciting life a healthier life there are more people that move to New York City to retire than leave why because the services are there if you're a senior you can walk to the corner to your shopping the ambulance can get there if you need them quickly you know you is this awful lot of free things to go and to do and you can take the subway to or bus to get there and so there really is a big value now not everybody understands that everybody says well I want more green space okay that's why city should build things like the Hudson River Park and in Central Park and Brooklyn Bridge Park and and Portland in all of these other parts but there's an awful lot to be said for living in cities and in fact that when we left office life expectancy in New York City was three years greater than in the rest of the country think about that for all the pollution you talk about all the crime you talk about all the pace of living you talk about all the stress and strain and whatever if you have friends that live in America and you want them to live longer get them to move to New York City and on average I can't say everyone will but I do have a big enough group of friends and then because we think about some of these things we've got as the same challenge from Madrid I would rather live in Madrid I'm a city guy and I would rather live in Madrid where everything's there and I can go and walk to it I can do it and I would want my kids to grow up in the city rather than in the suburbs but the big challenge you have to face this in New York is that even though you live longer the difference between living on one side and the other can be enormous in one city Seoul under them if you are brought up in West London and you take the underground and you go east every stop you take you lose one year in life expectancy one year yeah I thank you in Madrid there's something similar well I would like to say to our president we want to make America great again what we have to do is make America accessible to more of its citizens and that's where we've fallen back and that's what we have to so Norman's Hall for design and linking transport and equity and planning is to deal with these things holistically not think of it as a technical issue but actually fundamental social so climate change else because it puts all these things on the agenda we we hope it helps even though most Defense Department's around the world about 15 years ago said it's going to be one of our main drivers for unrest which if you look at Syria you know it's one of the compounding problems it was a three year drought and I think we as a society you know we're kind of worn well blown away but when push comes to shove when resources at stake civilizations have tended to go tribal and I think we're at that cusp where we either come together and solve this which is eminently solvable we're proving that or are we going to fight we're almost out of time so I'm just going to ask you one final question heat and Mike I'm going to start with you the form is called features now we have a lot of students watching possible future mayors or architects what would be your number one word of advice to them on how they should look at their future I'll get a get a broad education but make sure you understand the sciences and math energy is going to be basically free so that's not going to be a constraint but it's to be more competitive as we go forward because technology is reducing the number of jobs and you've got to find something that will satisfy you that can also support you and what I don't like is all these kids going from job to job to job I grew up in a world where you've got a job and you'd stay there forever because in good times would be no reason to leave and in bad times you have an obligation I've always thought to stay with your employer and help them through tough times today kids are jumping and jumping and our school systems are protecting them from learning how to deal with difficulty in failure and we're not doing what we're not doing a service to our kids but they've got to somehow or other find a ways to get that education even if we don't want to give it to them Norman it's the same theme is about education whether that self education and and attitude and and if you really believe in a better future then a better future will will follow from it but it is it's a combination of attitude awareness and education Ricci well apart from affordable and high quality schools near where they are needed which New York and number for example are terrible at we need affordable high quality housing where they are needed not pushed out to the edge and if we have to pay a bit more tax so be it Maya just never you know never stop learning always stay extremely curious think outside of the box as much as you can but also think holistically think of integrated system problem solving methods I think we have gone through industrialization we specialized and now we're beginning to really understand how we problem solve in an integrated whole remain a student thank you so much for a great conversation [Music] you

Channel: Norman Foster Foundation

Views: 1,338

Rating: 5 out of 5

Keywords: Norman Foster Foundation

Id: e33Wlcxqous

Length: 44min 30sec (2670 seconds)

Published: Fri Jun 09 2017